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OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) anal infection and associated factors in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients in Medellín. METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study in 300 HIV-positive patients, adults, with history of anal intercourse, treated in two health care services of Medellín 2017-2018. We conducted a structured survey on sociodemographics, sexual behavior and medical history. HPV was detected in anal swabs tested by the COBAS 4800 system. Exploratory data analysis of risk factors associated with HR-HPV was conducted by chi-square test of independence and both raw and adjusted prevalence ratios used the Poisson regression model, at a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The high-risk HPV had a prevalence of 82.7%; HPV16 had a prevalence of 32.7%, HPV18 a prevalence of 21.7% and other HPV types scored 78.3%. The high-risk HPV prevalence in women was of 68.2% and 83.8% in men. The risk factors associated with high-risk HPV after adjustment were age under 30 years, elementary education, casual sex partners, and first sexual activity before 18 years old. CONCLUSIONS: The high incidence of high-risk HPV, along with the occurrence of coinfections by multiple types in the study population shows their susceptibility to develop some type of anal intra-epithelial neoplasia. It is important to establish sexual health programs focused on primary health care.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) anal infection and associated factors in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients in Medellín. METHODS Descriptive cross-sectional study in 300 HIV-positive patients, adults, with history of anal intercourse, treated in two health care services of Medellín 2017-2018. We conducted a structured survey on sociodemographics, sexual behavior and medical history. HPV was detected in anal swabs tested by the COBAS 4800 system. Exploratory data analysis of risk factors associated with HR-HPV was conducted by chi-square test of independence and both raw and adjusted prevalence ratios used the Poisson regression model, at a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS The high-risk HPV had a prevalence of 82.7%; HPV16 had a prevalence of 32.7%, HPV18 a prevalence of 21.7% and other HPV types scored 78.3%. The high-risk HPV prevalence in women was of 68.2% and 83.8% in men. The risk factors associated with high-risk HPV after adjustment were age under 30 years, elementary education, casual sex partners, and first sexual activity before 18 years old. CONCLUSIONS The high incidence of high-risk HPV, along with the occurrence of coinfections by multiple types in the study population shows their susceptibility to develop some type of anal intra-epithelial neoplasia. It is important to establish sexual health programs focused on primary health care.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Estimar la prevalencia de la infección anal por el virus del papiloma humano de alto riesgo y factores asociados en pacientes con el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) de Medellín. MÉTODOS Estudio descriptivo transversal en 300 pacientes VIH positivos, adultos, con historia de relaciones sexuales anales, atendidos en dos instituciones de salud de Medellín 2017-2018. Se aplicó una encuesta estructurada sobre características socio-demográficas, comportamiento sexual y antecedentes clínicos. El VPH se detectó en muestras de exfoliado anal mediante la prueba COBAS 4800. Se realizó análisis exploratorio de factores de riesgo asociados al VPH-AR mediante la prueba Chi cuadrado de independencia y razones de prevalencia cruda y ajustadas por regresión de Poisson, con intervalos del 95%.de confianza. RESULTADOS La prevalencia global de VPHAR fue 82,7%; VPH 16 de 32,7%, VPH 18 de 21,7% y otros tipos 78,3%. La prevalencia de VPHAR en mujeres fue de 68,2% y en hombres, 83,8%. Los factores de riesgo asociados al VPH-AR luego del ajuste fueron tener menos de 30 años, algún grado de educación básica primaria, pareja ocasional e inicio de relaciones sexuales antes de 18 años. CONCLUSIONES La alta frecuencia de infección por VPHAR, así como la existencia de co-infecciones por múltiples tipos en la población de estudio muestra la susceptibilidad que tienen para desarrollar algún grado de Neoplasia Intraepitelial Anal. Es importante establecer programas de promoción de la salud sexual con enfoque de atención primaria.

