RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the accuracy of the Breath-Alert™ portable breath meter (BA) for the detection of halitosis in children and adolescents, considering the organoleptic test (OT) as the gold standard in this assessment. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 children (aged 6-12 years). OT was performed by three independent examiners on a single occasion, obtaining three scores of 0-5 points on the Rosenberg's organoleptic scale. The median of the three evaluations for each child was used for analysis. BA was used according to the manufacturer's instructions, with breath odor scored from 0-5 points. Scores ≥2 on both tests were considered indicative of halitosis. RESULTS: A total of 26 (17.3%) and 23 (15.3%) children were detected with halitosis on the OT and BA tests, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the BA scores for the detection of halitosis were 80.76% and 98.38%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values for BA were 91.3% and 96.06%, respectively. CONCLUSION: In the present study involving children, who require fast, practical examinations, BA proved to be an auxiliary tool to OT for the detection of halitosis in the practice of pediatric dentistry, demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity.
Assuntos
Testes Respiratórios/métodos , Halitose/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Testes Respiratórios/instrumentação , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Halitose/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Compostos de Enxofre/análiseRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the accuracy of the Breath-Alert™ portable breath meter (BA) for the detection of halitosis in children and adolescents, considering the organoleptic test (OT) as the gold standard in this assessment. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 children (aged 6-12 years). OT was performed by three independent examiners on a single occasion, obtaining three scores of 0-5 points on the Rosenberg's organoleptic scale. The median of the three evaluations for each child was used for analysis. BA was used according to the manufacturer's instructions, with breath odor scored from 0-5 points. Scores ≥2 on both tests were considered indicative of halitosis. RESULTS: A total of 26 (17.3%) and 23 (15.3%) children were detected with halitosis on the OT and BA tests, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the BA scores for the detection of halitosis were 80.76% and 98.38%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values for BA were 91.3% and 96.06%, respectively. CONCLUSION: In the present study involving children, who require fast, practical examinations, BA proved to be an auxiliary tool to OT for the detection of halitosis in the practice of pediatric dentistry, demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Testes Respiratórios/métodos , Halitose/diagnóstico , Compostos de Enxofre/análise , Testes Respiratórios/instrumentação , Estudos Transversais , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Halitose/metabolismoRESUMO
Halitosis is a condition that can have negative social impacts. Although common, its prevalence and associated etiological factors have been studied little in the child/adolescent population. The aim of the present study was to associate the occurrence of halitosis with oral etiological factors in children aged 6-12 years. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 150 male and female children and adolescents. The organoleptic test (OT) was used to determine halitosis. All patients and caregivers answered a questionnaire addressing personal data, general health and oral health, including hygiene habits, and received clarifications regarding the procedures to which the children/adolescents would be submitted in a second session. During the second session, the children were clinically evaluated for halitosis using the OT. The bacterial plaque index, coated tongue index, pH, salivary flow and the presence of dental caries were also determined. Differences in the proportions of the factors were compared between groups (with and without halitosis) using the chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables. Halitosis was diagnosed in 17.3% of the children and was associated with a fair score on the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OR: 3.5; p = 0.008), the non-daily use of tooth floss (OR: 8.7; p = 0.017), percentage of coated tongue (p = 0.005), abnormal salivary flow (OR: 4.2; p < 0.001) and dental caries (OR: 3.8; p = 0.002). No associations with brushing performed by a caregiver or salivary pH were found.
