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INTRODUCTION: Temporomandibular joint internal derangement is a common disorder, which usually resolves with conservative management. However, 5% of patients require surgery and although many techniques have been described, a gold standard surgical procedure has not yet been established. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcome of disc repositioning plus temporal eminectomy versus disc repositioning alone, for the treatment of temporomandibular joint internal derangement. METHODOLOGY: Matched case-control retrospective pilot study. Records of patients diagnosed with temporomandibular joint internal derangement from January 2010 to December 2015 were studied. Eleven patients treated with disc repositioning plus temporal eminectomy for the case group and 11 patients treated with disc repositioning alone for the age- and gender-matched control group. RESULTS: No difference was found in terms of pain, noise or blockage with the maximum oral opening between the groups at the first or sixth month after surgery. However, there were differences in movement restriction at the first and sixth month after surgery, in favor of the temporal eminectomy group. These differences were statistically significant only at the sixth month after surgery (P: 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that disc repositioning plus temporal eminectomy could be a short-term benefit in terms of mobility and oral opening. However, larger samples and prospective trials will be necessary to corroborate the current findings.

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Introducción: En la actualidad es ampliamente aceptada la metformina como manejo farmacológico inicial para el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2). Resulta, sin embargo, controversial si en algunos tipos de pacientes puede iniciarse tratamiento únicamente con cambios intensivos de estilo de vida o si existen grupos en quienes debería iniciarse desde el inicio terapia farmacológica combinada. Objetivo: Definir el impacto de estrategias de cambio intensivo en la dieta y de ejercicio, así como de la terapia farmacológica con metformina asociada a un segundo antidiabético oral como estrategias de manejo inicial en pacientes con DMT2 recién diagnosticada. Métodos: Se elaboró la guía de práctica clínica, siguiendo los lineamientos de la guía metodológica del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social colombiano. Se revisó la evidencia disponible de forma sistemática y se formularon las recomendaciones utilizando la metodología GRADE. Conclusiones: En pacientes con DMT2 recién diagnosticada no se recomienda el manejo únicamente con cambios intensivos del estilo de vida; estos deben acompañar el manejo farmacológico con metformina, dando prelación a los componentes de la dieta mediterránea y al ejercicio aeróbico. En los pacientes con DMT2 recién diagnosticada y niveles de HbA1C > 8 % se recomienda utilizar terapia combinada desde el inicio con metformina y otro antidiabético oral, siendo de primera elección los inhibidores de DPP-4.

Introduction: Today, metformin is widely accepted as standard initial pharmacologic treatment for diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2). However, it is controversial if in some groups of patients, the treatment can be initiated only with life style changes, or if there are groups who should begin with combined therapy since the beginning. Aim: To define the effect of intensive strategies for change of diet or exercise, and the effect of combined therapy with metformin and a second oral antidiabetic, as initial treatment in patients with newly DMT2. Methods: A clinical practice guide has been developed following the broad outline of the methodological guide from the Colombian Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. with the aim of systematically gathering scientific evidence and formulating recommendations using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) methodology. Conclusions: In patients with recently diagnosed DMT2, initial treatment with lifestyle changes only is not recommended. However, it is recommended that lifestyles changes must begin simultaneously with metformin, including the components of a Mediterranean diet and aerobic exercise. In patients with recently diagnosed DMT2 and HbA1c levels >8%, it is recommended to administer a combined therapy from the beginning with metformin and another oral antidiabetic medication. The DPP4 inhibitor is recommended.

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In Colombia, diabetes mellitus is a public health program for those responsible for creating and implementing strategies for prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up that are applicable at all care levels, with the objective of establishing early and sustained control of diabetes. A clinical practice guide has been developed following the broad outline of the methodological guide from the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, with the aim of systematically gathering scientific evidence and formulating recommendations using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) methodology. The current document presents in summary form the results of this process, including the recommendations and the considerations taken into account in formulating them. In general terms, what is proposed here is a screening process using the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score questionnaire adapted to the Colombian population, which enables early diagnosis of the illness, and an algorithm for determining initial treatment that can be generalized to most patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and that is simple to apply in a primary care context. In addition, several recommendations have been made to scale up pharmacological treatment in those patients that do not achieve the objectives or fail to maintain them during initial treatment. These recommendations also take into account the evolution of weight and the individualization of glycemic control goals for special populations. Finally, recommendations have been made for opportune detection of micro- and macrovascular complications of diabetes.

