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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate women's opinions about menopause and the sources of information they use to deepen their understanding of the topic. METHODS: Population-based study with 749 Brazilian women aged 45 to 60 years. The answers to the question "What is menopause?" were typed and coded, and categories that emerged from the interviewees' own speech were created. The answers to the question: "Where or from whom did you get information about menopause?" were also analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age of women was 52.5 (± 4.4) years. Of them, 68% were postmenopausal. According to 67.5% of the interviewees, the concept of menopause encompassed changes in the menstrual cycle and hormones. For 48%, menopause meant physical changes such as "hot flushes and vaginal dryness." For 22.7%, menopause represented psychological changes. The concept of menopause was associated with some change in sexuality for 7.6% of the interviewees. Approximately 18% could not explain what menopause meant. Regarding the sources of information, 44.5% of the women attributed this knowledge to friends and relatives. Doctors or health services were mentioned by 44.3% of women. Television or radio was cited by 22.0%; magazines, newspapers, or books were cited by 14.0%; and the Internet was cited by 6.8% of women. Fifty-two women (6.9%) reported having no source of information about menopause. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the interviewees relate the term "menopause" to physiological events. There seems to be a suppressed demand for information on the various aspects of the menopausal transition among middle-aged Brazilian women.

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OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate knowledge about menopause and hormone therapy (HT) among middle-aged Brazilian women and identify the factors associated with the level of knowledge. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 749 women aged 45 to 60 years, residing in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas, Brazil. The dependent variable was knowledge about menopause and HT evaluated using a numerical score based on the answers given to three questions that had several response options. The independent variables were sociodemographic characteristics, personal habits, and health conditions. Statistical analysis was carried out by Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and a generalized linear model. RESULTS: The mean age was 52.5 (±4.4) years. Most of the women were postmenopausal (68%) and 19.5% had a history of current or previous use of HT. The final score for knowledge about menopause ranged from +1 to +11, with a mean of 4.59 (±1.86) and a median of 4. Women with higher levels of schooling (coefficient = 0.64, P < 0.001); with higher socioeconomic status (coefficient = 0.47, P < 0.002); with vaginal dryness (coefficient = 0.47, P = 0.003); who consumed alcohol (coefficient = 0.61, P = 0.006); who use or had ever used any type of treatment to counteract menopausal symptoms (coefficient = 0.41, P = 0.008); with anxiety (coefficient = 0.35, P = 0.037); and with depression (coefficient = 0.31, P = 0.043) possessed greater knowledge about menopause and HT. Women with a higher number (≥3) of vaginal deliveries (coefficient = -0.61, P < 0.001) and a higher body mass index (coefficient = -0.02, P = 0.046) possessed less knowledge about menopause and HT. CONCLUSIONS: The knowledge about menopause and HT demonstrated by the interviewees was low and possibly related to the time of exposure to qualified information.

