RESUMO
Anesthetic protocols have been developed to obtain the most effective and safe association in wildlife. This study compared the anesthetic effects and cardiorespiratory parameters of ketamine-S (+) (10 mg/kg)/dexmedetomidine (0.020 mg/kg) (KD ) and ketamine-S (+) (10 mg/kg)/midazolam (0.5 mg/kg)/methadone (1.0 mg/kg) (KMM ) in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella). Eight capuchin monkeys were randomly assigned to KD (n = 4) or KMM (n = 4) to evaluate induction, immobilization, and recovery scores, heart and respiratory rate parameters, besides systolic, mean, diastolic arterial pressure and arterial blood gas. There was no difference (P = 0.56) in the quality of induction, immobilization, and anesthetic recovery between the protocols. The time for anesthetic induction was 4 ± 1 min in the KD group and 5 ± 1 min in the KMM group, and these values were statistically equal (P = 0.28). The mean immobilization time in the KD and KMM groups were 35 ± 13 and 33 ± 15 min, respectively. Heart rate was lower in animals in the KD group (P < 0.001), while respiratory rate (P = 0.03), and mean blood pressure (P = 0.046) were higher than that of the animals in the KMM group. Respiratory acidosis occurred in the KMM group, with lower pH (7.25±0.047; P = 0.0055) and higher pCO2 (51 ± 6;mmHg; P = 0.008). Both protocols exhibited good induction quality, immobilization, and anesthetic recovery, despite cardiorespiratory and blood gas alterations observed, which warrants monitoring of cardiorespiratory variables during KD or KMM chemical restraint.
Protocolos anestésicos foram desenvolvidos para obter a associação mais eficaz e segura em animais selvagens. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os efeitos anestésicos e os parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios de cetamina-S (+) (10 mg / kg) / dexmedetomidina (0,020 mg / kg) (KD) e cetamina-S (+) (10 mg / kg) / midazolam (0,5 mg / kg) / metadona (1,0 mg / kg) (KMM) em macacos-prego (Sapajus apella). Oito macacos-prego foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em KD (n = 4) ou KMM (n = 4) para avaliar os escores de indução, imobilização e recuperação, parâmetros de frequência cardíaca e respiratória, além da pressão arterial sistólica, média, diastólica e gasometria arterial. Não houve diferença (P = 0,56) na qualidade da indução, imobilização e recuperação anestésica entre os protocolos. O tempo de indução anestésica foi de 4 ± 1 min no grupo KD e 5 ± 1 min no grupo KMM, sendo esses valores estatisticamente iguais (P = 0,28). O tempo médio de imobilização nos grupos KD e KMM foram 35 ± 13min e 33 ± 15 min, respectivamente. A frequência cardíaca foi menor nos animais do grupo KD (P < 0,001), enquanto a frequência respiratória (P = 0,03) e a pressão arterial média (P = 0,046) foram maiores do que nos animais do grupo KMM. Acidose respiratória ocorreu no grupo KMM, com menor pH (7,25 ± 0,047; P = 0,0055) e maior pCO2 (51 ± 6; mmHg; P = 0,008). Ambos os protocolos apresentaram boa qualidade de indução, imobilização e recuperação anestésica, apesar das alterações cardiorrespiratórias e gasométricas observadas, o que justifica o monitoramento das variáveis cardiorrespiratórias durante a contenção química com KD ou KMM.
Assuntos
Animais , Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 2/uso terapêutico , Sapajus apella , Analgésicos Opioides/administração & dosagem , Ketamina/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Objetivou-se investigar as alterações eletrocardiográficas e da pressão arterial causadas pela morfina em diferentes doses pela via peridural de cadelas submetidas à OH eletiva. Utilizaram-se 24 cadelas hígidas, de peso médio de 9,8 ± 4,1 kg, alocadas em três grupos experimentais: grupo MO,1 (n = 8): morfina (0,1 mg/kg); grupo MO,15 (n = 8): morfina (0,15 mg/kg); e grupo MO,2 (n = 8): morfina (0,2 mg/kg). Em todos os grupos os volumes foram completados com levobupivacaína a um volume total de 0,33 mL/kg. Aferiam-se: frequência e ritmo cardíaco, pressão arterial média, temperatura retal e lactato sanguíneo. Os dados foram analisados por meio dos métodos estatísticos de análise de variância, Kruskal - Wallis, Fisher e Tukey. Concluiu-se que o incremento na dose de morfina pela via peridural não promoveu alterações eletrocardiográficas e nem de pressão arterial significativas, viabilizando seu uso.