En Colombia la Diabetes Mellitus es un problema de salud pública por lo que deben generarse e implementarse estrategias de prevención, diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento, aplicables en todos los niveles de atención con miras a establecer el control de la diabetes en forma temprana y sostenida. Se elaboró una guía de práctica clínica siguiendo los lineamientos de la guía metodológica del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social para recolectar de forma sistemática la evidencia científica y formular las recomendaciones utilizando la metodología GRADE. El presente documento muestra, de forma resumida, el resultado de ese proceso, incluyendo las recomendaciones y las consideraciones tenidas en cuenta para llegar a ellas. En términos generales, se propone un proceso de tamización mediante el cuestionario FINDRISC adaptado a población Colombiana que permite llegar a un diagnóstico temprano de la enfermedad y un algoritmo para el manejo inicial que es generalizable a la gran mayoría de los pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y que es sencillo de aplicar en atención primaria. También se hacen unas recomendaciones para escalar el tratamiento farmacológico de los pacientes que no alcanzan la meta o la pierden con el manejo inicial, teniendo en cuenta principalmente la evolución del peso y la individualización de la meta de control glucémico en poblaciones especiales. Finalmente se proponen algunas recomendaciones para la detección oportuna de las complicaciones micro y macrovasculares de la diabetes.

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In Colombia, diabetes mellitus is a public health program for those responsible for creating and implementing strategies for prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up that are applicable at all care levels, with the objective of establishing early and sustained control of diabetes. A clinical practice guide has been developed following the broad outline of the methodological guide from the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, with the aim of systematically gathering scientific evidence and formulating recommendations using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) methodology. The current document presents in summary form the results of this process, including the recommendations and the considerations taken into account in formulating them. In general terms, what is proposed here is a screening process using the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score questionnaire adapted to the Colombian population, which enables early diagnosis of the illness, and an algorithm for determining initial treatment that can be generalized to most patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and that is simple to apply in a primary care context. In addition, several recommendations have been made to scale up pharmacological treatment in those patients that do not achieve the objectives or fail to maintain them during initial treatment. These recommendations also take into account the evolution of weight and the individualization of glycemic control goals for special populations. Finally, recommendations have been made for opportune detection of micro- and macrovascular complications of diabetes.

En Colombia la Diabetes Mellitus es un problema de salud pública por lo que deben generarse e implementarse estrategias de prevención, diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento, aplicables en todos los niveles de atención con miras a establecer el control de la diabetes en forma temprana y sostenida. Se elaboró una guía de práctica clínica siguiendo los lineamientos de la guía metodológica del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social para recolectar de forma sistemática la evidencia científica y formular las recomendaciones utilizando la metodología GRADE. El presente documento muestra, de forma resumida, el resultado de ese proceso, incluyendo las recomendaciones y las consideraciones tenidas en cuenta para llegar a ellas. En términos generales, se propone un proceso de tamización mediante el cuestionario FINDRISC adaptado a población Colombiana que permite llegar a un diagnóstico temprano de la enfermedad y un algoritmo para el manejo inicial que es generalizable a la gran mayoría de los pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y que es sencillo de aplicar en atención primaria. También se hacen unas recomendaciones para escalar el tratamiento farmacológico de los pacientes que no alcanzan la meta o la pierden con el manejo inicial, teniendo en cuenta principalmente la evolución del peso y la individualización de la meta de control glucémico en poblaciones especiales. Finalmente se proponen algunas recomendaciones para la detección oportuna de las complicaciones micro y macrovasculares de la diabetes.

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Several studies have demonstrated that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a major role in atherosclerotic plaque disruption and lead to myocardial infarction (MI). We investigated the association between the MMP1 -1607 1G/2G (rs1799750), MMP3 -1612 5A/6A (rs3025058), and MMP9 -1562 C/T (rs3918242) polymorphisms and the risk of developing MI in a Mexican mestizo cohort. The genotype analysis was performed using the restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction technique in a group of 236 patients with a history of MI and 285 healthy controls. Similar distributions of rs1799750 and rs3025058 were observed in both groups; however, the MMP9 rs3918242 T allele and the CT genotype were associated with the risk of developing MI (OR = 2.32, pC = 0.02 and OR = 2.40, pC = 0.02, respectively). Multiple logistic analysis was performed between MI patients and controls to estimate the risk, and after adjusting for identified risk factors, the CT + TT genotypes of MMP9 rs3918242 were found to be significantly associated with increased risk of developing MI than those with the CC genotype (OR = 2.88, P < 0.01). In summary, our results reveal that the rs3918242 polymorphism of the MMP9 gene plays a major role in the risk of developing MI.

