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Mexico is going through an environmental and nutritional crisis related to unsustainable dietary behaviours. Sustainable diets could solve both problems together. This study protocol aims to develop a three-stage, 15-week mHealth randomised controlled trial of a sustainable-psycho-nutritional intervention programme to promote Mexican population adherence to a sustainable diet and to evaluate its effects on health and environmental outcomes. In stage 1, the programme will be designed using the sustainable diets, behaviour change wheel and capability, opportunity, motivation, and behaviour (COM-B) models. A sustainable food guide, recipes, meal plans and a mobile application will be developed. In stage 2, the intervention will be implemented for 7 weeks, and a 7-week follow-up period in a young Mexican adults (18-35 years) sample, randomly divided (1:1 ratio) into a control group (n 50) and an experimental group (n 50), will be divided into two arms at week 8. Outcomes will include health, nutrition, environment, behaviour and nutritional-sustainable knowledge. Additionally, socio-economics and culture will be considered. Thirteen behavioural objectives will be included using successive approaches in online workshops twice a week. The population will be monitored using the mobile application consisting of behavioural change techniques. In stage 3, the effects of the intervention will be assessed using mixed-effects models on dietary intake and quality, nutritional status, physical activity, metabolic biomarkers (serum glucose and lipid profile), gut microbiota composition and dietary water and carbon footprints of the evaluated population. Improvements in health outcomes and a decrease in dietary water and carbon footprints are expected.

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ABSTRACT The organoleptic characteristics of sucrose encourage its consumption in excessive amounts that result in increased body weight and possible involvement of other health indicators. In contrast, physical activity reduces body weight and promotes health and well-being, however the question remains as to what type of physical activity is the most effective to achieve those goals. The objective of the current study was to compare the effect of voluntary (VA) vs forced physical activity (FA) on body weight in organisms that consume sucrose daily. Twenty, three-month-old Wistar female rats were assigned either VA or FA; both groups were exposed to beverages with 8% sucrose concentration. The results showed that consuming sucrose daily increased body weight, despite being an active organism. However, this increase was by 11% in the VA group and 8.4% among the FA group. Therefore, although neither type of physical activity proposed in this study was effective to reduce body weight, FA influenced body weight gain less. Another interesting result was that VA registered a greater effect by reducing the consumption of sucrose. In conclusion, performing physical activity delays, but does not reverse, body weight gain from sucrose consumption.

RESUMEN Las características organolépticas de la sacarosa incentivan su consumo en cantidades excesivas que tienen como resultado el incremento del peso corporal y la posible afectación de otros indicadores de salud. En contraparte, la realización de actividad física reduce el peso corporal y favorece la salud y bienestar, pero ¿cuál es la manera más efectiva de realizar actividad física para lograr esos objetivos? Se planteó como objetivo comparar el efecto de la actividad física voluntaria (AV) contra el de la actividad física forzada (AF) sobre el peso corporal en organismos que consumen diariamente sacarosa. Se utilizaron veinte ratas hembras de la cepa Wistar de tres meses de edad, agrupadas en: (1) actividad voluntaria; (2) actividad forzada. Ambos expuestos a una bebida al 8% de concentración de sacarosa. Los resultados mostraron que consumir sacarosa diariamente incrementa el peso corporal, a pesar de ser un organismo activo. Sin embargo, este aumento fue en un 11% en AV y del 8.4% en AF. Por lo que, si bien ningún tipo de actividad física propuesto en este estudio fue efectivo para reducir el peso corporal, realizar actividad física de forma forzada influye en que la ganancia de el peso corporal sea menor. Otro resultado de interés, fue que realizar actividad física voluntaria registró un mayor efecto al reducir el consumo de sacarosa. En conclusión, realizar actividad fisica retrasa, pero no revierte la ganancia de peso corporal ante el consumo de sacarosa.

