RESUMO
This study tested culture-general and culture-specific aspects of adolescent developmental processes by focusing on opportunities and peer support for aggressive and delinquent behavior, which could help account for cultural similarities and differences in problem behavior during adolescence. Adolescents from 12 cultural groups in 9 countries (China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States) provided data at ages 12, 14, and 15. Variance in opportunities and peer support for aggression and delinquency, as well as aggressive and delinquent behavior, was greater within than between cultures. Across cultural groups, opportunities and peer support for aggression and delinquency increased from early to mid-adolescence. Consistently across diverse cultural groups, opportunities and peer support for aggression and delinquency predicted subsequent aggressive and delinquent behavior, even after controlling for prior aggressive and delinquent behavior. The findings illustrate ways that international collaborative research can contribute to developmental science by embedding the study of development within cultural contexts.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/etnologia , Desenvolvimento do Adolescente , Agressão , Delinquência Juvenil/etnologia , Grupo Associado , Apoio Social , Adolescente , Criança , China/etnologia , Colômbia/etnologia , Comparação Transcultural , Feminino , Humanos , Itália/etnologia , Jordânia/etnologia , Quênia/etnologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Filipinas/etnologia , Suécia/etnologia , Tailândia/etnologia , Estados Unidos/etnologiaRESUMO
We investigated whether bidirectional associations between parental warmth and behavioral control and child aggression and rule-breaking behavior emerged in 12 cultural groups. Study participants included 1,298 children (M = 8.29 years, standard deviation [SD] = 0.66, 51% girls) from Shanghai, China (n = 121); Medellín, Colombia (n = 108); Naples (n = 100) and Rome (n = 103), Italy; Zarqa, Jordan (n = 114); Kisumu, Kenya (n = 100); Manila, Philippines (n = 120); Trollhättan/Vänersborg, Sweden (n = 101); Chiang Mai, Thailand (n = 120); and Durham, NC, United States (n = 111 White, n = 103 Black, n = 97 Latino) followed over 5 years (i.e., ages 8-13). Warmth and control were measured using the Parental Acceptance-Rejection/Control Questionnaire, child aggression and rule-breaking were measured using the Achenbach System of Empirically-Based Assessment. Multiple-group structural equation modeling was conducted. Associations between parent warmth and subsequent rule-breaking behavior were found to be more common across ontogeny and demonstrate greater variability across different cultures than associations between warmth and subsequent aggressive behavior. In contrast, the evocative effects of child aggressive behavior on subsequent parent warmth and behavioral control were more common, especially before age 10, than those of rule-breaking behavior. Considering the type of externalizing behavior, developmental time point, and cultural context is essential to understanding how parenting and child behavior reciprocally affect one another.
Assuntos
Agressão , Comparação Transcultural , Relações Pais-Filho/etnologia , Poder Familiar/etnologia , Pais/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , China/etnologia , Colômbia/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Itália/etnologia , Jordânia/etnologia , Quênia/etnologia , Masculino , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Filipinas/etnologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Suécia/etnologia , Tailândia/etnologia , Estados Unidos/etnologiaRESUMO
This study used data from 12 cultural groups in 9 countries (China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and United States; N = 1,315) to investigate bidirectional associations between parental warmth and control, and child externalizing and internalizing behaviors. In addition, the extent to which these associations held across mothers and fathers and across cultures with differing normative levels of parent warmth and control were examined. Mothers, fathers, and children completed measures when children were ages 8 to 13. Multiple-group autoregressive cross-lagged structural equation models revealed that evocative child-driven effects of externalizing and internalizing behavior on warmth and control are ubiquitous across development, cultures, mothers, and fathers. Results also reveal that parenting effects on child externalizing and internalizing behaviors, though rarer than child effects, extend into adolescence when examined separately in mothers and fathers. Father-based parent effects were more frequent than mother effects. Most parent- and child-driven effects appear to emerge consistently across cultures. The rare culture-specific parenting effects suggested that occasionally the effects of parenting behaviors that run counter to cultural norms may be delayed in rendering their protective effect against deleterious child outcomes.
