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Interactive movements of bees facilitate the division and organization of collective tasks, notably when they need to face internal or external environmental challenges. Here, we present a Bayesian and computational approach to track the movement of several honey bee, Apis mellifera, workers at colony level. We applied algorithms that combined tracking and Kernel Density Estimation (KDE), allowing measurements of entropy and Probability Distribution Function (PDF) of the motion of tracked organisms. We placed approximately 200 recently emerged and labeled bees inside an experimental colony, which consists of a mated queen, approximately 1000 bees, and a naturally occurring beehive background. Before release, labeled bees were fed for one hour with uncontaminated diets or diets containing a commercial mixture of synthetic fungicides (thiophanate-methyl and chlorothalonil). The colonies were filmed (12 min) at the 1st hour, 5th and 10th days after the bees' release. Our results revealed that the algorithm tracked the labeled bees with great accuracy. Pesticide-contaminated colonies showed anticipated collective activities in peripheral hive areas, far from the brood area, and exhibited reduced swarm entropy and energy values when compared to uncontaminated colonies. Collectively, our approach opens novel possibilities to quantify and predict potential alterations mediated by pollutants (e.g., pesticides) at the bee colony-level.
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We proposed a Bayesian analysis of pseudo-compositional data in presence of a latent factor, assuming a spatial structure. This development was motivated by a dataset containing information on the number of newborns of primiparous mothers living in each of the microregions of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, in the year of 2015, stratified by the age of the mothers (15-18, 19-29 and 30 years or more). Considering that data on newborns are not stochastically distributed among the three age groups, but they are explained in relation to women's population structure, we adopted the expression "pseudo-compositional data" to refer to this data structure. The hypothesis of interest establishes that the age of the first pregnancy is associated with the economic conditions of the geographic area where the mother lives. The incidence of poverty was included as an independent variable. Additive log-ratio (alr) and isometric log-ratio (ilr) transformations were considered, as is usually done in the analysis of compositional data. The model included a random effect related to the spatial effect assumed to have a conditional autoregressive structure. A Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation procedure was used to get the posterior summaries of interest. The model based on the (ilr) transformation was well fitted to the data, showing that in the microregions with the highest incidence of poverty, there are higher proportions of women who have their first child in adolescence, while in the microregions with the lowest incidence of poverty, there are higher proportions of women who have their first child after the age of 30 years. From these results it is possible to conclude that this Bayesian approach was very useful in the estimation of the parameters of the proposed model. The proposed method should have a broad application to other problems involving pseudo-compositional data.
Assuntos
Mães , Pobreza , Criança , Gravidez , Adolescente , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Feminino , Adulto , Teorema de Bayes , Brasil/epidemiologia , Simulação por Computador , Método de Monte Carlo , Cadeias de MarkovRESUMO
Different cure fraction models have been used in the analysis of lifetime data in presence of cured patients. This paper considers mixture and nonmixture models based on discrete Weibull distribution to model recurrent event data in presence of a cure fraction. The novelty of this study is the use of a discrete lifetime distribution in place of usual existing continuous lifetime distributions for lifetime data in presence of cured fraction, censored data, and covariates. In the verification of the fit of the proposed model it is proposed the use of randomized quantile residuals. An extensive simulation study is considered to evaluate the properties of the estimates of the parameters related to the proposed model. As an illustration of the proposed methodology, it is considered an application considering a medical dataset related to lifetimes in a retrospective cohort study conducted by Puchner et al. (2017) that consists of 147 consecutive cases with surgical treatment of a sarcoma of the pelvis between the years of 1980 and 2012.
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Biometria/métodos , Modelos Estatísticos , Neoplasias Pélvicas/cirurgia , Sarcoma/cirurgia , Humanos , Funções Verossimilhança , Análise Multivariada , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Competing risks data usually arises in studies in which the death or failure of an individual or an item may be classified into one of k ≥ 2 mutually exclusive causes. In this paper a simple competing risks distribution is proposed as a possible alternative to the Exponential or Weibull distributions usually considered in lifetime data analysis. We consider the case when the competing risks have a Lindley distribution. Also, we assume that the competing events are uncorrelated and that each subject can experience only one type of event at any particular time.
