RESUMO
Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.), with its health benefits and socioeconomic significance, plays a crucial role in Argentina and other South American countries like Brazil and Paraguay. Its cultivation in the Province of Misiones (Argentina) supports various sectors, contributes to regional development, and provides employment opportunities. However, the transition from extractive practices to monoculture, accompanied with increased demand, has led to phytosanitary challenges. Imbalanced native microbiota, disease development, and pathogen dispersion have become prevalent issues. Understanding the known pathogens associated with yerba mate plants is crucial for developing effective agricultural strategies. The primary objective of this study is to synthesise current knowledge on prevalent fungal diseases in yerba mate cultivation, as well as to provide agricultural management recommendations for effective disease control. Fungal diseases can cause significant damage to different parts of the plant, resulting in economic losses. The proximity of neighbouring plantations to yerba mate crops may contribute to the cross-contamination of pathogens, emphasizing the need for comprehensive epidemiology and accurate diagnosis. Multiple fungal genera have been reported to cause pathologies in yerba mate. Among the fungi causing foliar diseases are Ceratobasidium niltonsouzanum, Cylindrocladium spathulatum, Pseudocercospora mate, Asterina sphaerelloides, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides aff var. yerbae, and Phyllosticta sp. Caulinary diseases are caused by Alternaria sp., Phoma sp., Colletotrichum sp., and Ceratocystis fimbriata. Regarding root rot, the genera Rhizoctonia sp., Pythium sp., Fusarium sp., and Rosellinia sp. have been reported. Proper crop management practices and monitoring are essential for effective disease control. To reduce reliance on chemical compounds, the use of biocontrol agents like Trichoderma sp. has shown promise in regulating phytopathogenic fungi populations. Continued research is vital to preserve the yerba mate industry and ensure its long-term viability while minimizing environmental impact.
Assuntos
Ilex paraguariensis , Doenças das Plantas , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/prevenção & controle , Ilex paraguariensis/microbiologia , Fungos/classificação , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Fungos/fisiologia , Fungos/genética , Argentina , Brasil , Produtos Agrícolas/microbiologiaRESUMO
Currently, agroindustrial wastes are little used for generating value-added products; hence, their use of these waste to produce enzymatic cocktails for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars is a very interesting alternative in the second-generation bioethanol process. The Ascomycota fungus Aspergillus niger LBM 134 produces hydrolytic enzymes in large proportions. In this work, A. niger LBM 134 was grown on sugarcane and cassava bagasses under optimized conditions. To identify the extracellular enzymes involved in the degradation of these agroindustrial wastes, the secretomes of the culture supernatants of the fungus were analyzed and validated by biochemical assays of the enzymatic activities. A. niger LBM 134 secreted higher quantities of xylanases and accessory hemicellulases when it grew on sugarcane bagasse, whereas more cellulases, amylases, and pectinases were secreted when it grew on cassava bagasse. These findings suggest two promising enzyme cocktails for the hydrolysis of lignocellulose carbohydrate polymers to fermentable sugars. These bioinformatic analysis were functional validates through enzymatic biochemical assays that confirm the biotechnological potential of A. niger LBM 134 for the bioconversion of hemicellulosic substrates such as sugarcane and cassava bagasses.
Assuntos
Aspergillus niger/metabolismo , Celulose/metabolismo , Manihot/química , Saccharum/química , Aspergillus niger/enzimologia , Aspergillus niger/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Biodegradação Ambiental , Celulose/química , Meios de Cultivo Condicionados/metabolismo , Fermentação , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Glicosídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Hidrólise , ProteômicaRESUMO
Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil (yerba mate) is an important crop in the north of Argentina, mainly in Misiones province. The application of Trichoderma as a biocontroller and biofertilizer can replace or reduce the use of agrochemicals, decreasing the negative ecological impact. In this research, we evaluated in vitro and in vivo antagonistic and plant growth promoting (PGP) properties of Trichoderma species isolated from different regions of Misiones province. Dual culture assays of Trichoderma against phytopathogenic fungi associated with yerba mate showed that T. stilbohypoxyli LBM 120 was the most effective antagonist, inhibiting in more than 75% all phytopathogen growth. Trichoderma atroviride LBM 112 and T. stilbohypoxyli LBM 120 were positive on endoglucanase, protease, chitinase, siderophore production, and phosphate solubilisation showed the best biological control agents and PGP properties. The PGP properties of Trichoderma spp. evaluated in vivo on yerba mate seedlings showed that T. atroviride LBM 112, T. stilbohypoxyli LBM 120, and T. koningiopsis LBM 219 enhanced plant dry weight over 47% in total and 24% in the aerial part. Moreover, T. koningiopsis LBM 219 increased root dry weight 25% in contrast with in vitro controls. In conclusion, native Trichoderma strains could be a sustainable solution to improve yerba mate yield.