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PREMISE: Flower damage caused by florivores often has negative consequences for plant reproduction. However, the factors affecting plant-florivore interactions are still poorly understood, especially the role of abiotic factors and interspecific variation in florivory within ecosystems. Thus, the patterns of florivory levels and its consequences for plant communities need to be investigated further. METHODS: We assessed the influence of abiotic factors related to climatic seasonality, of phylogenetic relationships among plants, and of functional attributes associated with attractiveness to pollinators on florivory incidence and intensity in the Pantanal, the world's largest tropical wetland. Between December 2020 and November 2021, the percentage of flowers attacked (incidence) and petal area removed (intensity) by florivores were examined in 51 species from 25 families, considering flowering season, the substrate where the plants occur, and flower attributes as potentially determining factors on florivory levels. RESULTS: Phylogeny and environmental factors did not have a significant influence on florivory. The only determinant of interspecific variation in florivory incidence and intensity was flower size, where larger flowers experienced higher florivory levels regardless of season and substrate, while flower arrangement and color were not significant factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our study is one of the first to estimate the community-wide effects of biotic and abiotic factors on both the incidence and the intensity of florivory. The magnitude of this plant-florivore interaction may reduce reproductive success and entail selective pressures on plant attractiveness to pollinators.

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Encounters between flowers and invertebrates are key events for the functioning of tropical forests. Assessing the structure of networks composed of the interactions between those partners leads to a better understanding of ecosystem functioning and the effects of environmental factors on ecological processes. Gathering such data is, however, costly and time-consuming, especially in the highly diverse tropics. We aimed to provide a comprehensive repository of available flower-invertebrate interaction information for the Atlantic Forest, a South American tropical forest domain. Data were obtained from published works and "gray literature," such as theses and dissertations, as well as self-reports by co-authors. The data set has ~18,000 interaction records forming 482 networks, each containing between one and 1061 interaction links. Each network was sampled for about 200 h or less, with few exceptions. A total of 641 plant genera within 136 different families and 39 orders were reported, with the most abundant and rich families being Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Rubiaceae. Invertebrates interacting with these plants were all arthropods from 10 orders, 129 families, and 581 genera, comprising 2419 morphotypes (including 988 named species). Hymenoptera was the most abundant and diverse order, with at least six times more records than the second-ranked order (Lepidoptera). The complete data set shows Hymenoptera interacting with all plant orders and also shows Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hemiptera to be important nodes. Among plants, Asterales and Fabales had the highest number of interactions. The best sampled environment was forest (~8000 records), followed by pastures and crops. Savanna, grasslands, and urban environments (among others) were also reported, indicating a wide range of approaches dedicated to collecting flower-invertebrate interaction data in the Atlantic Forest domain. Nevertheless, most reported data were from forest understory or lower strata, indicating a knowledge gap about flower-invertebrate interactions at the canopy. Also, access to remote regions remains a limitation, generating sampling bias across the geographical range of the Atlantic Forest. Future studies in these continuous and hard-to-access forested areas will yield important new information regarding the interactions between flowers and invertebrates in the Atlantic Forest. There are no copyright restrictions on the data set. Please cite this data paper if the data are used in publications and teaching events.

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Accurately mapping individual tree species in densely forested environments is crucial to forest inventory. When considering only RGB images, this is a challenging task for many automatic photogrammetry processes. The main reason for that is the spectral similarity between species in RGB scenes, which can be a hindrance for most automatic methods. This paper presents a deep learning-based approach to detect an important multi-use species of palm trees (Mauritia flexuosa; i.e., Buriti) on aerial RGB imagery. In South-America, this palm tree is essential for many indigenous and local communities because of its characteristics. The species is also a valuable indicator of water resources, which comes as a benefit for mapping its location. The method is based on a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to identify and geolocate singular tree species in a high-complexity forest environment. The results returned a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.75 trees and an F1-measure of 86.9%. These results are better than Faster R-CNN and RetinaNet methods considering equal experiment conditions. In conclusion, the method presented is efficient to deal with a high-density forest scenario and can accurately map the location of single species like the M. flexuosa palm tree and may be useful for future frameworks.