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In most goat breeds, testosterone serum concentration and semen quality decrease during the nonbreeding season. However, bucks reproductive activity may be stimulated with the administration of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG). Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether the repeated administration of eCG stimulates the reproductive status of bucks during the nonbreeding season. The study was performed with 19 bucks that were assigned to a group that was treated with eCG (GeCG) and an untreated control group (GCon). The GeCG bucks received an initial dose of 800 IU of eCG (Day 0), followed by four doses of 500 IU administered every 5 days beginning on Day 5. Serum testosterone and anti-eCG antibody concentrations, testicular and seminal traits were determined until Day 60. Testosterone concentration (from Day 3 to 21: p < 0.0001), anti-eCG titre (from Day 12 to 44: p ≤ 0.01), percentage of motile spermatozoa (Day 6: p = 0.006 and 14: p = 0.001) and of spermatozoa with progressive motility (Day 6: p = 0.01 and 14: p = 0.002) and the percentage of spermatozoa with functional membrane (Day 6: p = 0.02 and 22: p = 0.008) were higher in GeCG than in GCon bucks. Also in frozen-thawed samples, the percentage of motile spermatozoa tended to be higher in GeCG than that of GCon bucks (p = 0.07). In conclusion, the administration of eCG during the nonbreeding season stimulated the secretion of testosterone and improved fresh and possibly frozen-thawed semen quality. However, it also resulted in an increase in anti-eCG antibody titre.

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Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de ITS en adolescentes y conocer los factores de riesgo más frecuentes para adquirirlas. Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte, entre 2010-2013, en 569 estudiantes de Medellín. Se hicieron una encuesta y tamización para VHB, sífilis, VIH, VPH, infección gonocócica, Chlamydia trachomatis, vaginosis bacteriana, candidiasis y uretritis masculina no gonocócica. Resultados: las frecuencias en mujeres fueron las siguientes: VPH 28,1 %; C. trachomatis 11,4 %; vaginosis bacteriana 42,7 % y candidiasis 14,1 %. En 6,2 % de los hombres se halló uretritis no gonocócica. Ni en hombres ni en mujeres se hallaron VHB, sífilis, VIH o infección gonocócica. Los siguientes fueron los factores de riesgo más frecuentes: comenzar las relaciones sexuales antes de los 15 años (59,9 %), no utilizar condón (58,2 %) o no haberlo utilizado en la última relación sexual (41,7 %), no tener conocimientos adecuados sobre salud sexual (39,1 %), tener historia de 3 o más parejas sexuales (30,6 %), tener parejas sexuales diez o más años mayores que ellos (20,4 %), tener relaciones sexuales con personas diferentes a la pareja formal (18,8 %). Conclusiones: la alta prevalencia de ITS en adolescentes que apenas inician su vida sexual debe ser un llamado de atención para poner en práctica programas de salud sexual de alto impacto.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in a group of adolescents in Medellín, Colombia, and the most frequent risk factors for acquiring them. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study, between 2010 and 2013, in 569 students who had started sexual intercourse. A questionnaire was applied, and screening was done for the following infections: hepatitis B, syphilis, HIV, HPV, gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis, bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, and nongonococcal urethritis in men. Results: Women had the following frequencies of infections: HPV 28.1 %; Chlamydia trachomatis 11.4 %; bacterial vaginosis 42.7 %; candidiasis 14.1 %. Nongonococcal urethritis was found in 6.2 % of men. Hepatitis B, syphilis, HIV, and gonococcal infections were not found. The most frequent risk factors were as follows: to have started sexual relations before the age of 15 (59.9 %); not to use condom (58.2 %); not to have utilized condom in the last sexual intercourse (41.7 %); to lack adequate knowledge on sexual health (39.1 %); to have had three or more sexual partners (30.6 %); to have had sexual partners 10 or more years older than themselves (20.4 %), and to have sexual relations with persons different from the formal partner (18.8 %). Conclusions: The high prevalence of STIs in teenagers that are just starting sexual life must be an alert to implement high impact sexual health programs.