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Abstract An experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of the taste aversion conditioning paradigm in the generalization of aversion with palatable foods was performed. Ten experimentally naive females Wistar rats and three types of foods were used: a) standard purina rodent chow, b) vanilla flavor cookies and c) chocolate-flavored cookies. Subjects were divided into two groups, five subjects per group. Using the taste aversion conditioning paradigm protocol, subjects were exposed to the types of food keeping an intake record. The experiment demonstrated that rats can acquire an aversion to palatable foods accompanied by a tendency to generalize, when using elements that share characteristics such as nutritional content and texture. In addition, the intake of a food that does not share the characteristics of texture, taste, smell and energy content with the one used for conditioning was not been affected. These findings indicate that the aversion generalization seems to depend on the properties of the food used.

Resumen Se evaluó experimentalmente la efectividad del paradigma de aprendizaje aversivo gustativo en la generalización de la aversión utilizando alimentos palatables. Se utilizaron diez ratas Wistar hembras experimentalmente ingenuas y tres tipos de alimentos: a) purina comida estándar para roedores, b) galletas con sabor a vainilla y c) galletas con sabor a chocolate. Los sujetos fueron divididos en dos grupos, cinco sujetos en cada uno. Usando el paradigma de condicionamiento de aversión al sabor, los sujetos fueron expuestos a los tipos de alimentos manteniendo un registro de ingesta. El experimento demostró que las ratas pueden adquirir una aversión a los alimentos palatables acompañados por una tendencia a generalizarse, cuando se utilizan elementos que comparten características como el contenido nutricional y la textura. Además, la ingesta de un alimento que no comparte características como la textura, sabor, olor y contenido energético como el utilizado para el condicionamiento no se vio afectada. Estos hallazgos demuestran que la generalización de la aversión parece depender de las propiedades de los alimentos utilizados.

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PURPOSE: Nutrition transition (NT) has modified the way that the Mexican population eats, while their body composition has also been modified. These changes have been linked with environmental impacts; however, little is known regarding water footprint (WF). The objective of this paper was to analyze the NT process in Mexico and evaluate its impact on WF using principal component analysis (PCA). METHODS: A validated Food Consumption Frequency Questionnaire (FCFQ) was modified and applied to 400 adults from the Metropolitan Zone of Guadalajara, Mexico. The WF was calculated according to the WF Assessment Method. PCA and tertiles analysis was carried out to define dietary patterns WFs (DPWF). Questions covering sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors, as well as body composition data and physical activity levels were measured. RESULTS: The average DPWF was 6619.58 ± 3182.62 L per person per day (L p-1d-1). We found three DPWF by PCA: Medium NT (55% from the total sample), Healthy plant-based (28%), and High in animal protein (17%). The highest energy consumption, western and Mexican foods intake, and dietary WF were found in Medium NT DPWF, as well as obesity prevalence. Fruits and vegetable consumption was higher in Healthy plant-based DPWF. Muscle mass percentage was higher in the High in animal protein DPWF. CONCLUSIONS: Although most of the population is currently on Medium NT, new dietary patterns have emerged, where there was found a trend to plant-based diets but also diets high in animal food sources that can influence nutritional status.

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Nowadays people use screens, such as mobile phones, television, or tablets, more often during mealtimes, which may have an effect on intake. This review aims to analyze the effect of screen use, during food consumption, on intake. A systematic review was carried out, based on those protocols established by PRISMA. The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were consulted. Experimental studies, published between 2010 and 2021, that recorded individual intake while using screens such as television, cell phones, or tablets, were selected. A total of 7181 relevant articles were obtained, which were then assessed in accordance with predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 35 studies were included in the complete review: 22 compared different kinds of television content (e.g., adverts), five which compared television versus the absence of screens, four which compared television versus video games, two which compared the use of simultaneous screens, and two studies which included cell phones. A total of 27 studies reported consumption increases related to the presence of advertisements and food signals on screens. No significant differences in intake were reported in the eight studies that reported design or sample size limitations, or lack of control of certain variables. It is thus concluded that screen use during food consumption may increase intake. Education is necessary to regulate the habit of consuming food in the presence of screens. Also, the creation of policies that regulate advertising and food cues on screens are justified and must be accompanied by strategies to monitor compliance. As a limitation, further evidence is necessary in order to determine the effect of mobile phone and tablet use while eating. This protocol was registered via PROSPERO, ID: CRD42020211797.

