RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Central Nervous System (CNS) depressants like antipsychotics, opioids, benzodiazepines and zolpidem are frequently used by patients of a wide range of ages. Uncertainty remains about their effect in very old adults (>80 years old) and their potential for pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions in this population. OBJECTIVE: To assess if the use of CNS depressants is associated with a higher risk of hospitalization due to community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in very old patients. METHODS: In this prospective study, 362 patients over 80 years of age who had been consequently admitted to the general ward of a teaching hospital were examined. Each patient was assessed, by our pharmacovigilance team within 24 hours of admission, to identify outpatient medication use and potential drug-drug interactions. RESULTS: The overall use of CNS depressants as a group was not associated with a higher risk of admission due to CAP in very old patients (55% vs. 49%; OR=1.28 [0.76-2.16], p=0.34). However, the use of antipsychotics was associated with a higher rate of admissions due to CAP in this population (OR=1.98 [1.10-3.57], p=0.02). No association was seen between opioids (p=0.27), zolpidem (p=0.83), or benzodiazepines (p=0.15) and the rate of admissions due to CAP in these patients. Moreover, pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic interactions leading to CNS depression were equally found in patients admitted for CAP and those admitted for other reasons. CONCLUSION: The use of antipsychotics in very old adults was associated with an increased risk of hospital admission due to CAP. This suggests that the use of these medications in this population should be done with caution. No association was observed with opioids, benzodiazepines and zolpidem with the latter outcome.
Assuntos
Depressores do Sistema Nervoso Central/efeitos adversos , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/epidemiologia , Pneumonia/epidemiologia , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Analgésicos Opioides , Antipsicóticos , Benzodiazepinas , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , ZolpidemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In spite of this, ADR are largely underreported and unrecognized. PURPOSE: Identify and characterize ADR related admissions to our internal medicine ward using a proactive multidisciplinary pharmacovigilance approach. METHODS: Within 24 hrs of admission 1045 patients admitted to the Internal Medicine Ward between August 2010 and February 2012 were screened for possible or probable ADR related admissions. RESULTS: Probable ADR accounted for 112 of 1045 admissions (10.7%, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 8.8-12.6%), of which only 16 (14.3%) were classified as unavoidable. NSAIDs were the drug group more commonly implicated in probable ADR-related admissions (17.0%), followed by antiplatelets (16.1%). In-hospital mortality of patients admitted due to probable ADR was 8.0% (95% CI: 2.9-13.1%). During this study period, 6% of internal medicine ward and 4% of critical care unit beds were occupied by patients with probable ADR. The estimated cost of care of these patients was 641,000 US dollars (USD). CONCLUSION: ADR are a frequent reason for admission to an Internal Medicine Ward in Argentina. The culprit drugs and interactions are similar to those reported in the literature. The cost is substantial and most of the ADR are potentially avoidable.
Assuntos
Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos/epidemiologia , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Idoso , Argentina/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricos , MasculinoRESUMO
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is a syndrome characterized by glomerular lesions giving rise to acute renal injury that develops within a brief period of time, usually days or a few months. It is classified according to the underlying mechanism of injury and the immunofluorescence findings into four main disorders. In the last decade, nephrologists have witnessed a steady rise in the mean age of the patients diagnosed with RPGN. This observation may reflect an increase in the incidence of this entity and also a more timely diagnosis. We present 3 cases of RPGN in elderly patients, diagnosed within a 3 month period at our institution which illustrates the spectrum of these conditions.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda/patologia , Glomerulonefrite/patologia , Rim/patologia , Injúria Renal Aguda/terapia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Autoanticorpos/imunologia , Biópsia por Agulha , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Glomerulonefrite/imunologia , Glomerulonefrite/terapia , Humanos , Masculino , Diálise RenalRESUMO
