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Assessing the body condition of wild animals is necessary to monitor the health of the population and is critical to defining a framework for conservation actions. Body condition indices (BCIs) are a non-invasive and relatively simple means to assess the health of individual animals, useful for addressing a wide variety of ecological, behavioral, and management questions. The Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) is an endangered subspecies of the West Indian manatee, facing a wide variety of threats from mostly human-related origins. Our objective was to define specific BCIs for the subspecies that, coupled with additional health, genetic and demographic information, can be valuable to guide management decisions. Biometric measurements of 380 wild Antillean manatees captured in seven different locations within their range of distribution were obtained. From this information, we developed three BCIs (BCI1 = UG/SL, BCI2 = W/SL3, BCI3 = W/(SL*UG2)). Linear models and two-way ANCOVA tests showed significant differences of the BCIs among sexes and locations. Although our three BCIs are suitable for Antillean manatees, BCI1 is more practical as it does not require information about weight, which can be a metric logistically difficult to collect under particular circumstances. BCI1 was significantly different among environments, revealing that the phenotypic plasticity of the subspecies have originated at least two ecotypes-coastal marine and riverine-of Antillean manatees.

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INTRODUCTION: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the leading causes of disability in young adults. Its prevalence varies according to different countries. In Argentina there is a wide heterogeneity regarding data published in different areas of the country. Prevalence established in most studies is 17 cases per 100,000 inhabitants; however, most of the available data comes from studies that took place in Buenos Aires. There is little or no information from other provinces, especially from Northwest of Argentina (NOA), where there are no studies of the disease prevalence. The aim of this study is to investigate MS prevalence, phenotypes and epidemiological characteristics in Salta, Argentina, in order to contribute to the current knowledge of MS epidemiology and distribution in our country. METHODS: A descriptive, observational, transversal study was carried out in the capital city of Salta. Researchers from all public and private hospitals with a Neurology Department have participated. Private researchers who are well known leaders in demyelinating diseases in the city provided valuable information. Patients who did not have medical control for the past two years as well as patients whose last address was not registered in Salta were excluded. RESULTS: 120 registries were obtained from the four hospitals that participated and from the 12 private researchers. Ten patients were excluded due to overlapping data. The population of the area based on 2010 census was 535,310, so we estimated an MS prevalence 23.8 cases per 100,000 inhabitants (95% CI 20.1-27.4), 24.1 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in female population (95% CI 21.2-28.6) and 18.2 cases per 100,000 inhabitants (95% CI 15.2-21.1) in male population. In our analysis, 64 (58.2%) were female and the average age was 42.1 years. 81.8% are recurrent remitting forms, 16.4% secondary progressive and 1.8% primary progressive. CONCLUSION: This is the first study that provides epidemiological data on the prevalence and clinical forms of MS in Salta City as well as in the entire Northwest Region of Argentina(NOA). We estimate a prevalence of 23.8 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, which establishes a moderate risk area for MS.

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PURPOSE: Periodic cancer incidence estimates of Spain from all existing population-based cancer registries at any given time are required. The objective of this study was to present the current situation of cancer incidence in Spain. METHODS: The Spanish Network of Cancer Registries (REDECAN) estimated the numbers of new cancer cases occurred in Spain in 2015 by applying the incidence-mortality ratios method. In the calculus, incidence data from population-based cancer registries and mortality data of all Spain were used. RESULTS: In 2015, nearly a quarter of a million new invasive cancer cases were diagnosed in Spain, almost 149,000 in men (60.0%) and 99,000 in women. Globally, the five most common cancers were those of colon-rectum, prostate, lung, breast and urinary bladder. By gender, the four most common cancers in men were those of prostate (22.4%), colon-rectum (16.6%), lung (15.1%) and urinary bladder (11.7%). In women, the most common ones were those of breast (28.0%), colon-rectum (16.9%), corpus uteri (6.2%) and lung (6.0%). In recent years, cancer incidence in men seems to have stabilized due to the fact that the decrease in tobacco-related cancers compensates for the increase in other types of cancer like those of colon and prostate. In women, despite the stabilization of breast cancer incidence, increased incidence is due, above all, to the rise of colorectal and tobacco-related cancers. CONCLUSION: To reduce these incident cancer cases, improvement of smoking control policies and extension of colorectal cancer screening should be the two priorities in cancer prevention for the next years.

