RESUMO
Low circulating levels of vitamin D and high mammographic density (MD) have been associated with higher risk of breast cancer. Although some evidence suggested an inverse association between circulating vitamin D and MD, no studies have investigated this association among Mexican women. We examined whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] levels were associated with MD in a cross-sectional study nested within the large Mexican Teacher's Cohort. This study included 491 premenopausal women with a mean age of 42.9 years. Serum 25(OH)D3 levels were measured by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Linear regression and non-linear adjusted models were used to estimate the association of MD with serum 25(OH)D3. Median serum 25(OH)D3 level was 27.3 (23.3-32.8) (ng/ml). Forty one (8%) women had 25(OH)D3 levels in the deficient range (< 20 ng/ml). Body mass index (BMI) and total physical activity were significantly correlated with 25(OH)D3 (r = -0.109, P = 0.019 and r = 0.095, P = 0.003, respectively). In the multivariable linear regression, no significant association was observed between 25(OH)D3 levels and MD overall. However, in stratified analyses, higher serum 25(OH)D3 levels (≥27.3 ng/ml) were significantly inversely associated with percent MD among women with BMI below the median (ß = -0.52, P = 0.047). Although no significant association was observed between serum 25(OH)D3 and percent MD in the overall population, specific subgroups of women may benefit from higher serum 25(OH)D3 levels.
Assuntos
Densidade da Mama , Calcifediol/sangue , Homocisteína/sangue , Adulto , Idoso , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos Transversais , Exercício Físico , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Mamografia , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise de Regressão , Fatores de Risco , Deficiência de Vitamina D/sangueRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Very few studies have focused on the relationship among dietary carbohydrates, glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and breast cancer risk in Latin American women. Our objective was to assess the associations among dietary carbohydrate, GI, GL, and risk of breast cancer, and to further investigate these associations by levels of overweight/obesity and physical activity. METHODS: We used data from a Mexican population-based case-control study. We recruited a 1,000 women with incident breast cancer and 1,074 matched control women ages 35 to 69 years between 2004 and 2007. We used conditional logistic regression models and energy-adjusted carbohydrates, GI, and GL using the residual method. RESULTS: Total carbohydrate intake was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women. The odds ratio in the highest versus the lowest quartile was 1.3 (95% confidence interval = 1.0, 1.7; P trend = 0.03). In stratified analyses by body mass index (BMI), the positive association between carbohydrate and risk of premenopausal breast cancer was only observed among overweight women. The odds ratio comparing the top with the bottom quartile was 1.9 (95% confidence interval = 1.2, 3.0; P trend = 0.01) among women with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m. No association was observed among women with BMI < 25 kg/m. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that high carbohydrate diets are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer among premenopausal Mexican women.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Dieta/estatística & dados numéricos , Carboidratos da Dieta , Índice Glicêmico , Carga Glicêmica , Atividade Motora , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Sobrepeso/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Breast cancer is a major public health problem in Latin America (LA) and the most common form of cancer among women. An important variability according to ethnicity/race with respect to incidence/mortality, clinical characteristics, and prognosis is observed throughout LA. In addition, women are more likely to develop breast cancer (BC) at younger age and to be diagnosed at an advanced stage compared to western women. While little is known about specific risk factors, changes in reproductive pattern (parity, breastfeeding) and lifestyle factors including sedentary behaviours, unhealthy diet, and alcohol intake may contribute to the increase of BC incidence. In this paper we give an overview of the burden and patterns of BC, review the leading causes of BC and discuss the possible ways to improve BC prevention and control in LA.
El cáncer de mama (CaMa) es uno de los mayores problemas de salud pública en América Latina (AL) y el cáncer más frecuente en mujeres. Se observa una importante variabilidad en la incidencia/mortalidad, las características clínicas y el pronóstico según la etnia/raza a lo largo de AL. Además, las mujeres latinoamericanas son más propensas a desarrollar CaMa en edades más tempranas y a ser diagnosticadas en una etapa más avanzada, comparando con mujeres occidentales. Aunque poco se sabe sobre sus factores de riesgo específicos, cambios en los patrones reproductivos (paridad y lactancia) y estilos de vida, incluyendo los hábitos sedentarios, las dietas poco saludables y el consumo de alcohol, podrían contribuir al incremento de la incidencia del CaMa. En este artículo se da una visión general de la carga y los patrones del CaMa, se revisan las causas principales del CaMa y se discuten posibles vías para mejorar la prevención y el control del CaMa en AL.