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The determination of the origin of coffee beans by NMR fingerprinting has been shown promising and classification has been reported for samples of different countries and continents. Here we show that this technique can be extended and applied to discriminate coffee samples from one country against all others, including its closest neighbors. Very high classification rates are reported using a large number of spectra (>300) acquired over a two-year period. As original aspects it can be highlighted that this study was performed in fully automatic mode and with non-deuterated coffee extracts. This is achieved using a series of experiments to procure a robust suppression of the solvent peaks. As is, the method represents a cost effective opportunity for countries to protect their national productions.

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The competency-based curriculum has as a reference point the desired profile defined by the University of Chile School of Medicine for its graduates. It is therefore necessary for all teachers in this school to know the new profile of graduates as well as the new curricular grid that emerges from it. This article is an attempt to reinforce this need.

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Objetivo: Valorar la capacidad diagnóstica y el seguimiento de las cardiopatías congénitas con diagnóstico prenatal realizadas en el Centro de Referencia Perinatal Oriente (CERPO). Método: Se analizan todas las cardiopatías congénitas con diagnóstico prenatal que ingresaron al CERPO entre abril 2003 y diciembre de 2011. Se realiza seguimiento postnatal, se evalúa la concordancia entre el diagnóstico pre y postnatal, y se compara el pronóstico con la experiencia previamente reportada en la literatura. Resultados: Se detectaron 568 cardiopatías congénitas, el 53 por ciento correspondían a pacientes referidas desde otras regiones del país. En relación a la edad materna y paterna el 28 por ciento y el 35 por ciento tenían 35 años o más, respectivamente. De las 568 cardiopatías congénitas controladas, el 75 por ciento fueron pesquisadas con la ecocardiografía por visión de 4 cámaras y el 25 por ciento por visión de tractos de salida. La concordancia entre la ecocardiografía prenatal y postnatal fue de 87 por ciento Los diagnósticos más frecuentes correspondieron a comunicación interventricular, síndrome de hipoplasia ventricular izquierdo, arritmias y canal aurículoventricular. Se detectaron 60 cromosomopatías, 8 síndromes genéticos y 145 malformaciones extracardiacas asociadas. Se pudo realizar seguimiento de sobrevida al año en 390 pacientes, la sobrevida global en este grupo (excluidas las aneuploidías incompatibles con la vida) alcanzó un 44 por ciento. Conclusión: Existe una alta tasa de diagnóstico prenatal de cardiopatías congénitas a nivel terciario, con un 87 por ciento de concordancia entre ecocardiografía pre y postnatal. La sobrevida global de pacientes con cardiopatías congénitas fue de 44 por ciento al año de seguimiento. Por las características territoriales de nuestro país debiera contarse con más centros de referencia perinatal, al menos en las zonas norte y sur del país.

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic and follow-up congenital heart disease with prenatal diagnosis performed in the Centro de Referencia Perinatal Oriente (CERPO). Method: We analyzed all the congenital heart disease with prenatal diagnosis admitted to CERPO between April 2003 and December 2011. Postnatal follow-up is performed, evaluating the correlation between pre and postnatal diagnosis and prognosis compared with the experience previously reported in the literature. Results: We detected 568 congenital heart diseases of which 53 percent were patients referred from other regions of the country. In relation to maternal and paternal age, 28 percent and 35 percent were 35 years or older, respectively. From 568 controlled congenital heart diseases, 75 percent could be researched to ultrasound echocardiography 4-chamber view and 25 percent per-view outflow tracts. The correlation between prenatal and postnatal echocardiography in this series was 87 percent. The most frequent diagnosis was interventricular communication, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, arrhythmias and atrioventricular canal. In this series we detected 60 chromosomal, 8 genetic syndromes and 145 extracardiac malformations. Follow-up could be performed one year survival in 390 patients, overall survival in this group (excluding aneuploidies with life incompatibility) reached 44 percent. Conclusion: There is a high rate of prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease at the tertiary level, with 87 percent concordance between pre-and postnatal echocardiography. Overall survival of patients with congenital heart disease is 44 percent at one year. For the territorial characteristics of our country should be counted more perinatal referral centers, at least in the north and south.