Assuntos
Pai , Mães , Adolescente , Criança , China , Colômbia , Comparação Transcultural , Feminino , Humanos , Itália , Jordânia , Quênia , Masculino , Relações Pais-Filho , Poder Familiar , Filipinas , Suécia , Tailândia , Estados UnidosRESUMO
This study used data from 12 cultural groups in nine countries (China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States; N = 1,298) to understand the cross-cultural generalizability of how parental warmth and control are bidirectionally related to externalizing and internalizing behaviors from childhood to early adolescence. Mothers, fathers, and children completed measures when children were ages 8-13. Multiple-group autoregressive, cross-lagged structural equation models revealed that child effects rather than parent effects may better characterize how warmth and control are related to child externalizing and internalizing behaviors over time, and that parent effects may be more characteristic of relations between parental warmth and control and child externalizing and internalizing behavior during childhood than early adolescence.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Comportamento Infantil/psicologia , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Comportamento Problema/psicologia , Adolescente , Criança , China , Colômbia , Comparação Transcultural , Feminino , Humanos , Itália , Jordânia , Quênia , Masculino , Filipinas , Suécia , Tailândia , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Using multilevel models, we examined mother-, father-, and child-reported (N = 1,336 families) externalizing behavior problem trajectories from age 7 to 14 in nine countries (China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States). The intercept and slope of children's externalizing behavior trajectories varied both across individuals within culture and across cultures, and the variance was larger at the individual level than at the culture level. Mothers' and children's endorsement of aggression as well as mothers' authoritarian attitudes predicted higher age 8 intercepts of child externalizing behaviors. Furthermore, prediction from individual-level endorsement of aggression and authoritarian attitudes to more child externalizing behaviors was augmented by prediction from cultural-level endorsement of aggression and authoritarian attitudes, respectively. Cultures in which father-reported endorsement of aggression was higher and both mother- and father-reported authoritarian attitudes were higher also reported more child externalizing behavior problems at age 8. Among fathers, greater attributions regarding uncontrollable success in caregiving situations were associated with steeper declines in externalizing over time. Understanding cultural-level as well as individual-level correlates of children's externalizing behavior offers potential insights into prevention and intervention efforts that can be more effectively targeted at individual children and parents as well as targeted at changing cultural norms that increase the risk of children's and adolescents' externalizing behavior.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/etnologia , Agressão , Comportamento Infantil/etnologia , Comparação Transcultural , Pai , Mães , Poder Familiar/etnologia , Comportamento Problema , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , China/etnologia , Colômbia/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Itália/etnologia , Jordânia/etnologia , Quênia/etnologia , Masculino , Filipinas/etnologia , Suécia/etnologia , Tailândia/etnologia , Estados Unidos/etnologiaRESUMO
Using data from 1,177 families in eight countries (Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States), we tested a conceptual model of direct effects of childhood family adversity on subsequent externalizing behaviors as well as indirect effects through psychological mediators. When children were 9 years old, mothers and fathers reported on financial difficulties and their use of corporal punishment, and children reported perceptions of their parents' rejection. When children were 10 years old, they completed a computerized battery of tasks assessing reward sensitivity and impulse control and responded to questions about hypothetical social provocations to assess their hostile attributions and proclivity for aggressive responding. When children were 12 years old, they reported on their externalizing behavior. Multigroup structural equation models revealed that across all eight countries, childhood family adversity had direct effects on externalizing behaviors 3 years later, and childhood family adversity had indirect effects on externalizing behavior through psychological mediators. The findings suggest ways in which family-level adversity poses risk for children's subsequent development of problems at psychological and behavioral levels, situated within diverse cultural contexts.
Assuntos
Relações Familiares/psicologia , Modelos Psicológicos , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Pobreza/psicologia , Punição/psicologia , Recompensa , Adolescente , Adulto , Agressão/psicologia , Criança , Colômbia , Comparação Transcultural , Feminino , Humanos , Itália , Jordânia , Quênia , Masculino , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Filipinas , Comportamento Social , Percepção Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Suécia , Tailândia , Estados UnidosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Research supports the beneficial role of prosocial behaviors on children's adjustment and successful youth development. Empirical studies point to reciprocal relations between negative parenting and children's maladjustment, but reciprocal relations between positive parenting and children's prosocial behavior are understudied. In this study reciprocal relations between two different dimensions of positive parenting (quality of the mother-child relationship and the use of balanced positive discipline) and children's prosocial behavior were examined in Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States. METHODS: Mother-child dyads (N = 1105) provided data over 2 years in two waves (Mage of child in wave 1 = 9.31 years, SD = 0.73; 50% female). RESULTS: A model of reciprocal relations between parenting dimensions, but not among parenting and children's prosocial behavior, emerged. In particular, children with higher levels of prosocial behavior at age 9 elicited higher levels of mother-child relationship quality in the following year. CONCLUSIONS: Findings yielded similar relations across countries, evidencing that being prosocial in late childhood contributes to some degree to the enhancement of a nurturing and involved mother-child relationship in countries that vary widely on sociodemographic profiles and psychological characteristics. Policy and intervention implications of this study are discussed.