Assuntos
Animais , Camundongos , Colagenases/química , Detergentes/química , Proteínas PrPSc/isolamento & purificação , Sarcosina/análogos & derivados , Scrapie/etiologia , Cloreto de Sódio/química , Cromatografia de Afinidade , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , Octoxinol/química , Sarcosina/química , BaçoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Obesity has been associated with breast cancer risk in the Caucasian population but the association remains unclear in the Hispanics. Previous studies conducted among Hispanics in the U.S. have shown inconsistent results. PURPOSE: The association between anthropometry, body shape evolution across lifetime, and the risk of breast cancer was assessed using a multi-center population-based case-control study conducted in Mexico. METHODS: One thousand incident cases and 1074 matched control women aged 35-69 years were recruited between 2004 and 2007, and analyzed in 2011-2012. Conditional logistic regression models were used. RESULTS: Height was related to an increased risk of breast cancer in both premenopausal (p trend=0.03) and postmenopausal women (p trend=0.002). In premenopausal women, increase in BMI; waist circumference (WC); hip circumference (HC); and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were inversely associated with breast cancer risk (p trends<0.001 for BMI and WC, 0.003 for HC, and 0.016 for WHR). In postmenopausal women, decreased risks were observed for increased WC (p trend=0.004) and HC (p trend=0.009) among women with time since menopause <10 years. Further analysis of body shape evolution throughout life showed strong and significant increase in risk of breast cancer among women with increasing silhouettes size over time compared to women with no or limited increase. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that anthropometric factors may have different associations with breast cancer risk in Hispanic women than in Caucasian women. This study also shows the importance of considering the evolution of body shape throughout life.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/etiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Antropometria , Estatura , Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Quadril/anatomia & histologia , Humanos , Menopausa , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/complicações , Fatores de Risco , Circunferência da CinturaRESUMO
Breast cancer is a major public health problem in Latin America (LA) and the most common form of cancer among women. An important variability according to ethnicity/race with respect to incidence/mortality, clinical characteristics, and prognosis is observed throughout LA. In addition, women are more likely to develop breast cancer (BC) at younger age and to be diagnosed at an advanced stage compared to western women. While little is known about specific risk factors, changes in reproductive pattern (parity, breastfeeding) and lifestyle factors including sedentary behaviours, unhealthy diet, and alcohol intake may contribute to the increase of BC incidence. In this paper we give an overview of the burden and patterns of BC, review the leading causes of BC and discuss the possible ways to improve BC prevention and control in LA.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Distribuição por Idade , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Mama/etiologia , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Dieta , Etnicidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , América Latina/epidemiologia , Estilo de Vida , Morbidade/tendências , Mortalidade/tendências , História Reprodutiva , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The use of hormonal therapies, including hormonal contraceptives (HC) and postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have been shown to influence breast cancer (BC) risk. However, the variations of these effects among populations and ethnic groups are not completely documented, especially among Hispanic women. We evaluated the association between HC and premenopausal BC risk, and between HRT and postmenopausal BC risk in Mexican women. Data from a Mexican multi-center population-based case-control study ofwomen aged 35 to 69 years were analysed. A total of 1000 cases and 1074 matched controls were recruited between 2004 and 2007. Information on hormonal therapy was collected through a structured questionnaire. Results were analysed using conditional logistic regression models. Overall, HC were used by 422/891 (47.3%) premenopausal women and HRT was used by 220/1117 (19.7%) postmenopausal women. For HC, odds ratios (ORs) for BC were 1.11 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.82, 1.49) for current users and 1.68 (95% CI: 0.67, 4.21) for ever-users. No clear effect of duration of use was observed. For HRT, the OR for BC was significantly increased in ever users (OR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.08). A non-significant increased risk was observed for combined estrogen/progestin, (ORâ=â 1.85; 95% CI: 0.84, 4.07) whereas no effect was observed for the use of estrogen alone (ORâ=â1.14; 95% CI: 0.68, 1.91). Our results indicate that, HC had a non-significant effect on the risk of pre-menopausal BC, but suggested that injected contraceptives may slightly increase the risk, whereas HRT had a significant effect on post-menopausal BC in this population. This study provides new information about the effects of HC and HRT on BC risk in a Mexican population, which may be of relevance for the population of Latin America as a whole.