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Modelos Teóricos , RiscoRESUMO
Patients with chronic pancreatitis may have abnormal gastrointestinal transit, but the factors underlying these abnormalities are poorly understood. Gastrointestinal transit was assessed, in 40 male outpatients with alcohol-related chronic pancreatitis and 18 controls, by scintigraphy after a liquid meal labeled with (99m)technetium-phytate. Blood and urinary glucose, fecal fat excretion, nutritional status, and cardiovascular autonomic function were determined in all patients. The influence of diabetes mellitus, malabsorption, malnutrition, and autonomic neuropathy on abnormal gastrointestinal transit was assessed by univariate analysis and Bayesian multiple regression analysis. Accelerated gastrointestinal transit was found in 11 patients who showed abnormally rapid arrival of the meal marker to the cecum. Univariate and Bayesian analysis showed that diabetes mellitus and autonomic neuropathy had significant influences on rapid transit, which was not associated with either malabsorption or malnutrition. In conclusion, rapid gastrointestinal transit in patients with alcohol-related chronic pancreatitis is related to diabetes mellitus and autonomic neuropathy.
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Trânsito Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Intestino Delgado/fisiopatologia , Pancreatite Alcoólica/fisiopatologia , Pancreatite Crônica/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/fisiopatologia , Teorema de Bayes , Índice de Massa Corporal , Ceco/diagnóstico por imagem , Ceco/fisiopatologia , Neuropatias Diabéticas/diagnóstico por imagem , Neuropatias Diabéticas/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Síndromes de Malabsorção/diagnóstico por imagem , Síndromes de Malabsorção/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Compostos de Organotecnécio , Pancreatite Alcoólica/diagnóstico por imagem , Pancreatite Crônica/diagnóstico por imagem , Ácido Fítico , Cintilografia , Esteatorreia/diagnóstico por imagem , Esteatorreia/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Patients with alcohol-related chronic pancreatitis (ARCP) may present with abnormal gastric emptying (GE), which has been ascribed mainly to nutrient maldigestion. Nevertheless, many patients also have diabetes with autonomic dysfunction and malnutrition and the role of these factors on abnormal GE has not been investigated. GOALS: To determine the influences of malabsorption, diabetes, malnutrition, and autonomic dysfunction on GE abnormalities in patients with ARCP. STUDY: Forty ARCP outpatients and 18 healthy controls were studied. GE was measured by scintigraphy after a standard, liquid, nutrient meal labeled with Technetium-phytate. Autonomic function was evaluated by cardiovascular tests. The influence of each factor on abnormal GE was assessed by Bayesian multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: In the ARCP group, GE was abnormal in 19 patients (47.5%), who showed either accelerated (N=12) or delayed emptying (N=7). Diabetes was highly prevalent (P<0.01) in ARCP patients with either rapid or delayed GE (18/19). Multiple regression analysis showed that not only diabetes, but also autonomic dysfunction has significant effects on abnormal GE, whereas malabsorption and malnutrition seemed not to be associated to abnormal emptying. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of patients with ARCP may have abnormal GE. Either delayed or accelerated GE seem to be related to underlying diabetes mellitus and autonomic neuropathy rather than to nutrient malabsorption and malnutrition.
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Esvaziamento Gástrico , Pancreatite Alcoólica/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pancreatite Alcoólica/complicações , Cintilografia , Fatores de Risco , Estômago/diagnóstico por imagem , TecnécioRESUMO
Longitudinal data are of great interest in analysis of clinical trials. In many practical situations the covariate can not be measured precisely and a natural alternative model is the errors-in-variables regression models. In this paper we study a null intercept errors-in-variables regression model with a structure of dependency between the response variables within the same group. We apply the model to real data presented in Hadgu and Koch (Hadgu, A., Koch, G. (1999). Application of generalized estimating equations to a dental randomized clinical trial. J. Biopharmaceutical Statistics 9(1):161-178). In that study volunteers with preexisting dental plaque were randomized to two experimental mouth rinses (A and B) or a control mouth rinse with double blinding. The dental plaque index was measured for each subject in the beginning of the study and at two follow-up times, which leads to the presence of an interclass correlation. We propose the use of a Bayesian approach to model a multivariate null intercept errors-in-variables regression model to the longitudinal data. The proposed Bayesian approach accommodates the correlated measurements and incorporates the restriction that the slopes must lie in the (0, 1) interval. A Gibbs sampler is used to perform the computations.