Assuntos
Comportamento Infantil/etnologia , Relações Mãe-Filho/etnologia , Poder Familiar/etnologia , Comportamento Social , Criança , Colômbia/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Itália/etnologia , Jordânia/etnologia , Quênia/etnologia , Masculino , Filipinas/etnologia , Suécia/etnologia , Tailândia/etnologia , Estados Unidos/etnologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: It is generally believed that parental rejection of children leads to child maladaptation. However, the specific effects of perceived parental acceptance-rejection on diverse domains of child adjustment and development have been incompletely documented, and whether these effects hold across diverse populations and for mothers and fathers are still open questions. METHODS: This study assessed children's perceptions of mother and father acceptance-rejection in 1,247 families from China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States as antecedent predictors of later internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, school performance, prosocial behavior, and social competence. RESULTS: Higher perceived parental rejection predicted increases in internalizing and externalizing behavior problems and decreases in school performance and prosocial behavior across 3 years controlling for within-wave relations, stability across waves, and parental age, education, and social desirability bias. Patterns of relations were similar across mothers and fathers and, with a few exceptions, all nine countries. CONCLUSIONS: Children's perceptions of maternal and paternal acceptance-rejection have small but nearly universal effects on multiple aspects of their adjustment and development regardless of the family's country of origin.
Assuntos
Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/epidemiologia , Relações Pais-Filho , Pais/psicologia , Distância Psicológica , Rejeição em Psicologia , Ajustamento Social , Adaptação Psicológica , Adulto , Criança , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/psicologia , China/epidemiologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Comparação Transcultural , Ajustamento Emocional , Pai/psicologia , Pai/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Itália/epidemiologia , Jordânia/epidemiologia , Quênia/epidemiologia , Masculino , Mães/psicologia , Mães/estatística & dados numéricos , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Filipinas/epidemiologia , Suécia/epidemiologia , Tailândia/epidemiologia , Estados UnidosRESUMO
We assessed 2 forms of agreement between mothers' and fathers' socially desirable responding in China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand and the United States (N = 1110 families). Mothers and fathers in all 9 countries reported socially desirable responding in the upper half of the distribution, and countries varied minimally (but China was higher than the cross-country grand mean and Sweden lower). Mothers and fathers did not differ in reported levels of socially desirable responding, and mothers' and fathers' socially desirable responding were largely uncorrelated. With one exception, mothers' and fathers' socially desirable responding were similarly correlated with self-perceptions of parenting, and correlations varied somewhat across countries. These findings are set in a discussion of socially desirable responding, cultural psychology and family systems.
Assuntos
Características Culturais , Pai/psicologia , Mães/psicologia , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Valores Sociais , Adulto , China , Colômbia , Feminino , Humanos , Itália , Jordânia , Quênia , Masculino , Filipinas , Autoimagem , Autorrelato , Suécia , Tailândia , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Two key tasks facing parents across cultures are managing children's behaviors (and misbehaviors) and conveying love and affection. Previous research has found that corporal punishment generally is related to worse child adjustment, whereas parental warmth is related to better child adjustment. This study examined whether the association between corporal punishment and child adjustment problems (anxiety and aggression) is moderated by maternal warmth in a diverse set of countries that vary in a number of sociodemographic and psychological ways. Interviews were conducted with 7- to 10-year-old children (N = 1,196; 51% girls) and their mothers in 8 countries: China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Thailand, and the United States. Follow-up interviews were conducted 1 and 2 years later. Corporal punishment was related to increases, and maternal warmth was related to decreases, in children's anxiety and aggression over time; however, these associations varied somewhat across groups. Maternal warmth moderated the effect of corporal punishment in some countries, with increases in anxiety over time for children whose mothers were high in both warmth and corporal punishment. The findings illustrate the overall association between corporal punishment and child anxiety and aggression as well as patterns specific to particular countries. Results suggest that clinicians across countries should advise parents against using corporal punishment, even in the context of parent-child relationships that are otherwise warm, and should assist parents in finding other ways to manage children's behaviors.