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Water scarcity and excess adiposity are two of the main problems worldwide and in Mexico, which is the most obese country in the world and suffers from water scarcity. Food production represents 90% of a person's water footprint (WF), and healthy diets can lead to less WF than do unhealthy diets related to obesity. We calculated the WF of the diet and caloric intake of adults in Mexico and analyzed its relationship with adiposity. Also, the risk of water expenditure due to adiposity and adherence to dietary recommendations regarding WF of international healthy diets were examined. A Food Consumption Frequency Questionnaire (FCFQ) was applied to 395 adults. Body mass index (BMI), associated with adiposity indicators, was used as a reference for grouping a sample into adiposity levels. The WF was calculated according to the WF Assessment Method, considering correction factors and accounting for water involved in cooking and food washing. Our results showed that the Mexican diet spends 6,056 liters per person per day (L p-1d-1) and is 55% higher than international healthy diets WF. Consumption of beef, milk, fruits, chicken, and fatty cereals represented 56% of total WF. Strong relations appeared between hypercaloric diets and high WF. Diets of people with excess adiposity generated statistically higher WF with extra expenses of 729 L p-1d-1 compared with the normal adiposity population. Following nutritional recommendations offers a protective factor in water care, whereas not adhering to these represents a risk up to 93 times greater of water expenditure regarding international healthy diets. Therefore, both for the general population and to regulate obesity, adequate diets can help mitigate the problem of water scarcity.

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Resumen En Zapotlán el Grande (ZEG) la producción de berries ha aumentado drásticamente, mientras que la de cultivos tradicionales ha disminuido. La disponibilidad de estos nuevos alimentos puede generar cambios en los hábitos alimentarios (HA) de la población. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la frecuencia y la cantidad de consumo de berries en población adulta de Ciudad Guzmán (ZEG, Jalisco, México), e identificar si estos han pasado a formar parte de sus HA. Participaron 384 adultos, de 18 a 65 años, residentes de Ciudad Guzmán, quienes fueron encuestados por medio de una versión adaptada de un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. El 34% de los participantes refirió nunca consumir arándanos, frambuesas o zarzamoras, mientras que 39% los ingería ocasionalmente. En promedio, ninguno de los berries fue consumido en la ración propuesta en el Sistema Mexicano de Alimentos Equivalentes (SMAE), y solo representó 18% de la ración sugerida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Se concluye que aunque en cantidad inferior a la recomendada por la OMS o el SMAE, una cuarta parte de la población evaluada ha incorporado los berries a su dieta habitual, lo que demuestra que su disponibilidad está generando una modificación en los HA de la población.

Abstract In Zapotlán el Grande (ZEG) the production of berries has increased drastically, while traditional crops has decreased. The availability of these new foods may change eating habits (EH) of the population. The objective of this study was to assess the frequency and amount of berry consumption in the adult population of Ciudad Guzmán (ZEG, Jalisco, Mexico), and to identify if these have become part of their EH. A total of 384 adults, from 18 to 65 years old, residents of Ciudad Guzmán, were surveyed with an adapted version of a food consumption frequency questionnaire. The 34% of participants reported never consuming blueberries, raspberries or blackberries, while 39% eat them occasionally. On average, none of the berries was consumed in the amount proposed by the Mexican System of Equivalent Foods (SMAE), and only accounted 18% of the ration suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is concluded that although the amount of berries consumed is less than the recommended by the WHO or SMAE, a quarter of the population assessed has incorporated berries into their usual diet, which shows that their availability is generating a change in the EH of the population.

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Resumen El presente trabajo expone una revisión de las raíces y el desarrollo del estudio e investigación sobre comportamiento alimentario (CA). Se destacan las aportaciones iniciales y algunas otras que le han venido dotando de identidad a esta área de estudio. Entre ellas, el señalamiento de la conducta como medio indispensable para mantener el estado de equilibrio en los organismos, y el papel del aprendizaje como determinante de la preferencia, la selección y el consumo de alimento. Posteriormente se presentan los argumentos que establecen al CA como elemento integrador del conocimiento que sobre alimentación han generado otras áreas de la ciencia. Finalmente se puntualizan los principales retos a enfrentar por parte de los académicos dedicados al estudio e investigación sobre CA, y se pondera el papel de la educación en alimentación y nutrición como la solución óptima a las problemáticas alimentarias.