La glomerulonefritis rápidamente progresiva (GNRP) es un síndrome clínico que se caracteriza por la presencia de signos urinarios de enfermedad glomerular e insuficiencia renal de desarrollo en un lapso de días a pocos meses. La inmunofluorescencia permite clasificar a las GNRP en cuatro tipos según se identifiquen o no depósitos inmunes y, si están presentes, de acuerdo con su naturaleza. En la última década se ha demostrado un aumento constante en el promedio de edad de los pacientes con GNRP. Este fenómeno podría reflejar tanto una mayor incidencia de la enfermedad, como un incremento en la tasa de diagnóstico. Se presentan 3 casos de GNRP en adultos mayores de 65 años, diagnosticados en un periodo de 3 meses en nuestra institución.(AU)
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is a syndrome characterized by glomerular lesions giving rise to acute renal injury that develops within a brief period of time, usually days or a few months. It is classified according to the underlying mechanism of injury and the immunofluorescence findings into four main disorders. In the last decade, nephrologists have witnessed a steady rise in the mean age of the patients diagnosed with RPGN. This observation may reflect an increase in the incidence of this entity and also a more timely diagnosis. We present 3 cases of RPGN in elderly patients, diagnosed within a 3-month period at our institution which illustrates the spectrum of these conditions.(AU)
Assuntos
Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Injúria Renal Aguda/patologia , Glomerulonefrite/patologia , Rim/patologia , Injúria Renal Aguda/terapia , Autoanticorpos/imunologia , Biópsia por Agulha , Progressão da Doença , Glomerulonefrite/imunologia , Glomerulonefrite/terapia , Diálise RenalRESUMO
La glomerulonefritis rápidamente progresiva (GNRP) es un síndrome clínico que se caracteriza por la presencia de signos urinarios de enfermedad glomerular e insuficiencia renal de desarrollo en un lapso de días a pocos meses. La inmunofluorescencia permite clasificar a las GNRP en cuatro tipos según se identifiquen o no depósitos inmunes y, si están presentes, de acuerdo con su naturaleza. En la última década se ha demostrado un aumento constante en el promedio de edad de los pacientes con GNRP. Este fenómeno podría reflejar tanto una mayor incidencia de la enfermedad, como un incremento en la tasa de diagnóstico. Se presentan 3 casos de GNRP en adultos mayores de 65 años, diagnosticados en un periodo de 3 meses en nuestra institución.
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is a syndrome characterized by glomerular lesions giving rise to acute renal injury that develops within a brief period of time, usually days or a few months. It is classified according to the underlying mechanism of injury and the immunofluorescence findings into four main disorders. In the last decade, nephrologists have witnessed a steady rise in the mean age of the patients diagnosed with RPGN. This observation may reflect an increase in the incidence of this entity and also a more timely diagnosis. We present 3 cases of RPGN in elderly patients, diagnosed within a 3-month period at our institution which illustrates the spectrum of these conditions.
Assuntos
Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Injúria Renal Aguda/patologia , Glomerulonefrite/patologia , Rim/patologia , Injúria Renal Aguda/terapia , Autoanticorpos/imunologia , Biópsia por Agulha , Progressão da Doença , Glomerulonefrite/imunologia , Glomerulonefrite/terapia , Diálise RenalRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cell therapy (CTh) is a promising novel therapy for myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic cardiomyopathy (iCMP). Recognizing adverse events (AE) is important for safety evaluation, harm prevention and may aid in the design of future trials. OBJECTIVE: To define the prevalence of periprocedural AE in CTh trials in MI and iCMP. METHODS: A literature search was conducted using the MEDLINE database from January 1990 to October 2010. Controlled clinical trials that compared CTh with standard treatment in the setting of MI and/or iCMP were selected. AE related to CTh were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 2,472 patients from 35 trials were included. There were 26 trials including 1,796 patients that used CTh in MI and 9 trials including 676 patients that used CTh in iCMP. Periprocedural arrhythmia monitoring protocols were heterogeneous and follow-up was short in most of the trials. In MI trials, the incidence of periprocedural adverse events (AE) related to intracoronary cell transplantation was 7.5 % (95 % CI 6.04-8.96 %). AE related to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCS-F) used for cell mobilization for peripheral apheresis was 16 % (95 % CI 9.44-22.56 %). During intracoronary transplantation in iCMP, the incidence of periprocedural AE incidence was 2.6 % (95 % CI 0.53-4.67 %). There were no AE reported during transepicardial transplantation and AE were rare during transendocardial transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of periprocedural AE in CTh trials in MI occurred during intracoronary transplantation and GCS-F administration. In iCMP, periprocedural AE were uncommon. Avoiding intracoronary route for CTh implantation may decrease the burden of periprocedural AE. Standardization of AE definition in CTh trials is needed.