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Introdução: a síndrome do climatério é definida pelo conjunto de sintomas decorrentes da interação entre fatores endócrinos, socioculturais e psicológicos que ocorrem na mulher que envelhece. A procura por ajuda especializada e a utilização de algum método terapêutico neste período podem estar diretamente relacionadas ao nível de conhecimento apresentado pela mulher. Objetivos: avaliar a opinião sobre o significado da palavra menopausa, o conhecimento sobre o tema, os fatores associados ao nível de conhecimento e saber quais são as fontes de informação para mulheres de meia-idade residentes na Região Metropolitana de Campinas (RMC). Métodos: estudo transversal de base populacional com 749 mulheres brasileiras com idade entre 45 e 60 anos, residentes nos municípios que compõem a RMC. As respostas fornecidas à questão aberta "o que é a menopausa?" foram digitadas e codificadas, criando-se categorias que emergiram da fala das entrevistadas. Também foram analisadas as respostas à pergunta: "Onde ou de quem a senhora obteve informações sobre a menopausa?". Os conhecimentos sobre menopausa e Terapia Hormonal (TH) foram avaliados através de um escore calculado com base nas respostas fornecidas para três perguntas sobre o tema. As variáveis independentes foram as características sociodemográficas, hábitos de saúde e antecedentes ginecológicos. A análise estatística foi realizada através dos testes de Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis e Modelo Linear Generalizado. Resultados: a média etária das entrevistadas foi de 52,5 (+4,4) anos. Dessas, 16% estavam na pré-menopausa, 16% na perimenopausa e 68% estavam na pós-menopausa. Cento e quarenta e seis mulheres (19,5%) tinham antecedente de uso atual ou prévio de TH. De acordo com 67,5% das entrevistadas, o conceito de menopausa englobava alterações no ciclo menstrual e nos hormônios. Para 48% das entrevistadas, menopausa significava a ocorrência de alterações físicas, como "calores e ressecamento vaginal", e "envelhecimento". Para 22,7%, menopausa representava alterações psicológicas. O conceito de menopausa esteve associado a alguma alteração da sexualidade para 7,6% das entrevistadas. Aproximadamente 18% não tinham ideia do que significava menopausa. Quanto às fontes de informação, amigos, parentes e conhecidos foram os mais citados (44,5%). Médicos ou serviços de saúde vieram em seguida, mencionados por 44,3% das mulheres. Televisão ou rádio foram citados por 22,0%, revistas, jornais ou livros foram citados por 14,0% e a internet foi citada como fonte de informação sobre a menopausa por 6,8% das mulheres. O escore final de conhecimento variou entre +1 e +11, com uma média de 4,59 (+1,86) e uma mediana de 4. Mulheres com maior escolaridade (ß = 0,64; p 3 partos normais (ß= -0,61; p < 0,001) e com maior Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) (ß = -0,02; p= 0,046) apresentaram menor conhecimento. Conclusões: a maioria das mulheres de meia-idade residentes na RMC relacionava o termo "menopausa" a eventos fisiológicos, porém uma parcela significativa delas os vivenciava de maneira negativa. O conhecimento sobre menopausa e TH demonstrado pelas entrevistadas foi baixo. Fatores pessoais relacionados a uma maior exposição à informação qualificada parecem se associar a um maior conhecimento sobre menopausa e TH. Aparentemente, há uma demanda reprimida por informação sobre os diversos aspectos da transição menopausal entre mulheres brasileiras de meia-idade.(AU)

Abstract: Introduction: The climacteric syndrome is defined as a set of symptoms resulting from the interaction between endocrine, sociocultural, and psychological factors that occur in the aging woman. The search for specialized help and the use of some therapeutic method may be directly related to the level of knowledge that an individual acquires about a certain topic. Objectives: to evaluate the opinion about the meaning of the word menopause, the knowledge about the theme, the factors associated with the level of knowledge and to know the sources of information for middle-aged women living in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas (MRC). Methods: a population-based cross-sectional study was conducted with 749 women aged 45-60 years, residing in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas ¿ Brazil. The answers to the question "What is menopause?" were typed and coded, and categories that emerged from the interviewees¿ own speech were created. The answers to the question: "Where or from whom did you get information about menopause?" were also analyzed. Knowledge about menopause and hormone therapy (HT) was evaluated using a numerical score based on the answers given to 3 questions that had several response options. The independent variables were sociodemographic characteristics, personal habits, and gynecological background. Statistical analysis was carried out by Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and a generalized linear model. Results: the mean age was 52.5 (±4.4) years. Of them, 16% were premenopausal, 16% were perimenopausal and 68% were postmenopausal. One hundred and forty-six women (19.5%) had a history of current or previous use of HT. According to 67.5% of the interviewees, the concept of menopause encompassed changes in the menstrual cycle and hormones. For 48% of the interviewees, menopause meant physical changes such as "hot flushes and vaginal dryness" (42.5%), and "aging and getting old" (5.5%). For 22.7%, menopause represented psychological changes. The concept of menopause was associated with some change in sexuality for 7.6% of the interviewees. Approximately 18% could not explain and had no idea about what menopause meant. Regarding the sources of information, 44.5% of the women attributed this knowledge to friends and relatives. Doctors or health services were mentioned by 44.3% of women. Television or radio was cited by 22.0%; magazines, newspapers, or books was cited by 14.0%; and the internet was cited by 6.8% of women. The final score for knowledge about menopause ranged from +1 to +11, with a mean of 4.59 (±1.86) and a median of 4. Women with higher levels of schooling (?=0.64, p<0.001); with higher socioeconomic status (?=0.47, p<0.002); with vaginal dryness (?=0.47, p=0.003); who consumed alcohol (?=0.61, p=0.006); who use or had ever used any type of treatment to counteract menopausal symptoms (?=0.41, p=0.008); with anxiety (?=0.35, p=0.037); and with depression (?=0.31, p=0.043) possessed greater knowledge about menopause and HT. Women with a higher number (?3) of vaginal deliveries (?=-0.61, p<0.001) and a higher BMI (?=-0.02, p=0.046) possessed less knowledge about menopause and HT. Conclusions: most middle-aged women living in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas relate the term "menopause" to physiological events, but a significant portion of them experience them in a negative way. The knowledge about menopause and HT demonstrated by the interviewees was low. Personal factors related to a greater exposure to qualified information seem to be associated with greater knowledge about menopause and HT. There appears to be a suppressed demand for information on the various aspects of the menopausal transition among middle-aged Brazilian women(AU)