Assuntos
Halitose/epidemiologia , Halitose/etiologia , Adolescente , Testes Respiratórios , Criança , Intervalos de Confiança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Razão de Chances , Prevalência , Sensação , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: As it is difficult to know the content of iron added in the Brazilian iron fortification of wheat and corn flour, and if the compound has good or poor bioavailability, the objective was to assess the effect of the Brazilian iron fortification program, as it was carried out, on iron nutritional status of adolescents, 6 years after its implementation. METHODS: A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted with adolescents aged 10 to 17 years, both sexes, treated at a primary health care center. Data were collected from medical records of patients and compared with those of a previous survey conducted at the same center in 2004. Anthropometry, iron biochemical indicators, food intake, pubertal stage, and transferrin saturation were assessed, with pubertal stage and transferrin saturation being the last two variables compared between 2004 and 2010. Mann-Whitney and chi-square tests were also used. RESULTS: In 2010, mean hemoglobin values and serum ferritin levels were within normal ranges for both sexes, and adolescents who consumed diets with low iron bioavailability constituted more than half of the sample (52.7%). In2004, a 10.3 and 18.6% prevalence of iron deficiency was observed, based on low transferrin saturation, in females and males, respectively. It was noted that during the 6-year period, this prevalence decreased significantly, 4 and10.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Anemia and iron deficiency are not prevalent in this population, probably due to the implementation of flour fortification with iron; it is not possible, however, to attribute such a result only to the implementation of this strategy.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Alimentos Fortificados/estatística & dados numéricos , Ferro da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Ferro da Dieta/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to compare the intestinal absorption of iron and calcium between soy-based and cow's milk-based infant formulas in weanling rats. Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats, twenty-one days old on the first day of weaning, were used in this experiment, divided in two Groups, one Group was fed soy protein-based infant formula the other, cow's milk protein-based infant formula. During the study period (ten consecutive days) the animals received food and water ad libitum. Hematocrit and hemoglobin were evaluated on the first, fifth, and tenth days by the Wintrobe and cyanomethemoglobin methods. Feces and urine were collected, beginning on the fifth day, for three consecutive days. On the tenth day, hepatic iron content was also analyzed. Hepatic iron as well as fecal and urinary iron and calcium analyses were performed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. At thirty-one days of age, the animals were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine and sacrificed by exsanguination via the vena cava. Results: The final concentration of hemoglobin in the group soy-based infant formula and milk-based infant formula were: 10.3±1.3g/dL and 10.9±1.0g/dL (p=0.310). The apparent absorption of iron and calcium, in that order, were: 73.4±10.2% and 70.2±9.5%; 97.2±0.7% and 97.6±1.0% (p=0.501; p=0.290). The apparent calcium retention was: 88.4% ±2.2 and 88.6±2.6% (p=0.848). Hepatic iron content was: 522.0±121.1mg/g and 527.8±80.5mg/g (p=0.907) . Conclusion: Intestinal iron and calcium absorption from soy-based infant formula is similar to that from milk-based infant formula in weanling rats.
RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo objetivou comparar a absorção intestinal de ferro e cálcio entre fórmulas infantis à base de leite de vaca e de soja em ratos recém-desmamados. Métodos: Vinte ratos machos Wistar, com 21 dias de vida e no primeiro dia do desmame foram utilizados neste experimento, divididos em dois grupos: um alimentado com fórmula infantil à base de proteína de soja e o outro com fórmula infantil à base de proteína do leite de vaca. Durante o período de estudo (10 dias consecutivos), os ratos receberam dieta e água ad libitum. Hematócrito e hemoglobina foram mensurados no primeiro, quinto e décimo dia pelo método de Wintrobe e da cianometaemoglobina. As fezes e a urina foram recolhidas a partir do quinto dia durante durante três dias consecutivos. No décimo dia, o conteúdo de ferro hepático também foi analisado. O conteúdo de ferro hepático e a análise de ferro e cálcio nas fezes e na urina foram realizados utilizando espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica. Aos 31 dias de vida, os animais foram anestesiados com ketamina e xilasina e sacrificados por exsanguinação da veia vaca. Resultados: A concentração final de hemoglobina no grupo fórmula infantil à base de soja e fórmula infantil à base de leite de vaca foram 10,3±1,3g/dL e 10,9± 1,0g/dL (p=0,310), respectivamente. A absorção aparente de ferro e cálcio foi de: 73,4±10,2% e 70,2±9,5%, para o primeiro grupo; e 97,2±0,7% e 97,6±1,0%, para o segundo (p=0,501; p=0,290). A retenção aparente de cálcio foi: 88,4±2,2% e 88,6±2,6% (p=0,848). O teor de ferro hepático foi: 522,0±121,1µg/g e 527,8±80,5µg/g (p=0,907), respectivamente. Conclusão: A absorção intestinal de ferro e cálcio da fórmula infantil à base de soja é similar à da fórmula infantil à base de leite em ratos recém-desmamados.
Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Absorção Intestinal , Proteínas , Cálcio , Leite de Soja , Substitutos do Leite Humano , FerroRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Considering that modification in body composition and growth velocity leads to alterations in zinc and copper nutritional status, the purpose of the study was to assess erythrocyte zinc and serum copper in adolescents of both genders, according to the stage of sexual maturity at different growth phases. METHODS: Two hundred and eighty-six adolescents were assessed, 157 were female, with body mass index Z-scorebetween−2 and +2. Clinical biochemical measurements were assessed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Student's t, Kruskal-Wallis, and Bonferroni tests were used. RESULTS Median serum copper was superior, and zinc was inferior to respective reference values in all groups. Serum copper presented significant reduction in the final stages of pubertal development in males; in turn, erythrocyte zinc values increased linearly with the evolution of puberty stages in both genders. Comparison between genders in each stage of growth showed significant difference in peak acceleration and in deceleration for erythrocyte zinc and serum copper, with both being higher in females. CONCLUSIONS: Serum copper is inversely influenced by modifications that occur with the evolution of puberty in males, whereas erythrocyte zinc is directly influenced in both genders, although always with deficient deposition. At peak acceleration and deceleration of growth, there is greater mobilization of erythrocyte zinc and serum copper in males, when compared with females, which does not occur at the onset of the acceleration of growth.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Cobre/sangue , Cobre/metabolismo , Puberdade/sangue , Puberdade/metabolismo , Zinco/sangue , Zinco/metabolismoRESUMO
Position statement: The Brazilian Society for Food and Nutrition (SBAN) bases the following position statement on a critical analysis of the literature on the indications of a gluten-free (GF) diet. (1) There is insufficient evidence to assume that healthy individuals would experience any benefits from the consumption of a GF diet. (2) Recent studies suggest that gluten sensitivity may be confounded by sensitivity to low-fermentable, poorly absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates known as fermentable oligo-, di-, and mono-saccharides and polyols (FODMAPs). (3) Epidemiological data supports that evenover weight celiac disease (CD) individuals fail to achieve weight loss under a GF diet. (4) Recent experimental data showed possible deleterious effects of GF feeding on the intestinal microbiota of healthy individuals. (5) GF diets can be healthy for the general population, as long as GF-processed foods are avoided, and the ingestion of other whole grains, and low-energy-density vegetables is assured. This position statement has been externally reviewed and approved by the board of the Brazilian Society for Food and Nutrition, and has not gone through the journal' s standard peer review process.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Doença Celíaca , Dieta Livre de Glúten , Comportamento Alimentar , GlutensRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess body composition modifications in post-pubertal schoolchildren after practice of a physical activity program during one school year. METHODS: The sample consisted of 386 students aged between 15 and 17 years and divided into two groups: the study group (SG) comprised 195 students and the control group (CG), 191. The SG was submitted to a physical activity program and the CG attended conventional physical education classes. Body composition was assessed using body mass index (BMI), percentage of body fat (%BF), fat mass (FM), and lean mass (LM). RESULTS: A positive effect of the physical activity program on body composition in the SG (p < 0.001) was observed, as well as on the interaction time x group in all the variables analyzed in both genders. A reduction in %BF (mean of differences = -5.58%) and waist circumference (-2.33 cm), as well as an increase in LM (+2.05 kg) were observed in the SG for both genders, whereas the opposite was observed in the CG. CONCLUSION: The practice of programmed physical activity promotes significant reduction of body fat in post-pubertal schoolchildren. .