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El Programa Nacional de Salud Ocular tiene por objetivo abordar las causas evitables o tratables de ceguera. En este marco, el Departamento de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria ha desarrollado actividades de Promoción de salud y Prevención de enfermedades y problemas oculares en la infancia. Esta actividad se planificación se llevó a cabo en interdisciplina con la participación de estudiantes de grado de medicina. Este trabajo incorpora la evaluación de las competencias adquiridas por los estudiantes en la realización del cribado de alteraciones visuales (grado de concordancia inter-observador). El Objetivo fue evaluar validez y seguridad de la aplicación de un método de cribado de patología ocular en escolares y preescolares por estudiantes de medicina en tres instituciones del Zonal 12 de Montevideo (marzo-diciembre 2010). Conclusiones: El porcentaje de derivados es similar a trabajos realizados anteriormente. A partir de los resultados del trabajo sería oportuno incorporar la realización del cribado de alteraciones visuales por estudiantes de medicina capacitados, en las instituciones educativas, lo cual optimiza las intervenciones en el primer nivel de atención.

The objective of the National Program of Ocular Health is to tackle the avoidable and treatable causes of blindness. Within this framework, the Department of Community and Family Medicine has developed activities related to Health Promotion and Prevention of ocular illnesses and problems in childhood. This activity was planned and took place in an interdisciplinary way, with the participation of medical degree students, students of opthalmology, and ophthalmologists and with the participation of different sectors such as Hospital de Ojos, Ministry of Social Development and the Chamber of Opticians. This work includes the assessment of competences acquired by the students when screening visual alterations (inter-observer agreement degree). The objective was to evaluate the validity and safety of medical students applying a screening method of ocular pathology in kindergarten and school students at three institutions of Zonal 12 in Montevideo (MarchDecember 2010). Conclusions: The percentage of derivatives is similar to that of previous works. From the results of the study, it would be appropriate to include the screening of visual alterations by trained medical students at educational institutions, since it optimizes interventions at primary health care.

O Programa Nacional de Saúde Ocular tem como alvo a abordagem das causas evitáveis ou tratáveis da cegueira. Neste contexto, o Departamento de Medicina Familiar e Comunitária levou a cabo atividades de Promoção da saúde e Prevenção de doenças e problemas oculares na infância. Este programa foi planejado e realizado de maneira interdisciplinar com a participação de estudantes de medicina, de estudantes do bacharelado em oftalmologia, bacharéis em oftalmologia e oftalmologistas, e em parceria com de Ópticos. Este trabalho inclui a avaliação das competências adquiridas pelos estudantes na realização da triagem dos distúrbios visuais (grau de concordância inter-observador). O objetivo foi avaliar a validade e segurança de aplicação de um método de triagem para doenças oculares nos escolares e pré-escolares por estudantes de medicina em três instituições do Zonal Montevidéu 12 (de março a dezembro de 2010). Conclusões: A porcentagem de derivados é semelhante a trabalhos realizados previamente. A partir dos resultados do trabalho achase conveniente integrar a realização de triagem de distúrbios visuais por estudantes de medicina treinados em instituições educacionais, otimizando-se dessa maneira as intervenções nos cuidados primários.