This article investigates the electrocardiographic and blood pressure changes caused by different doses of morphine administered epidurally to bitches undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. Twenty-four healthy bitches weighing 9.8 ± 4.1 kg were assigned to three experimental groups (in each group, n = 8): (i) group MO.1: 0.1 mg/kg morphine; (ii) group MO.15: 0.15 mg/kg morphine; and (iii) group MO.2: °mg/kg morphine. In all groups, levobupivacaine was added to achieve a total volume of 0.33 mLlkg. During the procedures, the following parameters were controlled: heart rate and rhythm, systolic blood pressure, rectal temperature and blood lactate. The data were analyzed by means of statistical methods of analysis of variance, such as Kruskal-Wallis, Fisher and Tukey tests. Epidural morphine did not cause significant electrocardiographic or blood pressure changes in the tested doses, which makes the use of this drug a viable alternative for epidural anesthesia.
Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar las modificaciones electrocardiográficas y de presión arterial provocadas por la morfina a diferentes dosis aplicada en forma epidural, en perras operadas de ovario histerectomía. Fueron estudiadas 24 perras sanas, con un peso de 9,8 ± 4,1 kg, que se dividieron en tres grupos experimentales: grupo MO,1 (n = 8): morfina (0,1 mg/kg); grupo MO,15 (n = 8): morfina (0,15 mg/kg), y grupo MO,2 (n = 8): morfina (0,2 mg/kg). En todos los grupos el volumen se completa con levobupivacaína hasta un volumen total de 0,33 mL/kg. Fueron medidas la frecuencia y el ritmo cardíaco, la presión arterial media, la temperatura rectal y el lactato sanguíneo. Los datos se analizaron a través de análisis de variancia, Kruskal - Wallis, Fisher y Tukey. Se concluye que el aumento de la dosis de morfina epidural no provoca alteraciones significativas en el electrocardiograma o en la presión arterial, 10 que permite concluir en la viabilidad de su uso.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Cães , Anestesia Epidural/veterinária , Frequência Cardíaca , Morfina/administração & dosagem , Pressão Arterial , Ácido Láctico , Analgésicos Opioides , Bupivacaína , Histerectomia/veterinária , Ovariectomia/veterináriaRESUMO
Objetivou-se investigar as alterações eletrocardiográficas e da pressão arterial causadas pela morfina em diferentes doses pela via peridural de cadelas submetidas à OH eletiva. Utilizaram-se 24 cadelas hígidas, de peso médio de 9,8 ± 4,1 kg, alocadas em três grupos experimentais: grupo MO,1 (n = 8): morfina (0,1 mg/kg); grupo MO,15 (n = 8): morfina (0,15 mg/kg); e grupo MO,2 (n = 8): morfina (0,2 mg/kg). Em todos os grupos os volumes foram completados com levobupivacaína a um volume total de 0,33 mL/kg. Aferiam-se: frequência e ritmo cardíaco, pressão arterial média, temperatura retal e lactato sanguíneo. Os dados foram analisados por meio dos métodos estatísticos de análise de variância, Kruskal - Wallis, Fisher e Tukey. Concluiu-se que o incremento na dose de morfina pela via peridural não promoveu alterações eletrocardiográficas e nem de pressão arterial significativas, viabilizando seu uso.(AU)
This article investigates the electrocardiographic and blood pressure changes caused by different doses of morphine administered epidurally to bitches undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. Twenty-four healthy bitches weighing 9.8 ± 4.1 kg were assigned to three experimental groups (in each group, n = 8): (i) group MO.1: 0.1 mg/kg morphine; (ii) group MO.15: 0.15 mg/kg morphine; and (iii) group MO.2: °mg/kg morphine. In all groups, levobupivacaine was added to achieve a total volume of 0.33 mLlkg. During the procedures, the following parameters were controlled: heart rate and rhythm, systolic blood pressure, rectal temperature and blood lactate. The data were analyzed by means of statistical methods of analysis of variance, such as Kruskal-Wallis, Fisher and Tukey tests. Epidural morphine did not cause significant electrocardiographic or blood pressure changes in the tested doses, which makes the use of this drug a viable alternative for epidural anesthesia.(AU)
Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar las modificaciones electrocardiográficas y de presión arterial provocadas por la morfina a diferentes dosis aplicada en forma epidural, en perras operadas de ovario histerectomía. Fueron estudiadas 24 perras sanas, con un peso de 9,8 ± 4,1 kg, que se dividieron en tres grupos experimentales: grupo MO,1 (n = 8): morfina (0,1 mg/kg); grupo MO,15 (n = 8): morfina (0,15 mg/kg), y grupo MO,2 (n = 8): morfina (0,2 mg/kg). En todos los grupos el volumen se completa con levobupivacaína hasta un volumen total de 0,33 mL/kg. Fueron medidas la frecuencia y el ritmo cardíaco, la presión arterial media, la temperatura rectal y el lactato sanguíneo. Los datos se analizaron a través de análisis de variancia, Kruskal - Wallis, Fisher y Tukey. Se concluye que el aumento de la dosis de morfina epidural no provoca alteraciones significativas en el electrocardiograma o en la presión arterial, 10 que permite concluir en la viabilidad de su uso.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Cães , Anestesia Epidural/veterinária , Morfina/administração & dosagem , Pressão Arterial , Ácido Láctico , Frequência Cardíaca , Bupivacaína , Analgésicos Opioides , Ovariectomia/veterinária , Histerectomia/veterináriaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To investigate cardiorespiratory effects and serum concentration of ropivacaine combined with morphine at different doses. METHODS: Sixteen healthy adult female dogs weighting 9.8 ± 4.1 kg were included in the study. Twenty minutes after being premedicated with acepromazine and midazolam, the animals were randomly assigned to receive an epidural injection according to each group: RM0.15 = ropivacaine + morphine (0.15 mg kg(-1)) and RM0.2 = ropivacaine + morphine (0.2 mg kg(-1)). Variables recorded consisted of: heart rate and cardiac rhythm, respiratory rate, oxyhemoglobin saturation, inspired oxygen fraction, end-tidal carbon dioxide tension, systolic, mean and diastolic arterial pressures, serum cortisol, plasma ropivacaine and morphine. RESULTS: SAP, MAP and DAP were significantly increased at TPR in RM0.15 but returned to normal values at the end of the procedure. Arterial pH was decreased in T30 and TESu in both groups and also returned to acceptable ranges at TR. Both PaO2 and PaCO2 were increased along the duration period of the epidural blockade (T30 and TESu) and returned to acceptable values at TR. Serum cortisol was lower at TB, T30 and TR when compared to TESu. CONCLUSION: The procedures were performed safely and minimal changes in cardiovascular and respiratory variables.
Assuntos
Amidas/administração & dosagem , Analgésicos Opioides/administração & dosagem , Anestesia Epidural/veterinária , Anestésicos Locais/administração & dosagem , Sistema Cardiovascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Morfina/administração & dosagem , Sistema Respiratório/efeitos dos fármacos , Amidas/sangue , Analgésicos Opioides/sangue , Anestésicos Intravenosos/administração & dosagem , Anestésicos Locais/sangue , Animais , Cães , Combinação de Medicamentos , Feminino , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Morfina/sangue , Ovariectomia/métodos , Propofol/administração & dosagem , Distribuição Aleatória , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Ropivacaina , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To investigate cardiorespiratory effects and serum concentration of ropivacaine combined with morphine at different doses. METHODS: Sixteen healthy adult female dogs weighting 9.8±4.1 kg were included in the study. Twenty minutes after being premedicated with acepromazine and midazolam, the animals were randomly assigned to receive an epidural injection according to each group: RM0.15 = ropivacaine + morphine (0.15 mg kg-1) and RM0.2 = ropivacaine + morphine (0.2 mg kg-1). Variables recorded consisted of: heart rate and cardiac rhythm, respiratory rate, oxyhemoglobin saturation, inspired oxygen fraction, end-tidal carbon dioxide tension, systolic, mean and diastolic arterial pressures, serum cortisol, plasma ropivacaine and morphine. RESULTS: SAP, MAP and DAP were significantly increased at TPR in RM0.15 but returned to normal values at the end of the procedure. Arterial pH was decreased in T30 and TESu in both groups and also returned to acceptable ranges at TR. Both PaO2 and PaCO2 were increased along the duration period of the epidural blockade (T30 and TESu) and returned to acceptable values at TR. Serum cortisol was lower at TB, T30 and TR when compared to TESu. CONCLUSION: The procedures were performed safely and minimal changes in cardiovascular and respiratory variables. .
