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BACKGROUND: Unplanned extubations are recurrent adverse events in mechanically ventilated children and have been the focus of quality and safety improvement in paediatric intensive care units (ICUs). LOCAL PROBLEM: To reduce the rate of unplanned extubation in the paediatric ICU by 66% (from 2.02 to 0.7). METHODS: This is a quality improvement project that was conducted in a paediatric ICU of a private hospital at the quaternary level. All hospitalised patients who used invasive mechanical ventilation between October 2018 and August 2019 were included. INTERVENTIONS: The project was based on the Improvement Model methodology of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement to implement change strategies. The main ideas of change were innovation in the endotracheal tube fixation model, evaluation of the endotracheal tube positioning, good practices of physical restraint, sedation monitoring, family education and engagement and checklist for prevention of unplanned extubation, with Plan-Do-Study-Act, the tool chosen to test and implement ideas for change. RESULTS: The actions reduced the unplanned extubation rate to zero in our institution and sustained this result for a period of 2 years, totalling 743 days without any event. An estimate was made comparing cases with unplanned extubation and controls without the occurrence of this adverse event, which resulted in savings of R$955 096.65 (US$179 540.41) during the 2 years after the implementation of the improvement actions. CONCLUSION: The improvement project conducted in the 11-month period reduced the unplanned extubation rate to zero in our institution and sustained this result for a period of 743 days. Adherence to the new fixation model and the creation of a new restrictor model, which enabled the implementation of good practices of physical restraint were the ideas of change that had the greatest impact in achieving this result.

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Objective To determine the risk factors associated with stridor, with special attention to the role of the cuffed orotracheal cannula. Methods Prospective analysis of all the intubated patients submitted to mechanical ventilator support from January 2008 to April 2011. The relevant factors for stridor collected were age, weight, size and type of airway tube, diagnosis, and duration of mechanical ventilation. The effects of variables on stridor were evaluated using uni- and multivariate logistic regression models. Results A total of 136 patients were included. Mean age was 1.4 year (3 days to 17 years). The mean duration of mechanical ventilation was 73.5 hours. Fifty-six patients (41.2%) presented with stridor after extubation. The total reintubation rate was 19.6% and 12.5 in patients with and without stridor, respectively. The duration of mechanical ventilation (>72 hours) was associated with a greater risk for stridor (odds ratio of 8.60; 95% confidence interval of 2.98-24.82; p<0.001). The presence of the cuffed orotracheal cannula was not associated with stridor (odds ratio of 98; 95% confidence interval of 0.46-2.06; p=0.953). Conclusion The main risk factor for stridor after extubation in our population was duration of mechanical ventilation. The presence of the cuffed orotracheal cannula was not associated with increased risk for stridor, reinforcing the use of the cuffed orotracheal cannula in children with respiratory distress.

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Objective To determine the risk factors associated with stridor, with special attention to the role of the cuffed orotracheal cannula. Methods Prospective analysis of all the intubated patients submitted to mechanical ventilator support from January 2008 to April 2011. The relevant factors for stridor collected were age, weight, size and type of airway tube, diagnosis, and duration of mechanical ventilation. The effects of variables on stridor were evaluated using uni- and multivariate logistic regression models. Results A total of 136 patients were included. Mean age was 1.4 year (3 days to 17 years). The mean duration of mechanical ventilation was 73.5 hours. Fifty-six patients (41.2%) presented with stridor after extubation. The total reintubation rate was 19.6% and 12.5 in patients with and without stridor, respectively. The duration of mechanical ventilation (>72 hours) was associated with a greater risk for stridor (odds ratio of 8.60; 95% confidence interval of 2.98-24.82; p<0.001). The presence of the cuffed orotracheal cannula was not associated with stridor (odds ratio of 98; 95% confidence interval of 0.46-2.06; p=0.953). Conclusion The main risk factor for stridor after extubation in our population was duration of mechanical ventilation. The presence of the cuffed orotracheal cannula was not associated with increased risk for stridor, reinforcing the use of the cuffed orotracheal cannula in children with respiratory distress. .