Assuntos
Cardiomiopatias/cirurgia , Terapia Baseada em Transplante de Células e Tecidos/efeitos adversos , Infarto do Miocárdio/cirurgia , Miocárdio/patologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Regeneração , Cardiomiopatias/patologia , Cardiomiopatias/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Incidência , Infarto do Miocárdio/patologia , Infarto do Miocárdio/fisiopatologia , Razão de Chances , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/diagnóstico , Prevalência , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is a syndrome characterized by glomerular lesions giving rise to acute renal injury that develops within a brief period of time, usually days or a few months. It is classified according to the underlying mechanism of injury and the immunofluorescence findings into four main disorders. In the last decade, nephrologists have witnessed a steady rise in the mean age of the patients diagnosed with RPGN. This observation may reflect an increase in the incidence of this entity and also a more timely diagnosis. We present 3 cases of RPGN in elderly patients, diagnosed within a 3 month period at our institution which illustrates the spectrum of these conditions.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda/patologia , Glomerulonefrite/patologia , Rim/patologia , Injúria Renal Aguda/terapia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Autoanticorpos/imunologia , Biópsia por Agulha , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Glomerulonefrite/imunologia , Glomerulonefrite/terapia , Humanos , Masculino , Diálise RenalRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe a patient in whom initiation of micronized fenofibrate precipitated mycophenolate induced neutropenia. CASE SUMMARY: A 57-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of febrile neutropenia. He had undergone kidney transplantation seventeen years ago. The patient's immunosuppressive maintenance regimen consisted of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 500 mg three times a day, and meprednisone 4 mg daily. His medical history included, hypertension treated with losartan 50mg daily, and dyslipidemia treated with ezetimibe 10mg /simvastatin 20mg for four years (until 2 weeks before admission when micronized fenofibrate 200 mg per day was started because of persistently elevated triglycerides levels. On presentation temperature was 37.8°C and initial laboratory tests showed 3130 White Blood Cell Count(WBC)/µL with neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count (ANC) 313/µL) Fenofibrate and mycophenolate mofetil were discontinued, piperacillin tazobactam 4.5gr three times a day and granulocyte stimulation factor 300 µg/day were started. Three days after admission WBC was 7280/µL, neutrophils: 22%, ANC: 1160/mm(3). Mycophenolate mofetil was restarted and granulocyte stimulation factor was discontinued. One month after discharge his WBC was 4480/µL and ANC 1926/µL. DISCUSSION: The initiation of fenofibrate in a patient on stable and therapeutic doses of mycophenolate may have precipitated mycophenolate induced neutropenia, a well described, dose dependent phenomenon. Mycophenolic acid (MPA) displays a complex pharmacokinetic profile susceptible to potential significant interactions with fenofibrate. Since approximately 99% of MPA and fenofibrate bind to albumin, displacement may occur, leading to increased free MPA. Second competition of fenofibric acid for UGT1A9 an enzyme implicated in conjugation of MPA may have decreased its metabolism. The combination of these two effects may increase the risk of dose dependent neutropenia. Using the Interaction Probability Scale (DIPS), the interaction was designated as probable. CONCLUSIONS: Until further evidence is available, when fenofibrate is started in a renal transplant patient on mycophenolate careful monitoring should be considered to avoid potentially fatal complications.
Assuntos
Fenofibrato/efeitos adversos , Imunossupressores/efeitos adversos , Ácido Micofenólico/análogos & derivados , Neutropenia/induzido quimicamente , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Interações Medicamentosas , Fenofibrato/uso terapêutico , Glucuronosiltransferase/metabolismo , Humanos , Hipolipemiantes/efeitos adversos , Hipolipemiantes/uso terapêutico , Imunossupressores/administração & dosagem , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Transplante de Rim/métodos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ácido Micofenólico/administração & dosagem , Ácido Micofenólico/efeitos adversos , Ácido Micofenólico/uso terapêutico , Ligação Proteica , Albumina Sérica/metabolismo , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , UDP-Glucuronosiltransferase 1ARESUMO
Brugada syndrome is a major cause of sudden death in young adults. Fever has been described to induce a Brugada-type electrocardiogram in asymptomatic patients with a negative family history, to disclose Brugada syndrome and to increase the risk of death and induce T wave alternans in patients with diagnosed Brugada syndrome. Risk stratification is challenging and demands a careful evaluation. Here we present 2 case reports and review the literature.
RESUMO
Leflunomide, a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug, has been shown to be effective in the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Among other side effects, systemic hypertension has been described, and also a case of possible pulmonary hypertension (PH) has been reported. Symptomatic PH in RA is rare. We present a 28-year-old woman with a history of RA who consulted our hospital because of severe symptomatic pulmonary hypertension. Two years before admission, she was started on leflunomide. Due to previous evidence of the association of leflunomide with pulmonary hypertension, the drug was stopped. The patient became asymptomatic with normal pulmonary arterial pressure within a year. Given the poor prognosis of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, the recognition of potentially reversible causes is crucial. Until further evidence is available in a patient who develops pulmonary arterial hypertension, stopping leflunomide should be considered.