RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To generate a global reference for caesarean section (CS) rates at health facilities. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Health facilities from 43 countries. POPULATION/SAMPLE: Thirty eight thousand three hundred and twenty-four women giving birth from 22 countries for model building and 10,045,875 women giving birth from 43 countries for model testing. METHODS: We hypothesised that mathematical models could determine the relationship between clinical-obstetric characteristics and CS. These models generated probabilities of CS that could be compared with the observed CS rates. We devised a three-step approach to generate the global benchmark of CS rates at health facilities: creation of a multi-country reference population, building mathematical models, and testing these models. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Area under the ROC curves, diagnostic odds ratio, expected CS rate, observed CS rate. RESULTS: According to the different versions of the model, areas under the ROC curves suggested a good discriminatory capacity of C-Model, with summary estimates ranging from 0.832 to 0.844. The C-Model was able to generate expected CS rates adjusted for the case-mix of the obstetric population. We have also prepared an e-calculator to facilitate use of C-Model (www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_perinatal_health/c-model/en/). CONCLUSIONS: This article describes the development of a global reference for CS rates. Based on maternal characteristics, this tool was able to generate an individualised expected CS rate for health facilities or groups of health facilities. With C-Model, obstetric teams, health system managers, health facilities, health insurance companies, and governments can produce a customised reference CS rate for assessing use (and overuse) of CS. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: The C-Model provides a customized benchmark for caesarean section rates in health facilities and systems.
Assuntos
Cesárea/estatística & dados numéricos , Modelos Estatísticos , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Internacionalidade , Gravidez , Valores de ReferênciaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) is in the process of updating antenatal care (ANC) guidelines. OBJECTIVES: To map the existing clinical practice guidelines related to routine ANC for healthy women and to summarise all practices considered during routine ANC. SEARCH STRATEGY: A systematic search in four databases for all clinical practice guidelines published after January 2000. SELECTION CRITERIA: Two researchers independently assessed the list of potentially eligible publications. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Information on scope of the guideline, type of practice, associated gestational age, recommendation type and the source of evidence were mapped. MAIN RESULTS: Of 1866 references, we identified 85 guidelines focusing on the ANC period: 15 pertaining to routine ANC and 70 pertaining to specific situations. A total of 135 interventions from routine ANC guidelines were extracted, and categorised as clinical interventions (n = 80), screening/diagnostic procedures (n = 47) and health systems related (n = 8). Screening interventions, (syphilis, anaemia) were the most common practices. Within the 70 specific situation guidelines, 102 recommendations were identified. Overall, for 33 (out of 171) interventions there were conflicting recommendations provided by the different guidelines. CONCLUSION: Mapping the current guidelines including practices related to routine ANC informed the scoping phase for the WHO guideline for ANC. Our analysis indicates that guideline development processes may lead to different recommendations, due to context, evidence base or assessment of evidence. It would be useful for guideline developers to map and refer to other similar guidelines and, where relevant, explore the discrepancies in recommendations and others. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: We identified existing ANC guidelines and mapped scope, practices, recommendations and source of evidence.
Assuntos
Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde/organização & administração , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto/normas , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/prevenção & controle , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Diagnóstico Pré-Natal , Adulto , Anemia/diagnóstico , Feminino , Humanos , Sistemas Automatizados de Assistência Junto ao Leito , Padrões de Prática Médica/estatística & dados numéricos , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Cuidado Pré-Natal/organização & administração , Desenvolvimento de Programas , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Sífilis Congênita/diagnóstico , Sífilis Congênita/prevenção & controle , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and related severe complications, identify other associated factors and compare maternal and perinatal outcomes in women with and without these conditions. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of the World Health Organization Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health (WHOMCS) database. SETTING: Cross-sectional study implemented at 357 health facilities conducting 1000 or more deliveries annually in 29 countries from Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Middle East. POPULATION: All women suffering from any hypertensive disorder during pregnancy, the intrapartum or early postpartum period in the participating hospitals during the study period. METHODS: We calculated the proportion of the pre-specified outcomes in the study population and their distribution according to hypertensive disorders' severity. We estimated the association between them and maternal deaths, near-miss cases, and severe maternal complications using a multilevel logit model. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Potentially life-threatening conditions among maternal near-miss cases, maternal deaths and cases without severe maternal outcomes. RESULTS: Overall, 8542 (2.73%) women suffered from hypertensive disorders. Incidences of pre-eclampsia, eclampsia and chronic hypertension were 2.16%, 0.28% and 0.29%, respectively. Maternal near-miss cases were eight times more frequent in women with pre-eclampsia, and increased to up to 60 times more frequent in women with eclampsia, when compared with women without these conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of this large database provides estimates of the global distribution of the incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. The information on the most frequent complications related to pre-eclampsia and eclampsia could be of interest to inform policies for health systems organisation.