Abstract The present work provides a review of the basis and development of the study and research on feeding behavior (FB). Initial contributions and those that gave identity to this field are highlighted. Among them, the behavior is approached as an essential mean to maintain the state of balance in the organisms, as well as the role of learning as a determinant of food preference, selection and consumption. Subsequently, are presented the arguments that establish FB as an element that integrate the knowledge related to feeding generated by other areas of science. Finally, are stated the main challenges for academics dedicated to the study and research of FB and the role of education on food and nutrition as an optimal solution for food problems.

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En este trabajo presentamos una revisión reflexiva de las diferentes aproximaciones del estudio de la Antropología Nutricional, enfocando nuestro análisis en el modelo ecológico de la alimentación y nutrición. Analizamos el modo en que ha sido abordado el estudio de la dieta por distintos académicos, especialmente quienes se basaron en dicho modelo para dar una explicación a sus resultados. En este contexto, observamos que los cambios dietéticos pasan por una transición nutricional, donde cada población responde de manera particular a los efectos que tienen los procesos de globalización y las políticas neoliberales en su entorno cultural y social. Por lo tanto, el modelo puede medir el cambio de dieta en contextos muy particulares, sin embargo, no de manera generalizada, dado que existen múltiples factores, unos más fuertes que otros, que dependen del contexto sociocultural de cada población

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Resumen: El papel de la conducta sedentaria sobre el deterioro del estado de salud ha sido ampliamente documentado como factor promotor de patologías. La evidencia científica demuestra que el porcentaje de personas que mantienen una actividad sedentaria aumenta en las grandes ciudades, y con ello el sobrepeso, la obesidad, la diabetes, la hipertensión, etc. Recientemente se ha evaluado el efecto de interrumpir los periodos de conducta sedentaria con actividad física, demostrando que con ello se aumenta el gasto energético. El objetivo del presente experimento fue comparar el efecto de 2 programas de interrupción del patrón de conducta sedentaria sobre el gasto calórico. Ocho alumnos universitarios se expusieron a 2 programas de interrupción de la conducta sedentaria. Para obtener el gasto energético se utilizaron monitores cardiacos de la marca Beurer modelo pm18. El primer programa consistió en periodos de 15 min de conducta sedentaria seguidos de una interrupción de 2.5 min de caminata como actividad física. El segundo presentó periodos de 30 min de conducta sedentaria seguidos de una interrupción de 5 min de actividad física. El análisis utilizando t de Student para muestras pareadas mostró que existe una diferencia significativa en el gasto calórico durante la conducta sedentaria entre el programa 1 y el 2. Se concluye que aumentar el número de interrupciones en los periodos de conducta sedentaria tiene un efecto directo sobre el gasto calórico.

Abstract: Sedentary behavior's role on health damage has been documented as a promoting factor of pathologies. Scientific evidence shows an increasing percentage of people with sedentary activity especially in large cities causing overweight, obesity, diabetes, hypertension etc. Effects of interrupting sedentary behavior periods with physical activity have been recently evaluated, demonstrating increases on energy expenditure. The objective of this experiment was to compare the effect of two interruption programs of sedentary behavior pattern on caloric expenditure. Participants were exposed to two interruption programs of sedentary behavior. For energy expenditure, heart monitors brand Beurer PM18 model used. First program consisted on 15-minutes periods of sedentary behavior followed by a 2.5 minutes walking break as physical activity. Second program consisted on periods of 30 minutes of sedentary behavior followed by a 5 minutes break of physical activity. Analysis used Student t test for paired samples showed a significant difference in caloric expenditure during sedentary behavior between program 1 and 2. Concluding that increasing the number of interruptions of periods of sedentary behavior has a direct effect on caloric expenditure.