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Resumo O presente estudo reflete sobre o trajeto da histologia na transição do século XIX para o XX, em Portugal e em Espanha, para estabelecer um paralelo entre as contribuições de Santiago Ramón y Cajal e Marck Athias, ambos determinantes para o desenvolvimento da medicina experimental na Península Ibérica, reconhecidos como pilares de uma nova mentalidade científica europeia, na alvorada do século XX. Neste estudo de caso, refletimos sobre as vicissitudes da construção da ciência na “periferia” europeia, no contexto da categoria historiográfica centro-periferia desenvolvida pelo grupo Science and Technology in the European Periphery (Step), confrontando a realidade ibérica com o modelo de ciência alemã, no período em estudo.

Abstract The trajectory of histology at the cusp of the twentieth century in Portugal and Spain is investigated to draw a parallel between the contributions of Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Marck Athias, both of whom were instrumental in the development of experimental medicine in the Iberian Peninsula and recognized as pillars of a new European scientific mindset at the dawn of the twentieth century. In this case study we reflect on the vicissitudes of the construction of science in the “periphery” of Europe, in the context of the historiographical category of center-periphery developed by STEP (Science and Technology in the European Periphery), contrasting the reality in Iberia with the model of German science in the period under study.

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The trajectory of histology at the cusp of the twentieth century in Portugal and Spain is investigated to draw a parallel between the contributions of Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Marck Athias, both of whom were instrumental in the development of experimental medicine in the Iberian Peninsula and recognized as pillars of a new European scientific mindset at the dawn of the twentieth century. In this case study we reflect on the vicissitudes of the construction of science in the "periphery" of Europe, in the context of the historiographical category of center-periphery developed by STEP (Science and Technology in the European Periphery), contrasting the reality in Iberia with the model of German science in the period under study.

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RESUMO Crianças com deficiência múltipla sensorial podem não desenvolver a linguagem de forma efetiva, pois a combinação de deficiências tende a reduzir a participação em seu meio e prejudicar o desenvolvimento da linguagem. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar os processos interacionais, ou seja, os comportamentos de atenção (atenção à pessoa, atenção ao objeto e atenção conjunta) e comunicativos, entre uma aluna com deficiência múltipla sensorial (4 anos e 6 meses de idade) e sua professora, especializada na área da surdocegueira e deficiência múltipla sensorial. Os dados foram coletados durante atividades em sala de aula, por meio de observação participante e de gravações audiovisuais da interação/díade, e analisados com auxilio do programa ATLAS.TI. Os resultados apontaram que a aluna apresentou atenção ao objeto, em atividades que envolveram música e ritmo. Como potencial forma de comunicação não verbal, observou-se olhar, movimentos corporais e vocalização. As formas de comunicação da professora foram verbal, toque, visual, auditiva (ritmo) e sinais de Língua Brasileira de Sinais. A aluna apresentou potenciais trocas de turnos apenas quando a ação foi iniciada pela professora. A qualidade das atividades, os materiais utilizados e a participação mostraram ter impacto sobre os níveis de atenção e comunicação. Mais pesquisas devem considerar esses resultados, como forma de definir quais as atividades que podem contribuir para apoiar o desenvolvimento e a qualidade de vida das crianças com deficiência múltipla sensorial. Assim, professor e fonoaudiólogo devem conhecer a forma como cada criança se comunica e manterem-se alertas para os comportamentos não verbais, a fim de estabelecerem uma comunicação efetiva.

ABSTRACT Children with multiple sensory disabilities may not develop the language effectively, given that the combination of disabilities tends to reduce their participation in the environment and harm language development. The objective of this research was to analyze the interaction processes, i.e., the attention (attention to the person, attention to the object and joint attention) and communicative behaviors between a student with multiple disabilities (age: 4 years and 6 months) and her teacher specialized in the field of sensory multiple disabilities. The data were collected during activities in the classroom, through participant observations and audiovisual recordings of teacher/child interactions and analyzed with the ATLAS.TI program. The results indicated that the student showed attention to the object in activities involving music and rhythm. As potential forms of nonverbal communication it was observed eye gaze body movement and vocalizations. The teacher forms of communication were verbal, touch, visual, auditory (rhythm) and Brazilian Sign Language. The student presented potential turn-taking only when the action was initiated by the teacher. The quality of the activities, the materials used and the participation showed to have impact on the levels of attention and communication. More researches should consider these results as a way to define which activities that can contribute to support the development and quality of life of children with sensory multiple disabilities. Thus, teacher and speech/language therapist should know the way each child communicates and to be alert to nonverbal behaviors as a way to establish effective communication.