Objetivo: determinar a prevalência de ITS em adolescentes e conhecer os fatores de risco mais frequentes para adquirí-las. Materiais e métodos: estudo de corte, entre 2010- 2013, em 569 estudantes de Medellín. Fizeram-se uma enquete e peneiramento para VHB, sífilis, HIV, VPH, infecção gonocócica, Chlamydia trachomatis, vaginose bacteriana, candidíase e uretrites masculina não gonocócica. Resultados: as frequências em mulheres foram as seguintes: VPH 28,1 %; C. trachomatis 11,4 %; vaginose bacteriana 42,7 % e candidíase 14,1%. Em 6,2 % dos homens se achou uretrite não gonocócica. Nem em homens nem em mulheres se acharam VHB, sífilis, HIV ou infecção gonocócica. Os seguintes foram os fatores de risco mais frequentes: começar as relações sexuais antes dos 15 anos (59,9 %), não utilizar camisinha (58,2 %) ou não o ter utilizado na última relação sexual (41,7 %), não ter conhecimentos adequados sobre saúde sexual (39,1 %), ter história de 3 ou mais casais sexuais (30,6 %), ter casais sexuais dez ou mais anos maiores do que eles (20,4 %), transar com pessoas diferentes ao casal formal (18,8 %). Conclusões: a alta prevalência de ITS em adolescentes que mal iniciam sua vida sexual deve ser um chamado de atendimento para pôr em prática programas de saúde sexual de alto impacto.

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Objetivo: comprender las percepciones de los estudiantes de pregrado de la Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia, sobre los cánceres de cuello uterino, canal anal, orofaringe y pene, y cómo los relacionan con la infección por PVH. Materiales y métodos: estudio etnográfico, realizado de marzo del 2013 a abril del 2014, participaron 23 mujeres y 14 hombres en ocho grupos de discusión. Sus discursos fueron grabados, transcritos y analizados con el método argumentativo. Resultados: en general, los/as jóvenes relacionaron el cáncer cervicouterino con el PVH, pero no con los tipos de cáncer en canal anal, orofaringe y pene, sobre los cuales tenían poco conocimiento o desconocían. El pensar que las mujeres son las que contraen el cáncer cervical y contagian a los hombres con el PVH no les permitió imaginar que existieran otros cánceres asociados al PVH. Conclusión: las percepciones y la falta de claridad en la relación PVH y otros cánceres, pueden incrementar el riesgo de infección por las prácticas sexuales y en el tiempo aumentar la prevalencia de estos cánceres.

Objective: Understand what undergraduate students at the University of Antioquia think about cervical, anal, oropharyngeal and penile cancer, and how they associate these types of cancer with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Materials and Methods: This is an ethnographic study conducted during the period from March 2013 to April 2014. It included 23 women and 14 men who were divided into eight discussion groups. What they had to say was recorded, transcribed and analyzed using the argumentative method. Findings: Overall, the young people who took part in the study associate HPV with cervical cancer, but not with anal, oropharyngeal and penile cancer. In fact, they had little knowledge or knew nothing about those types of cancer. Thinking that women are the ones who contract cervical cancer and infect men with HPV prevented them from imagining there might be other types of cancer associated with HPV infection. Conclusion: Ignorance among women about other types of cancer associated with HPV infection might cause them to neglect preventive measures and increase the risk of infection through sexual practices. The study ratifies the need to develop programs to promote health and to prevent infection with this virus.

Objetivo: compreender as percepçóes dos estudantes de graduação da Universidad de Antioquia sobre os cánceres de colo uterino, canal anal, orofaringe, pênis e como os relacionam com a infecção por papilomavírus humano (HPV). Materiais e métodos: estudo etnográfico realizado de março de 2013 a abril de 2014; participaram 23 mulheres e 14 homens em oito grupos de discussão. Seus discursos foram gravados, transcritos e analisados com o método argumentativo. Resultados: em geral os(as) jovens relacionaram o cáncer cérvico-uterino com o HPV, mas não com os tipos de cáncer em canal anal, orofaringe e pênis, sobre os quais tinham pouco conhecimento ou desconheciam. O fato de pensar que as mulheres são as que contraem o cáncer cervical e contagiam os homens com o HPV não lhes permitiu imaginar que existissem outros cánceres associados com o HPV. Conclusão: o desconhecimento das mulheres sobre a associação do HPV com o risco de padecer de outros cánceres podem ocasionar descuido nas medidas preventivas e aumentar o risco de infecção por práticas sexuais e ratifica-se a necessidade de desenvolver programas encaminhados à promoção da saúde e à prevenção da infecção por esse vírus.