Objetivo Determinar os fatores de risco associados ao estridor, com especial atenção para o papel da cânula orotraqueal. Métodos Análise prospectiva de todos os pacientes entubados submetidos à ventilação mecânica no período de janeiro de 2008 a abril de 2011. Os fatores relevantes para estridor coletados foram idade, peso, tamanho e tipo da cânula orotraqueal, diagnóstico, e duração da ventilação mecânica. Os efeitos das variáveis sobre estridor foram avaliados utilizando modelos de regressão logística uni e multivariada. Resultados Foram incluídos 136 pacientes. A média de idade foi 1,4 ano (3 dias a 17 anos). O tempo médio de ventilação mecânica foi 73,5 horas. Apresentaram estridor após extubação 56 pacientes (41,2%). A taxa de reintubação foi de 19,6% e 12,5% em pacientes com ou sem estridor, respectivamente. A duração da ventilação mecânica (>72 horas) foi associada a um maior risco de estridor (odds ratio de 8,60; intervalo de confiança de 95% de 2,98-24,82; p<0,001). A presença da cânula orotraqueal não foi associada ao estridor (odds ratio de 0,98; intervalo de confiança de 95% de 0,46- 2,06; p=0,953). Conclusão O principal fator de risco para estridor após extubação em nossa população foi o tempo de ventilação mecânica. A presença da cânula orotraqueal não foi associada a maior risco de estridor, reforçando o uso de cânulas com balonete em crianças com dificuldade respiratória. .

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The reversal of lung collapse is one of the challenges of lung injury prevention in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. In this case, lung recruitment maneuver (RM) with positive end-expiratory pressure under computed tomography guidance is the procedure of choice, but cumulative ionizing radiation exposure is a major radiologic concern, especially in infants. Real-time guidance of lung recruitment under bedside lung ultrasound (US) assessment in adults has shown to be an effective procedure for performing RM that avoids ionizing radiation overexposure. We report a case of US-guided lung recruitment procedure applied in an infant with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and advocate that the lung US-guided RM in infants is a feasible and safe procedure.

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Mycoplasma pneumoniae was recognized as an important agent of pneumonia in pediatric population. In rare situations, severe pulmonary injury can develop. The use of corticoids in these cases remains controversial. A case of a girl with acute respiratory distress syndrome and bilateral pleural effusion secondary to pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae is described, with good recovery after appropriate use of methylprednisolone and clarythromicyn.

Mycoplasma pneumonia é reconhecido como um importante agente causador de pneumonia em crianças. Raramente pode evoluir para lesão pulmonar grave. O uso de corticoide nesses casos ainda é controverso. Descrevemos aqui o caso de uma menina com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo e derrame pleural bilateral secundário à pneumonia por Mycoplasma pneumoniae com boa recuperação após utilização de metilprednisolona e claritromicina.

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Mycoplasma pneumoniae is recognized as an important agent of pneumonia in pediatric population. In rare situations, severe pulmonary injury can develop. The use of corticoids in these cases remains controversial. A case of a girl with acute respiratory distress syndrome and bilateral pleural effusion secondary to pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae is described, with good recovery after appropriate use of methylprednisolone and clarythromicyn.

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O desenvolvimento da medicina e dos cuidados aos pacientes graves gerou aumento do número de crianças com sequelas/disfunções orgânicas crônicas. Esses pacientes permanecem por tempo prolongado na UTI-Pediátrica (UTIP). A UTIP do Hospital Estadual Vila Alpina (HEVA) conta com seis leitos e no segundo semestre de 2008, quatro deles estavam ocupados com pacientes crônicos (67%). Nessa ocasião, UTIP tinha permanência média de 22 dias de internação (soma dos pacientes agudos+crônicos), sendo que estudos preconizam permanência média de 3-7 dias. Em relação à média de internações/mês tínhamos média de 8,5 internações/mês, sendo que o ideal seria 12-15 internações/mês. Frente a esse problema, associado ao grau de insatisfação dos familiares, foi idealizado UCEP, num ambiente fora da terapia intensiva e com características para atendimento de pacientes crônicos. Essa unidade foi criada e resultados foram avaliados no período de seis meses pós-criação. Houve queda de 43% na média de permanência na UTIP e aumento significativo no número de internações por mês, com aumento de mais de 100%. Grau de satisfação dos familiares com a UCEP foi avaliado por questionário de 13 perguntas: houve número significativamente maior de excelente e ótimo na UCEP, (cerca de 2,5 vezes mais notas excelente/ótimo em relação a UTIP). A UCEP atingiu seus objetivos, tanto na melhora da rotatividade da UTIP como na satisfação dos familiares e profissionais. Mostrou que, além de viável, essa unidade pode fornecer melhora na qualidade de vida dos pacientes/familiares, inimagináveis dentro do ambiente de UTIP.

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