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Encéfalo/patologia , Vasculite Associada ao Lúpus do Sistema Nervoso Central/patologia , Progressão da Doença , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Prognóstico , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Medição de Risco , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
PURPOSE: To assess the bispectral index (BIS) and recovery in calves anesthetized with xylazine, midazolam, ketamine and isoflurane and subjected to CRI of lidocaine. METHODS: Xilazine was administered followed by ketamine and midazolam, orotracheal intubation and maintenance on isoflurane using mechanical ventilation. Lidocaine (2 mg kg(-1) bolus) or saline (0.9%) was administered i.v. followed by a CRI (100 µg kg(-1) minute(-1)) of lidocaine (L) or saline (C). Were recorded BIS, heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and rectal temperature (RT) before administration of premedication (TB) and 15 minutes after (TX), before administering lidocaine (T0) and 20, 40, 60 and 80 minutes after the start of the CRI . Time do sternal recumbency (SRE) and standing (ST) and plasma lidocaine concentration also evaluated. RESULTS: In both treatments BIS decreased significantly at all times compared to TB. TX was higher than the subsequent times. HR decreased from baseline at all times and decreased from T40 in L compared to C. SRE was higher in L compared to C. CONCLUSIONS: Bispectral index values were consistent with the degree of hypnosis of the animals. Lidocaine did not potentiate isoflurane anesthesia assessed by BIS in unstimulated calves anesthetized with constant E´Iso. Lidocaine increased the time to sternal recumbency.
Assuntos
Período de Recuperação da Anestesia , Anestesia/veterinária , Anestésicos/administração & dosagem , Estado de Consciência/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/administração & dosagem , Anestesia/métodos , Animais , Pressão Arterial/efeitos dos fármacos , Bovinos , Monitores de Consciência , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Infusões Intravenosas/veterinária , Ventilação com Pressão Positiva Intermitente , Isoflurano/administração & dosagem , Ketamina/administração & dosagem , Lidocaína/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Midazolam/administração & dosagem , Monitorização Intraoperatória/veterinária , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores de Tempo , Xilazina/administração & dosagemRESUMO
PURPOSE: To assess the bispectral index (BIS) and recovery in calves anesthetized with xylazine, midazolam, ketamine and isoflurane and subjected to CRI of lidocaine. METHODS: Xilazine was administered followed by ketamine and midazolam, orotracheal intubation and maintenance on isoflurane using mechanical ventilation. Lidocaine (2 mg kg-1 bolus) or saline (0.9%) was administered IV followed by a CRI (100 µg kg-1 minute-1) of lidocaine (L) or saline (C). Were recorded BIS, heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and rectal temperature (RT) before administration of premedication (TB) and 15 minutes after (TX), before administering lidocaine (T0) and 20, 40, 60 and 80 minutes after the start of the CRI . Time do sternal recumbency (SRE) and standing (ST) and plasma lidocaine concentration also evaluated. RESULTS: In both treatments BIS decreased significantly at all times compared to TB. TX was higher than the subsequent times. HR decreased from baseline at all times and decreased from T40 in L compared to C. SRE was higher in L compared to C. CONCLUSIONS: Bispectral index values were consistent with the degree of hypnosis of the animals. Lidocaine did not potentiate isoflurane anesthesia assessed by BIS in unstimulated calves anesthetized with constant E´Iso. Lidocaine increased the time to sternal recumbency. .