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Introducción: Diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) es un desorden metabólico crónico caracterizado por niveles de glicemia elevados, como consecuencia de una alteración en la secreción de la insulina. Se caracteriza por destrucción de las células beta pancreática, con un déficit absoluto de esta hormona y dependencia permanente a la insulina exógena. Presentación del caso: Lactante menor, de 11 meses 11 días, cuyos padres consultan en el Servicio de Urgencias Pediátricas del Hospital Clínico Herminda Martin (HCHM), por cuadro de un día de evolución caracterizado por irritabilidad, llanto sin lágrimas, cianosis perioral, sequedad de mucosas, con regular tolerancia a la alimentación. En los exámenes de laboratorio destaca Glicemia de 740 mg/dL, Cetonemia (+++), Glucosuria > 1000 mg/dL, pH: 7,014, HCO3: 7,5 mmol/L, y Cetonuria >150 mg/dL, diagnosticándose cetoacidosis diabética, como complicación de una DM1 de inicio precoz. Se hospitaliza en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos (UCIP) del HCHM para estabilización y tratamiento. Evoluciona estable, siendo dado de alta al décimo día con glicemias adecuadas, esquema insulínico regular y educación maternal. Discusión: La DM1, es una patología que se presenta en menores de 15 años, específicamente en el grupo preescolar y prepuberal. En pacientes de edades precoces, la clínica dista a la presentación típica encontrada habitualmente en textos tradicionales, el debut de la enfermedad puede expresarse por síntomas muy variables e inespecíficos, en donde la sospecha del cuadro clínico y los exámenes de laboratorio jugarán un rol fundamental en la orientación del cuadro diagnóstico.

Introduction: Tipe 1 Diabetes mellitus (DM1) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated levels of glycemia as a result of the alteration in insulin secretion. It is characterized by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, which translates into an absolute deficit of this hormone and permanent dependence of exogenous insulin. Case report: Infant, 11 months 11 days old, consulted in the Pediatric Emergency room of the Hospital Clínico Herminda Martin, to present one day of irritability, crying without tears, perioral cyanosis, dry mucous, with regular feeding tolerance. In laboratory test, a Glycemia of 740 mg/dL, Ketonemia (+++), Glycosuria >1000 mg/dL, pH: 7.014. It is diagnosed with a diabetic ketoacidosis, as a complication of an early-onset DM1. It is hospitalized in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of the HCHM, for stabilization and treatment. Evolve stable, so that on the 10th day of hospitalization, it’s discharged with appropriated glycemia, regular insulin scheme, and mother’s education. Discussion: DM1 is a disease that happens mainly in children under 15 years old, specifically in the preschool and prepuberal group. In patients at early ages, the clinic frame can give it to the typical presentation usually found in books, but the debut of the disease may express highly variable and nonspecific symptoms, where the clinical suspicion and laboratory test plays a key role in the orientation and diagnosis.

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Objectives: To implement an educational intervention that contributes to the prevention of malnutrition by excess among adolescents. Patients and Method: This descriptive study included a sample of 939 individuals attending school at Colegio Manuel D'Alzon, in Lota (small town), between 2007-2009. Studies included anthropometric evaluations, nutritional intake and training workshops. Parents and teachers were included in the workshops. Healthy nutrition was incorporated in the curriculum, and a site for distribution of healthy foods was implemented. Results: A 3 percent decrease in prevalence of malnutrition by excess was seen (28 percent to 25 percent), most marked among males. This decrease was attributed to reduction in obesity and increase of lower weights. This decrease appears during a period of time when boys show a growth spurt, which occurs earlier among girls. Conclusion: Collaborative interventions between health and education show positive results in this population.

Objetivo: Implementar una intervención educativa que contribuya a prevenir la malnutrición por exceso en adolescentes. Pacientes y Método: Estudio descriptivo observacional que incluyó una muestra de 939 personas pertenecientes a la comunidad educativa del Colegio Manuel D'Alzon de la Comuna de Lota, período 2007-2009. Se incluyo estudiantes a quienes se les realizó evaluaciones antropométricas, de ingesta alimentaria, y talleres educativos, se incluyó igualmente a docentes y apoderados con quienes se efectuaron talleres educativos. Se logró la incorporación de temas de alimentación saludable en las actividades curriculares, y la implementación de un kiosco saludable (tipo b). Resultados: Se observó una disminución en la prevalencia de malnutrición por exceso en 3 puntos porcentuales de un 28 por ciento inicial a un 25 por ciento final, siendo en el género masculino en donde se hace más evidente esta reducción. Atribuyéndose esto al aumento del estado de bajo peso y reducción de la obesidad, ello se sustentaría en el peak que alcanza el estirón puberal en los varones en este período de vida, lo que en las niñas ocurre a lo menos dos a tres años antes. Conclusiones: Estas intervenciones colaborativas entre el sector salud y educación logran resultados positivos en disminuir la mal nutrición por exceso en la población escolar.

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