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INTRODUCTION: Early-onset dementia (EOD) is defined as dementia with onset before the age of 65 years. EOD is increasingly recognised as an important clinical and social problem with devastating consequences for patients and caregivers. OBJECTIVE: Determine the annual crude incidence rate and the specific incidence rates by sex and age in patients with EOD, and the standardised rate using the last national census of the population of Argentina (NCPA), from 2010. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hospital Privado de Comunidad, Mar del Plata, Argentina, attends a closed population and is the sole healthcare provider for 17 614 people. Using the database pertaining to the Geriatric Care department, we identified all patients diagnosed with EOD between 1 January, 2005 and 31 December, 2011. EOD was defined as dementia diagnosed in patients younger than 65. RESULTS: The study period yielded 14 patients diagnosed with EOD out of a total of 287 patients evaluated for memory concerns. The crude annual incidence of EOD was 11 per 100 000/year (CI 95%: 6.25-19.1): 17 per 100 000 (CI 95%: 7.2-33.1) in men and 8 per 100 000 (CI 95%: 3.4-17.2) in women. We observed a statistically significant increase when comparing incidence rates between patients aged 21 to <55 years and ≥ 55 to <65 years (3 vs 22 per 100 000, P=.0014). The rate adjusted by NCPA census data was 5.8 cases of EOD habitants/year. CONCLUSION: This study, conducted in a closed population, yielded an EOD incidence rate of 11 per 100 000 inhabitants/year. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first prospective epidemiological study in Argentina and in Latin America.

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La sífilis gestacional (SG) y la sífilis congénita (SC) han cobrado especial atención en la última década en Uruguay y en la región. Configuran un problema de salud pública por la afectación directa a las mujeres y los recién nacidos, siendo una enfermedad para la cual se dispone de tratamientos asequibles, eficaces y de bajo costo. El imaginario social predominante en el sector sanitario y en la población, la visualiza como una enfermedad erradicada, lo cual refuerza las barreras para su prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno. En tal sentido, las recomendaciones que surgen del estudio están dirigidas a incluir la Estrategia Nacional en un plan nacional e intersectorial sobre salud sexual y reproductiva, desde una visión de APS, intersectorial, de género y de derechos, con acciones dirigidas a los servicios de salud, al sistema de información en salud, a los y las profesionales y funcionarios de los servicios, a las mujeres en edad reproductiva, a los hombres en general, a las instituciones formadoras de profesionales, a los y las investigadores y a los medios de co- municación y periodistas.

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Introducción: El incremento de población adulto mayor exige responsabilidad sanitaria y familiar para que el aumento en años de vida sea de vida saludable. Objetivo: Identificar las características del adulto mayor y del familiar de convivencia como base para las acciones. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo; transversal con 96 binomios adulto mayor-familiar de convivencia. Cuestionario de datos biográficos y de salud para el adulto mayor y datos socios demográficos para el familiar; aplicados mediante entrevista en los hogares. Se utilizó el Programa Estadístico SPSS Versión 17. Resultados: Relación significativa en edad y sexo entre adultos mayores y familiares de convivencia. Media de edad 70 y 45; sexo; mujeres 59.4% y 67.7%; casados o en unión libre 56.3% y 72.9%; respectivamente. Familiar de convivencia hijo/a (54 %) y esposo/a (32%) mayoría mujeres con bajo nivel de escolaridad (65%) y ocupación labores del hogar (64%). La convivencia es favorable para la salud porque hay un mayor control de las conductas de riesgo. Relevancia de las características del binomio adulto mayor-familiar de convivencia para las acciones de promoción y prevención en los hogares; orientadas a fortalecer la relación y desarrollar habilidad en la atención al adulto mayor.

Abstract Nurses have sensitivity, knowledge and experience to attend the binomial older adult-relative of coexistence in family context. The purpose of the study was to identify characteristics of the older adult and the relative of coexistence as base to plan actions. The study was descriptive, cross-sectional with 96 binomials adult major-relative of greater coexistence. Biographical data and health questionnaire for the older adult and demographic data for the relative applied by means of interview in the homes. We used the statisti-cal program SPSS version 17. Age and sex had significant relation between older adults and relatives of coexistence. Age average, 70 and 45; woman, 59. 4% and 67.7%; ma-rried, 56.3% and 72.9, respectively. Relative of coexistence was child (54%) and wife or husband (32%), majority were woman with low level of education (65%) and occupation of the household work (64%).The coexistence is favorable for the health because there is a greater control of the risk conducts. Relevance of the characteristics of the binomial older adult-relative of coex-istence for promotion and prevention actions in the homes, oriented to fortify the relation and to develop ability in the at-tention to the older adult.