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Detection and classification of tree species from remote sensing data were performed using mainly multispectral and hyperspectral images and Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) data. Despite the comparatively lower cost and higher spatial resolution, few studies focused on images captured by Red-Green-Blue (RGB) sensors. Besides, the recent years have witnessed an impressive progress of deep learning methods for object detection. Motivated by this scenario, we proposed and evaluated the usage of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based methods combined with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) high spatial resolution RGB imagery for the detection of law protected tree species. Three state-of-the-art object detection methods were evaluated: Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN), YOLOv3 and RetinaNet. A dataset was built to assess the selected methods, comprising 392 RBG images captured from August 2018 to February 2019, over a forested urban area in midwest Brazil. The target object is an important tree species threatened by extinction known as Dipteryx alata Vogel (Fabaceae). The experimental analysis delivered average precision around 92% with an associated processing times below 30 miliseconds.

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ABSTRACT Neotropical amphibians play important roles as preys and predators in freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. The subfamily Pseudinae includes small and medium-sized frogs within three genera representing 13 valid species. Most published records of predation on Pseudinae frogs are anecdotic and scarce. Herein, we provide five new reports of predation and presenting a detailed literature review on Pseudinae predation, with 15 studies published between 1983-2017. Pseudinae species were preyed at both day and night by a wide variety of predators, principally birds. Adults were preyed upon more frequently than juveniles and tadpoles. In the present study, most predators were diurnal, with birds accounting for most records. A variety of invertebrates prey on anurans, but water bugs and spiders are the most common ones. In the present study, water bugs comprised 75 % of the Pseudinae predation records by invertebrates. However, anuran predation by invertebrates remains poorly documented. Thus, the description of new cases of predation accompanied by a review of the data available in the literature is crucial to understanding Neotropical food webs.

RESUMEN Los anfibios neotropicales desempeñan papeles importantes como depredadores y presas en los ecosistemas dulce acuícolas y terrestres. La subfamilia Pseudinae incluye ranas pequeñas y medianas, distribuidas en tres géneros y representando 13 especies válidas. Los registros de depredación de Pseudinae son escasos y anecdóticos. Por lo tanto, el conocimiento de nuevos casos puede mejorar nuestra comprensión de las relaciones depredador-presa entre estas ranas y su papel en la cadena trófica. Presentamos cinco nuevos registros de depredación y revisamos los casos de depredación de la literatura, que incluyen 15 estudios publicados entre 1983 y 2017. Las especies de Pseudinae son depredadas, tanto durante el día como en la noche, por una gran variedad de depredadores, principalmente aves. Los adultos son más frecuentemente depredados que los juveniles y los renacuajos. En el presente estudio, las chinches de agua representan 75 % de los registros de depredación de Pseudinae por invertebrados. Sin embargo, depredación de anuros por invertebrados permanece poco documentada. Por lo tanto, la descripción de nuevos casos de depredación, junto a una revisión de los datos disponibles en la literatura es crucial para entender redes tróficas neotropicales.

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We present a checklist of the anthophilous entomofauna of Mato Grosso do Sul state (MS) based on information compiled from 17 studies, most of them achieved in Cerrado vegetation (n = 11) and less frequently in the Pantanal (n = 6). We recorded 10 groups of insects, belonging to six orders, 80 families and 411 species. Higher richness was sampled for Cerrado (307 spp.) compared to Pantanal (147 spp.), with only 43 species (10.4%) common to both biomes. Anthophila was the richest group (155 spp.), followed by beetles (82), butterflies/moths (53) and wasps (45), which totalized 81.5% of species. The highest richness of bees is related to the fact the most studies are concentrated in this group, besides the specialization of this group in utilization of floral resources. Surprising was the beetles occupying second place compared to others more active and habitual visitors, such as butterflies and flies. The entomofauna collections and research teams in MS are limited and/or incipient and they should be strenghtened through partnerships, exchange and capacity building in this biological group.(AU)