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The febrile cholestatic disease as a presentation of Hodgkin's lymphoma is a very unusual condition. We describe here the case of a patient with prolonged fever of unknown origin and progressive jaundice, in whom the diagnosis was made with the analysis of a liver biopsy, given the absence of lymph node involvement that characterizes this disease. We remark the severe and multisystemic involvement of this rapidly progressive disease.

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La ictericia febril colestásica como forma de presentación de los linfomas de Hodgkin es un cuadro muy infrecuente. Describimos aquí un caso de síndrome febril prolongado asociado a ictericia progresiva, en el que el diagnóstico de la enfermedad se realiza a través de la biopsia hepática, dada la ausencia de afectación ganglionar que caracteriza a esta enfermedad. Destacamos asimismo el cuadro clínico avanzado y el compromiso multisistémico de una enfermedad rápidamente evolutiva.(AU)

The febrile cholestatic disease as a presentation of Hodgkins lymphoma is a very unusual condition. We describe here the case of a patient with prolonged fever of unknown origin and progressive jaundice, in whom the diagnosis was made with the analysis of a liver biopsy, given the absence of lymph node involvement that characterizes this disease. We remark the severe and multisystemic involvement of this rapidly progressive disease.(AU)

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La ictericia febril colestásica como forma de presentación de los linfomas de Hodgkin es un cuadro muy infrecuente. Describimos aquí un caso de síndrome febril prolongado asociado a ictericia progresiva, en el que el diagnóstico de la enfermedad se realiza a través de la biopsia hepática, dada la ausencia de afectación ganglionar que caracteriza a esta enfermedad. Destacamos asimismo el cuadro clínico avanzado y el compromiso multisistémico de una enfermedad rápidamente evolutiva.

The febrile cholestatic disease as a presentation of Hodgkin's lymphoma is a very unusual condition. We describe here the case of a patient with prolonged fever of unknown origin and progressive jaundice, in whom the diagnosis was made with the analysis of a liver biopsy, given the absence of lymph node involvement that characterizes this disease. We remark the severe and multisystemic involvement of this rapidly progressive disease.

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The febrile cholestatic disease as a presentation of Hodgkins lymphoma is a very unusual condition. We describe here the case of a patient with prolonged fever of unknown origin and progressive jaundice, in whom the diagnosis was made with the analysis of a liver biopsy, given the absence of lymph node involvement that characterizes this disease. We remark the severe and multisystemic involvement of this rapidly progressive disease.

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Introducción: en Colombia se creó el Programa Detección temprana y control cáncer de cuello uterino para intervenir esta enfermedad. Aunque la reforma del Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud incluye la calidad de la atención en salud entre sus componentes, la prestación de los servicios de prevención de la enfermedad se realiza mediante actividades desarticuladas, deteriorándose los procesos de atención y control. Objetivo: evaluar la calidad del Programa Detección temprana y control de cáncer de cuello uterino, en hospitales públicos de nueve municipiosde Antioquia, Colombia con altas tasas de mortalidad. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal; se incluyeron nueve municipios con tasas de mortalidad más altas que el promediode Antioquia durante 2000 a 2006...

Introduction: the program for timely detection and control of cervical cancer was created in Colombia to intervene in this disease. Although the reform of the General System of Social Security in Health includes the quality of health care among its components, the provision of disease prevention services is made through unarticulated activities, which disrupts the processes of health care and control. Objective: to assess the quality of the program for timely detection and control of cervical cancer in public hospitals of nine municipalities of Antioquia with high mortality rates. Materials and methods: a descriptive study was conducted. It included ninemunicipalities with mortality rates higher than the mean in Antioquia between 2000 and 2006...

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