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Los adultos mayores hospitalizados son un grupo vulnerable que requiere cuidado de Enfermería de calidad; esta conlleva satisfacción valorada a través de: relación Enfermera-paciente, comunicación efectiva, información oportuna y habilidad técnica profesional. Para identificar satisfacción de adultos mayores con cuidado de Enfermería se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con 45 adultos mayores hospitalizados en Medicina Interna y Cirugía de dos instituciones de salud. Mediante entrevista se aplicó una escala de Likert de 23 reactivos con cinco categorías: De completo acuerdo (5) a total desacuerdo (1). A mayor puntuación mayor satisfacción. Procesamiento y análisis con programa estadístico SPSS. Resultados: Edad media 71 años, escolaridad media 6 años. Completo acuerdo: Enfermera agradable con el paciente (62.2%), debería ser más atenta (60.0%), se siente mejor al platicar con ella (75.6%), le explica en lenguaje sencillo (73.3%), brinda información sobre exámenes (68.9%). Total desacuerdo: Le molesta cuando la Enfermera le habla como si fuera niño (60.0%). Alta puntuación (85%) en evaluación general de satisfacción con el cuidado de Enfermería. Coincidente con estudios previos en que a mayor edad mayor satisfacción con el cuidado de Enfermería.

Older adults hospitalized are a vulnerable group that require quality nursing care ; this imply satisfaction valued through patient-nursing relationship, effective communication and information and professional technical competence. In order to identify older adults' satisfaction with nursing care it was carried out a transactional descriptive study with 45 hospitalized older adults in medical and surgical wards of two health institutions. Through interview it was applied a Likert scale of 23 items and five categories: Complete agree (5) to total disagree (1). Instrument was translated and validated , it was obtained Cronbach's alpha coefficient from .78 (12). Results. Age mean 71, years of school mean 6. Complete agree: Nursing pleasant with patient (62.2%), she should be more attentive with patient (60.0%), the patient feels better when nurse talks with him(75.6%), nurse explains to patient in sample language (73.3%), nurse gives information about exams (68.9%). Total disagree: Patient gets angry when nurse talks him like a child (60.0%). High score (85%) in general evaluation about satisfaction with nursing care. This study is coincident with previous studies about to higher age higher satisfaction with nursing care.

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The statistical optimization of sustained-release matrix tablets of lobenzarit disodium salt (LDS) was performed using the central composite experiment design 2(3) for three independent variables: the amount of polymer (Eudragit RS-PO) AP, the total volume of granulation solvent VS, and the amount of filler (microcrystalline cellulose) CE. The t90% was selected as the response variable. The response surfaces were performed from a statistical mathematical model. The optimal formulation was obtained for the variables (AP = 15 mg, VS = 60 microliters, and CE = 0).

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BACKGROUND: Cholera spread to Latin America in 1991; subsequently, cholera vaccination was considered as an interim intervention until long-term solutions involving improved water supplies and sanitation could be introduced. Three successive summer cholera outbreaks in northern Argentina and the licensing of the new single-dose oral cholera vaccine, CVD 103-HgR, raised questions of the cost and benefit of using this new vaccine. METHODS: This study explored the potential benefits to the Argentine Ministry of Health of treatment costs averted, versus the costs of vaccination with CVD 103-HgR in the relatively confined population of northern Argentina affected by the cholera outbreaks. Water supplies and sanitation in this area are poor but a credible infrastructure for vaccine delivery exists. RESULTS: In our cost-benefit model of a 3-year period (1992-1994) with an annual incidence of 2.5 case-patients per 1000 population and assumptions of vaccine efficacy of 75% and coverage of 75%, vaccination of targeted high risk groups would prevent 1265 cases. CONCLUSION: Assuming a cost of US$602 per treated case and of US$1.50 per dose of vaccine, the total discounted savings from use of vaccine in the targeted groups would be US$132,100. The projected savings would be altered less by vaccine coverage (range 75-90%) or efficacy (60-85%) changes than by disease incidence changes. Our analysis underestimated the true costs of cholera in Argentina because we included only medical expenditures; Indirect losses to trade and tourism had the greatest economic impact. However, vaccination with CVD 103-HgR was still cost-beneficial in the base case.

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