Apresentamos listagem da entomofauna visitante de flores do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) com base na compilação de informações obtidas em 17 estudos, a maioria realizado em áreas de Cerrado (n = 11) e menos frequentemente no Pantanal (n = 6). Foram registrados 10 grupos de insetos, pertencentes a seis ordens, 80 famílias e 411 espécies. Maior riqueza foi amostrada para o Cerrado (307 spp.) que Pantanal (147 spp.), com somente 43 espécies (10,4%) em comum entre estes biomas. Anthophila foi o grupo mais rico (155 spp.), seguido por besouros (82), borboletas/mariposas (53) e vespas (45), que junto totalizaram 81,5% das espécies. Maior riqueza de abelhas está relacionada ao fato da maioria dos trabalhos enfocarem este grupo, além da especialização deste grupo na utilização de recursos florais. Surpreendente foi o segundo lugar ocupado por besouros em relação a outros visitantes mais ativos e habituais, como lepidópteros e moscas. Em MS os acervos e grupos de pesquisa com entomofauna antófila são restritos e/ou incipientes, sendo necessário fortalecimento dos mesmos através de parcerias, intercâmbios e formação de recursos humanos na área.(AU)

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Amphibian species from Mato Grosso do Sul state were compiled and checked for the first time. A total of 97 species were recorded, representing more than 10% of the known Brazilian amphibians. Twenty five anuran genera in nine families and only one caecilian were recorded. Cerrado was the richest area followed by semideciduous forests, Chaco, and veredas (palm swamps). It was recorded 56 species in floodplain areas and 92 in the surrounding cerrados. The Serra da Bodoquena National Park and some Pantanal areas were better sampled than other regions in Mato Grosso do Sul, resulting in sampling gaps across the state. Important areas for future inventories were identified: mountainous regions in Serra de Maracaju and those bordering the Apa river, Brazilian chacoan areas, the Taquari river alluvial fan, the broad Taquari-Itiquira flat area, the Central Plateau scarps, wet areas from Parana river bordering São Paulo state, and inland areas from Pantanal.(AU)

A fauna de anfíbios do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul foi compilada e elaborada pela primeira vez, totalizando 97 espécies, o que representa pouco mais de 10% das espécies que ocorrem no Brasil. Nove famílias e 25 gêneros de Anura e apenas uma espécie de Gymnophiona foram registradas. As áreas de Cerrado apresentaram a maior riqueza, seguidas pelas florestas estacionais semideciduais, Chaco e veredas. Em relação às macrorregiões consideradas, foram registradas 56 espécies para a planície de inundação (majoritariamente representada pelo Pantanal) e 92 para o planalto. As regiões mais amostradas em Mato Grosso do Sul são o Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena e algumas áreas do Pantanal, o que resulta em lacunas de amostragens por todo o estado, principalmente nas regiões norte, leste/sudeste e parte do oeste/sudoeste. Foram identificadas áreas consideradas importantes para amostragens em decorrência da complexidade de fitofisionomias e relevos encontrados no estado: Maciço do rio Apa, Serra de Maracaju, grande parte do Chaco brasileiro, leque do rio Taquari, planalto do Taquari-Itiquira, escarpas do planalto Central, áreas úmidas/florestas estacionais da planície do rio Paraná e áreas interioranas do Pantanal, onde o acesso é difícil.(AU)

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Data is presented on richness and composition of reptiles from the state of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), based on reviews of publications, examination of scientific collections and unpublished field data provided by researchers. We recorded 188 species distributed in eight species of Testudines, three Crocodylia and 177 Squamata (16 amphisbaenians, 48 lizards and 113 snakes). Thirteen species have restricted distributions within the state, 13 are restricted to the state and nine are in the process of being described. The diversity of the MS reptiles, even if underestimated, accounts for 25% of the species known to occur in Brazil. The plateau presents 176 species, of which 30% are restricted to this location, while 131 species (6% exclusive) occur in the floodplain. The Cerrado is the richest domain in species, although it is the region with the highest sampling gap in the state. The most well-known section is the Midwest MS, which includes the Pantanal. About 40% of the species of reptiles of MS are widely distributed, occurring in at least five of the seven Brazilian domains. The reptiles of MS are more similar to those of the Chaco, probably because the chacoan fauna is very similar to that of the Pantanal, which includes better inventoried portions of MS. Although the Cerrado is the predominant domain in the state, the fact of being poorly sampled justifies the lower similarity of reptiles from this domain with those of MS, when compared with those of Chaco. Overall, the MS reptile fauna shows greater similarity to that found along the diagonal of open formations of South America. Only 18% of species were assessed by IUCN, which reinforces the need for an assessment of the conservation status of MS reptile species. The north, south and east of the state have not being adequately sampled, which is of concern since these sections have seen significant anthropogenic alteration.[...](AU)