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Masculino , Período de Recuperação da Anestesia , Anestesia/veterinária , Anestésicos/administração & dosagem , Estado de Consciência/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/administração & dosagem , Anestesia/métodos , Pressão Arterial/efeitos dos fármacos , Monitores de Consciência , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Ventilação com Pressão Positiva Intermitente , Infusões Intravenosas/veterinária , Isoflurano/administração & dosagem , Ketamina/administração & dosagem , Lidocaína/administração & dosagem , Midazolam/administração & dosagem , Monitorização Intraoperatória/veterinária , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores de Tempo , Xilazina/administração & dosagemRESUMO
PURPOSE: To investigate cardiorespiratory effects and serum concentration of ropivacaine combined with morphine at different doses. METHODS: Sixteen healthy adult female dogs weighting 9.8±4.1 kg were included in the study. Twenty minutes after being premedicated with acepromazine and midazolam, the animals were randomly assigned to receive an epidural injection according to each group: RM0.15 = ropivacaine + morphine (0.15 mg kg-1) and RM0.2 = ropivacaine + morphine (0.2 mg kg-1). Variables recorded consisted of: heart rate and cardiac rhythm, respiratory rate, oxyhemoglobin saturation, inspired oxygen fraction, end-tidal carbon dioxide tension, systolic, mean and diastolic arterial pressures, serum cortisol, plasma ropivacaine and morphine. RESULTS: SAP, MAP and DAP were significantly increased at TPR in RM0.15 but returned to normal values at the end of the procedure. Arterial pH was decreased in T30 and TESu in both groups and also returned to acceptable ranges at TR. Both PaO2 and PaCO2 were increased along the duration period of the epidural blockade (T30 and TESu) and returned to acceptable values at TR. Serum cortisol was lower at TB, T30 and TR when compared to TESu. CONCLUSION: The procedures were performed safely and minimal changes in cardiovascular and respiratory variables.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Morfina , Farmacologia , Anestesiologia/métodos , Anestesia Epidural , Cães/classificaçãoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To assess the hemodynamic changes and bispectral index (BIS) following administration of a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of butorphanol in isoflurane-anesthetized calves. METHODS: Eight calves weighing 110 ± 12 kg were included in the study. Anesthesia was induced with 5% isoflurane in O2 delivered via face mask and maintained with end-tidal concentration of 1.4%. IPPV was set to a peak inspiratory airway pressure of 15 cmH2O and respiratory rate of six breaths minute-1. Forty minutes after the start of anesthetic maintenance, 0.1 mg kg-1butorphanol was administered intravenously, followed by a CRI of 20 µg kg-1 minute-1. Hemodynamic variables and BIS were recorded before butorphanol administration (T0), and at 10, 20, 40 and 80 minutes following the CRI. Anesthesia was discontinued after the last recording and the calves were allowed to recover. The time to sternal recumbency (SRE) and standing (ST) were evaluated. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the moments in all hemodynamic variables and BIS. The time to SRE and ST was 9 ± 5 and 14 ± 7 minutes, respectively. CONCLUSION: The continuous rate infusion did not produce clinically relevant changes in hemodynamic or bispectral index values compared to baseline in mechanically ventilated and unstimulated calves anesthetized at 1.4% isoflurane.
Assuntos
Analgésicos Opioides/administração & dosagem , Anestésicos Inalatórios/administração & dosagem , Butorfanol/administração & dosagem , Hemodinâmica/efeitos dos fármacos , Infusões Intravenosas/veterinária , Isoflurano/administração & dosagem , Anestesia por Inalação/veterinária , Animais , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Bovinos , Estado de Consciência/efeitos dos fármacos , Monitores de Consciência , Masculino , Valores de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To assess the hemodynamic changes and bispectral index (BIS) following administration of a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of butorphanol in isoflurane-anesthetized calves. METHODS: Eight calves weighing 110 ± 12 kg were included in the study. Anesthesia was induced with 5% isoflurane in O2 delivered via face mask and maintained with end-tidal concentration of 1.4%. IPPV was set to a peak inspiratory airway pressure of 15 cmH2O and respiratory rate of six breaths minute-1. Forty minutes after the start of anesthetic maintenance, 0.1 mg kg-1butorphanol was administered intravenously, followed by a CRI of 20 µg kg-1 minute-1. Hemodynamic variables and BIS were recorded before butorphanol administration (T0), and at 10, 20, 40 and 80 minutes following the CRI. Anesthesia was discontinued after the last recording and the calves were allowed to recover. The time to sternal recumbency (SRE) and standing (ST) were evaluated. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the moments in all hemodynamic variables and BIS. The time to SRE and ST was 9 ± 5 and 14 ± 7 minutes, respectively. CONCLUSION: The continuous rate infusion did not produce clinically relevant changes in hemodynamic or bispectral index values compared to baseline in mechanically ventilated and unstimulated calves anesthetized at 1.4% isoflurane. (AU)