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The insect fat body is a multifunctional organ analogous to the vertebrate liver. The fat body is involved in the metabolism of juvenile hormone, regulation of environmental stress, production of immunity regulator-like proteins in cells and protein storage. However, very little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in fat body physiology in stingless bees. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome of the fat body from the stingless bee Melipona scutellaris. In silico analysis of a set of cDNA library sequences yielded 1728 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and 997 high-quality sequences that were assembled into 29 contigs and 117 singlets. The BLAST X tool showed that 86% of the ESTs shared similarity with Apis mellifera (honeybee) genes. The M. scutellaris fat body ESTs encoded proteins with roles in numerous physiological processes, including anti-oxidation, phosphorylation, metabolism, detoxification, transmembrane transport, intracellular transport, cell proliferation, protein hydrolysis and protein synthesis. This is the first report to describe a transcriptomic analysis of specific organs of M. scutellaris. Our findings provide new insights into the physiological role of the fat body in stingless bees.

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A etiologia da doença do sono era desconhecida até o início do século XX. Essa doença tipicamente africana em breve se tornaria o principal obstáculo à colonização europeia. O envio de missões científicas às colônias para seu estudo in loco tornou-se inevitável. Portugal enviou a primeira missão de estudo, a Angola, em 1901, e a Royal Society of London apoiou duas missões britânicas de estudo da doença, em Entebe. O resultado dessas investigações estabeleceu uma controvérsia, na qual Portugal esteve envolvido de 1898 a 1904, no circuito nacional e internacional, objeto de análise deste artigo.

The etiology of sleeping sickness was unknown until the early twentieth century. This African disease soon became the main obstacle to European colonization. Sending scientific missions to the colonies to monitor its progression in loco thus became inevitable. Portugal sent the first research mission to Angola in 1901, and the Royal Society of London sponsored two British missions to study the disease in Entebbe (1902 and 1903). Their results led to a controversy in which Portugal was involved from 1898 to 1904, on the national and international circuits, analysed in this article.

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The etiology of sleeping sickness was unknown until the early twentieth century. This African disease soon became the main obstacle to European colonization. Sending scientific missions to the colonies to monitor its progression in loco thus became inevitable. Portugal sent the first research mission to Angola in 1901, and the Royal Society of London sponsored two British missions to study the disease in Entebbe (1902 and 1903). Their results led to a controversy in which Portugal was involved from 1898 to 1904, on the national and international circuits, analysed in this article.

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As ciências ômicas tratam da análise global dos sistemas biológicos, integrando diferentes áreas do conhecimento, como a bioquímica, genética, fisiologia e computação, com o objetivo de isolar e caracterizar genes, proteínas e metabólitos, assim como estudar as interações entre eles, com base em técnicas experimentais, softwares e bancos de dados. A bioinformática por sua vez, propõe novas formas de ciência baseada na experimentação in silico, sendo muito dinâmica na sua atualização e fornecendo a base para geração de novos dados e conhecimentos que podem ser aplicados na pesquisa básica e na aplicada com o desenvolvimento de novos produtos e soluções. Este processo está intimamente relacionado à inovação tecnológica, que é conseguida unindo-se a biotecnologia e a bioinformática. Contudo, o objetivo desta revisão é apresentar uma pequena abordagem dos recursos de bioinformática aplicados às ciências ômicas, como genômica, transcriptômica, proteômica, interatômica, metabolômica, farmacogenômica, dentre outras.

The omic sciences had a wide point of view of the biological systems, integrating different knowledgement areas, as biochemistry, genetics and physiology, with the aim of isolation and characterization of genes, proteins and metabolites as well study their interactions, based on experimental techniques, softwares and data banks. Bioinformatics proposes a new science, which is based on in silico experimentation, being very dynamic in its update and also can provides the basis for generation of new data and knowledge that can be applied in basic research and applied to the development of new products and solutions. This process is closely related to technological innovation, which is achieved joining biotechnology and bioinformatics. However, the objective of this review is to present a small approach of bioinformatics resources applied to the omics science, like genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, interatomics, metabolomics, pharmacogenomics, among others.

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