Informações sobre riqueza e composição de répteis pela primeira vez são apresentadas para o Mato Grosso do Sul (MS). A compilação de dados foi baseada em publicações, coleções científicas e dados disponibilizados por pesquisadores. Foram registradas 188 espécies distribuídas em oito espécies de Testudines, três Crocodylia e 177 Squamata (16 anfisbenas, 48 sáurios e 113 serpentes). Treze espécies, dentro do estado, possuem distribuição restrita, 13 não são encontradas em outros estados brasileiros e nove estão em processo de descrição. A riqueza de répteis do MS, mesmo que subestimada, corresponde a 25% das espécies conhecidas no Brasil. No planalto estão presentes 176 espécies, das quais 30% foram registradas somente neste local, enquanto que na planície de inundação ocorrem 131 espécies (6% exclusivas). O Cerrado é o domínio mais rico em espécies, ainda que esteja na região com maior lacuna de amostragem do estado. A porção mais conhecida é o centro-oeste do MS, que inclui o Pantanal. Cerca de 40% das espécies de répteis deste estudo tem ampla distribuição, ocorrendo em pelo menos cinco dos sete domínios brasileiros. Os répteis do estado são mais semelhantes àqueles do Chaco, provavelmente porque a fauna chaquenha é muito similar a do Pantanal, que contempla porções mais bem inventariadas do MS. Ainda que o Cerrado seja o domínio predominante no estado, o fato de ser pouco amostrado justifica a menor similaridade da sua fauna de répteis com o MS, quando comparado àquela do Chaco. De modo geral, a fauna estadual de répteis é mais parecida com aquela encontrada ao longo da diagonal de formações abertas da América do Sul. Apenas 18% das espécies foram avaliadas pela IUCN, o que reforça a necessidade de uma avaliação do estado de conservação das espécies do MS. O norte, sul e leste do estado não foram minimamente amostrados, o que é preocupante visto que são regiões comprometidas pelo intensivo uso da terra. [...](AU)

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Formicidae includes circa of 16.000 valid species names worldwide, with estimates exceed 20,000 species. Currently 16 subfamilies are described, and in the Neotropical region 14 of these are known, represented by over 4,000 species. We are presenting the checklist of Formicidae sampled in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, contemplated in recent surveys conducted in the Serra da Bodoquena, Pantanal, Brazilian Chaco, Aporé-Sucuriú complex, Serra do Amolar, and in a Semidecidual Forest of Dourados municipality. The data presented here refers at samples conducted between 2004 to 2012. The set of samples was not standardized for the respective areas due to the objectives of each study. Were indentified 306 species in 71 genera of 11 subfamilies. Were recorded for the first time in the state the following species considered rare for the vegetation types sampled: Acanthostichus longinodis, Atta saltensis, Cryptomyrmex boltoni, Cylindromyrmex brasiliensis, Prionopelta punctulata, Probolomyrmex boliviensis, Probolomyrmex petiolatus, Procryptocerus montanus, Stegomyrmex olindae, Strumigenys xenochelyna and Tranopelta gilva. Three new species were found in the Mato Grosso do Sul state: Asphinctanilloides sp. nov, Stigmatomma sp. nov and Probolomyrmex sp. nov. in description process. Our studies indicate Serra da Bodoquena as the most diverse region in the State for Formicidae. This work attempts to fill the large gap of knowledge on ant fauna in this mosaic of ecosystems on region.(AU)