Assuntos
Eclampsia/mortalidade , Centros de Saúde Materno-Infantil , Pré-Eclâmpsia/mortalidade , Adolescente , Adulto , África/epidemiologia , Ásia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Eclampsia/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Humanos , Mortalidade Infantil , Recém-Nascido , América Latina/epidemiologia , Mortalidade Materna , Centros de Saúde Materno-Infantil/organização & administração , Centros de Saúde Materno-Infantil/normas , Oriente Médio/epidemiologia , Paridade , Formulação de Políticas , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Pré-Eclâmpsia/prevenção & controle , Gravidez , Organização Mundial da Saúde , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Variations exist in the surgical techniques used for caesarean section and many have not been rigorously assessed in randomised controlled trials. We aimed to assess whether any surgical techniques were associated with improved outcomes for women and babies. METHODS: CORONIS was a pragmatic international 2×2×2×2×2 non-regular fractional, factorial, unmasked, randomised controlled trial that examined five elements of the caesarean section technique in intervention pairs. CORONIS was undertaken at 19 sites in Argentina, Chile, Ghana, India, Kenya, Pakistan, and Sudan. Each site was assigned to three of the five intervention pairs: blunt versus sharp abdominal entry; exteriorisation of the uterus for repair versus intra-abdominal repair; single-layer versus double-layer closure of the uterus; closure versus non-closure of the peritoneum (pelvic and parietal); and chromic catgut versus polyglactin-910 for uterine repair. Pregnant women were eligible if they were to undergo their first or second caesarean section through a planned transverse abdominal incision. Women were randomly assigned by a secure web-based number allocation system to one intervention from each of the three assigned pairs. All investigators, surgeons, and participants were unmasked to treatment allocation. The primary outcome was the composite of death, maternal infectious morbidity, further operative procedures, or blood transfusion (>1 unit) up to the 6-week follow-up visit. Women were analysed in the groups into which they were allocated. The CORONIS Trial is registered with Current Controlled Trials: ISRCTN31089967. FINDINGS: Between May 20, 2007, and Dec 31, 2010, 15â935 women were recruited. There were no statistically significant differences within any of the intervention pairs for the primary outcome: blunt versus sharp entry risk ratio 1·03 (95% CI 0·91-1·17), exterior versus intra-abdominal repair 0·96 (0·84-1·08), single-layer versus double-layer closure 0·96 (0·85-1·08), closure versus non-closure 1·06 (0·94-1·20), and chromic catgut versus polyglactin-910 0·90 (0·78-1·04). 144 serious adverse events were reported, of which 26 were possibly related to the intervention. Most of the reported serious adverse events were known complications of surgery or complications of the reasons for the caesarean section. INTERPRETATION: These findings suggest that any of these surgical techniques is acceptable. However, longer-term follow-up is needed to assess whether the absence of evidence of short-term effects will translate into an absence of long-term effects. FUNDING: UK Medical Research Council and WHO.
Assuntos
Cesárea/métodos , Complicações na Gravidez/cirurgia , Prática Profissional/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Argentina , Cesárea/estatística & dados numéricos , Recesariana/métodos , Recesariana/estatística & dados numéricos , Chile , Feminino , Gana , Humanos , Índia , Quênia , Paquistão , Gravidez , Resultado da Gravidez , Sudão , Técnicas de Fechamento de Ferimentos/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
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