OBJETIVO: Verificar as modificações da composição corporal de escolares pós-púberes após a prática da atividade física programada durante um ano letivo. MÉTODO: Amostra composta de 386 alunos, divididos em dois grupos: estudo 195 e controle 191, entre 15 e 17 anos. O grupo estudo (GE) foi submetido a atividade física programada e o grupo controle (GC) a aulas convencionais de educação física. A composição corporal foi avaliada pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC), percentual de gordura (%G) e massa gorda (MG) e magra (MM). RESULTADOS: Foi possível observar um efeito positivo do programa de atividade física sobre a composição corporal no GE (p < 0,001) do grupo e da interação tempo x grupo em todas as variáveis analisadas em ambos os sexos. Foram observados reduções na %G (média das diferenças = -5,58%) e no perímetro da cintura (-2,33 cm) e aumento da MM (+2,05 kg) no GE em ambos os sexos. O contrário foi observado no GC. CONCLUSÃO: A prática de atividade física programada promove redução significativa de gordura corporal em escolares pós-púberes. .
Assuntos
Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sintomas Afetivos/epidemiologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/epidemiologia , Idade de Início , Reino Unido/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , AutorrelatoRESUMO
Prebiotics may increase intestinal Fe absorption in anaemic growing rats. The present study evaluated the effects of high-performance (HP) inulin and oligofructose on factors that regulate Fe absorption in anaemic rats during the growth phase. Male Wistar rats aged 21 d of age were fed AIN-93G ration without Fe for 2 weeks to induce Fe-deficiency anaemia. The rats were fed on day 35 a control diet, or a diet with 10 % HP inulin, or a diet with 10 % oligofructose, without Fe supplementation. The animals were euthanised after 2 weeks, and segments of the duodenum, caecum, colon and liver were removed. The expression levels of proteins in the intestinal segments were assessed using Western blotting. The levels of serum, urine and liver hepcidin and the concentrations of IL-10, IL-6 and TNF-α in the caecum, colon and liver were measured using the ELISA test. HP inulin increased the expression of the divalent metal transporter 1 protein in the caecum by 162 % (P= 0·04), and the expression of duodenal cytochrome b reductase in the colon by 136 % (P= 0·02). Oligofructose decreased the expression of the protein ferroportin in the duodenum (P= 0·02), the concentrations of IL-10 (P= 0·044), IL-6 (P= 0·036) and TNF-α (P= 0·004) in the caecum, as well as the level of urinary hepcidin (P< 0·001). These results indicate that prebiotics may interfere with the expression of various intestinal proteins and systemic factors involved in the regulation of intestinal Fe absorption in anaemic rats during the growth phase.
Assuntos
Anemia Ferropriva/dietoterapia , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions/metabolismo , Grupo dos Citocromos b/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Prebióticos , Regulação para Cima , Anemia Ferropriva/imunologia , Anemia Ferropriva/metabolismo , Anemia Ferropriva/patologia , Animais , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions/agonistas , Ceco/imunologia , Ceco/metabolismo , Ceco/patologia , Colo/enzimologia , Colo/imunologia , Colo/metabolismo , Grupo dos Citocromos b/química , Grupo dos Citocromos b/genética , Duodeno/imunologia , Duodeno/metabolismo , Duodeno/patologia , Hepcidinas/sangue , Hepcidinas/metabolismo , Hepcidinas/urina , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Inulina/efeitos adversos , Inulina/uso terapêutico , Fígado/imunologia , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Oligossacarídeos/efeitos adversos , Oligossacarídeos/uso terapêutico , Tamanho do Órgão , Prebióticos/efeitos adversos , Ratos Wistar , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess body composition modifications in post-pubertal schoolchildren after practice of a physical activity program during one school year. METHODS: The sample consisted of 386 students aged between 15 and 17 years and divided into two groups: the study group (SG) comprised 195 students and the control group (CG), 191. The SG was submitted to a physical activity program and the CG attended conventional physical education classes. Body composition was assessed using body mass index (BMI), percentage of body fat (%BF), fat mass (FM), and lean mass (LM). RESULTS: A positive effect of the physical activity program on body composition in the SG (p<0.001) was observed, as well as on the interaction time x group in all the variables analyzed in both genders. A reduction in %BF (mean of differences = -5.58%) and waist circumference (-2.33 cm), as well as an increase in LM (+2.05 kg) were observed in the SG for both genders, whereas the opposite was observed in the CG. CONCLUSION: The practice of programmed physical activity promotes significant reduction of body fat in post-pubertal schoolchildren.