Formicidae inclui cerca de 16.000 nomes de espécies válidas em todo o mundo, com estimativas que excedem mais de 20.000 espécies. Atualmente 16 subfamílias foram descritas, sendo que na Região Neotropical são conhecidas 14 delas, representadas por mais de 4.000 espécies. Apresentamos a listagem de Formicidae para o estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, contemplada em inventários recentes realizados na Serra da Bodoquena, Pantanal, Chaco Brasileiro, Complexo Aporé-Sucuriú, Serra do Amolar e em uma Floresta Estacional Semidecidual Atlântica de Dourados, MS. Os dados aqui apresentados são referentes às coletas realizadas entre os anos de 2004 a 2012. O conjunto das amostras não foi padronizado para as respectivas áreas devido aos objetivos de cada estudo realizado. Até o momento foram identificadas para o estado 306 espécies em 71 gêneros de 11 subfamílias. Foram registradas pela primeira vez no estado as seguintes espécies consideradas raras para as fitofisionomias amostradas: Acanthostichus longinodis, Atta saltensis, Cryptomyrmex boltoni, Cylindromyrmex brasiliensis, Prionopelta punctulata, Probolomyrmex boliviensis, Probolomyrmex petiolatus, Procryptocerus montanus, Stegomyrmex olindae, Strumigenys xenochelyna e Tranopelta gilva. Três novas espécies foram registradas no estado: Asphinctanilloides sp. nov., Stigmatomma sp. nov. e Probolomyrmex sp. nov., em processo de descrição. Nossos estudos indicam a Serra da Bodoquena como a região mais diversa no estado para a fauna de Formicidae. Este trabalho tenta preencher a grande lacuna de conhecimento sobre a fauna de formigas neste mosaico de ecossistemas na região.(AU)

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ABSTRACT Formicidae includes circa of 16.000 valid species names worldwide, with estimates exceed 20,000 species. Currently 16 subfamilies are described, and in the Neotropical region 14 of these are known, represented by over 4,000 species. We are presenting the checklist of Formicidae sampled in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, contemplated in recent surveys conducted in the Serra da Bodoquena, Pantanal, Brazilian Chaco, Aporé-Sucuriú complex, Serra do Amolar, and in a Semidecidual Forest of Dourados municipality. The data presented here refers at samples conducted between 2004 to 2012. The set of samples was not standardized for the respective areas due to the objectives of each study. Were indentified 306 species in 71 genera of 11 subfamilies. Were recorded for the first time in the state the following species considered rare for the vegetation types sampled: Acanthostichus longinodis, Atta saltensis, Cryptomyrmex boltoni, Cylindromyrmex brasiliensis, Prionopelta punctulata, Probolomyrmex boliviensis, Probolomyrmex petiolatus, Procryptocerus montanus, Stegomyrmex olindae, Strumigenys xenochelyna and Tranopelta gilva. Three new species were found in the Mato Grosso do Sul state: Asphinctanilloides sp. nov, Stigmatomma sp. nov and Probolomyrmex sp. nov. in description process. Our studies indicate Serra da Bodoquena as the most diverse region in the State for Formicidae. This work attempts to fill the large gap of knowledge on ant fauna in this mosaic of ecosystems on region.

RESUMO Formicidae inclui cerca de 16.000 nomes de espécies válidas em todo o mundo, com estimativas que excedem mais de 20.000 espécies. Atualmente 16 subfamílias foram descritas, sendo que na Região Neotropical são conhecidas 14 delas, representadas por mais de 4.000 espécies. Apresentamos a listagem de Formicidae para o estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, contemplada em inventários recentes realizados na Serra da Bodoquena, Pantanal, Chaco Brasileiro, Complexo Aporé-Sucuriú, Serra do Amolar e em uma Floresta Estacional Semidecidual Atlântica de Dourados, MS. Os dados aqui apresentados são referentes às coletas realizadas entre os anos de 2004 a 2012. O conjunto das amostras não foi padronizado para as respectivas áreas devido aos objetivos de cada estudo realizado. Até o momento foram identificadas para o estado 306 espécies em 71 gêneros de 11 subfamílias. Foram registradas pela primeira vez no estado as seguintes espécies consideradas raras para as fitofisionomias amostradas: Acanthostichus longinodis, Atta saltensis, Cryptomyrmex boltoni, Cylindromyrmex brasiliensis, Prionopelta punctulata, Probolomyrmex boliviensis, Probolomyrmex petiolatus, Procryptocerus montanus, Stegomyrmex olindae, Strumigenys xenochelyna e Tranopelta gilva. Três novas espécies foram registradas no estado: Asphinctanilloides sp. nov., Stigmatomma sp. nov. e Probolomyrmex sp. nov., em processo de descrição. Nossos estudos indicam a Serra da Bodoquena como a região mais diversa no estado para a fauna de Formicidae. Este trabalho tenta preencher a grande lacuna de conhecimento sobre a fauna de formigas neste mosaico de ecossistemas na região.