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Introducción. Estudios previos evidencian problemas de salud mental en estudiantes de pre-grado de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM). Objetivo. Evaluar si existen diferencias entre la frecuencia de problemas de salud mental entre los estudiantes de primer año, y el resto de años de estudio, en alumnos de las cinco escuelas profesionales de la Facultad de Medicina de la UNMSM. Métodos. Estudio transversal. Se utilizaron instrumentos validados para evaluar problemas de salud mental: intento suicida, pensamiento homicida, conducta disocial, problemas con el alcohol, depresión y angustia. Adicionalmente, se midieron niveles de resiliencia. Se incluyeron estudiantes de todas las escuelas profesionales de la Facultad de Medicina, en dos grupos de análisis: estudiantes de primer año y estudiantes de los otros años. Resultados. Se evidenció que en alumnos de primer año se encontró un 7,5% de intento suicida, 18,9% de conducta disocial y 21,9% de pensamiento homicida de prevalencia de vida. Asimismo, se encontró un 4,8% de problemas con el alcohol, 8,5% de depresión y 3,2% de angustia de prevalencia periódica. La frecuencia de problemas de salud mental fue mayor según transcurrieron los años de estudio, aunque con diferencias estadísticamente significativas sólo en depresión, angustia y problemas con el alcohol. El 29,3% de encuestados tuvo bajo nivel de resiliencia. Conclusión. Se encontraron frecuencias preocupantes de problemas de salud mental en los estudiantes de pregrado de la Facultad de Medicina de la UNMSM, aunque un porcentaje de alumnos ya ingresa a la universidad afectado por ellos. El entorno universitario sería factor agravante en depresión, ansiedad y problemas con el alcohol.
Introduction. Previous studies pointed out mental health problems in undergraduate health students of school of medicine from Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM). Objective. To assess if there are differences between the frequency of mental health problems between first-year students and other years students from five professional schools of the UNMSM school of medicine. Methods. A cross-sectional study. Validated instruments were used to assess mental health problems: suicidal intent, homicidal thinking, disocial behavior, alcoholism, depression and anguish. In addition, levels of resilience were evaluated. Students from all professional schools of the Faculty of Medicine were included in two analysis groups: first-year students and other years students. Results. 7,5% of suicide attempts, 18,9% of disocial behavior and 21,9% of homicidal thinking lifetime prevalence were found in first-year students. Similarly, 4,8% of alcoholism, 8,5% of depression and 3,2% of anxiety point prevalence were found on same group of study. The frequency of mental health problems was higher according to the years of study, with statistically significant differences only in depression, anxiety and alcoholism. 29,3% of respondents have a low level of resilience Conclusion. Concerning frequencies of mental health problems were found in undergraduate students of UNMSM School of Medicine, although a percentage of students were admitted in university with mental health problems. The university environment would be an aggravating factor in depression, anxiety and alcohol problems.
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Introducción. La violencia en la escuela de medicina es frecuente, pero poco estudiada en estudiantes de los primeros ciclos. Objetivo. Determinar la percepción de violencia y estrés en estudiantes del 1er año de medicina de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), 2016. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en 133/160 (83,1%) de estudiantes matriculados en el 1er año de la escuela de medicina de la UNMSM. Se utilizó un instrumento validado. Resultados. Algún tipo de violencia se percibió en 127 estudiantes (95,5%), como agresión verbal 91%, exclusión social 84,2%, física 58,6%, maltrato entre iguales 84,2%, conducta sexual maliciosa y acoso en 41,4%. El estrés se reportó en 94% de los estudiantes, generalmente por la exigencia de los estudios, seguido de problemas familiares. Conclusiones. La percepción de violencia y estrés en estudiantes de primer año de la escuela de medicina fue elevada, las causas más frecuentes fueron la agresión verbal, exclusión social y maltrato entre iguales.
Introduction. Violence in medical school is a frequent phenomenon but little studied in students of the first cycles. Objective. To determine the perception of bullying and stress by students of the 1st year of medicine of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), 2016. Methods. Descriptive cross - sectional study carried out in 133/160 (83%) students enrolled in 1st year of medicine school at UNMSM. A validated instrument was used. Results. The students perceived some type of violence in 95,5% (127 students), like verbal aggression in 91%, social exclusion 84,2%, physical 58,6%, bullying 84,2% and, malicious sexual conduct and harassment in 41,4%. The stress was reported in 94% of students, usually due to the demands of the studies, followed by family problems. Conclusions. The perception of violence and stress by first year students of medicine school was high, the most frequent cause were the verbal aggression, social exclusion and bullying.
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Introducción. En las últimas décadas, en nuestro país se están produciendo cambios en la estructura poblacional por edad, uno de los más importantes es el incremento de la población adulta mayor. Objetivos. Determinar la percepción de vivir un envejecimiento exitoso e identificar algunas variables asociadas con dicha percepción en los docentes adultos mayores de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Métodos. Estudio transversal y correlacional. Muestra de 106 docentes adultos mayores seleccionados por conveniencia, entre septiembre a noviembre 2017. Se utilizó el Inventario de Envejecimiento Exitoso de Meredith Troutman proporcionada por la propia autora. Resultados. La edad media fue de 67,38 ± 5,77 con un rango de 60 a 87 años. El 67% estaban casados; 47,7% vivía con su pareja y familiares, sólo cuatro docentes (3,8%) vivían solos sin ningún apoyo. El 70,1%(74) labora en la universidad 26 o más años; el 46,7%(50) son asociados; el 64,2%(68) es a tiempo parcial; el 46,7%(49) tiene maestría y el 26,4%(28) pertenecen a la ONP Ley 20530. El 76,3% de los docentes adultos mayores declararon que perciben un envejecimiento exitoso. Las dimensiones que más aportan al envejecimiento exitoso fueron mecanismos funcionales de rendimiento (88,7%) seguido de satisfacción con la vida (71,7%) y de los factores intrapsíquicos (69,5%). Conclusiones. El envejecimiento exitoso es mayoritario en los docentes adultos mayores de la facultad de medicina probablemente como consecuencia de un proceso de adaptación a los cambios propios del envejecimiento y a una intensa actividad intelectual previa a esta etapa.
Introduction. In our country changes are taking place in the structure by age in the last decades, one of the most important is the increase of the older adult population. Objectives. To determine the perception of living a successful aging and identify some variables associated with this perception in the elderly teachers of the Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Methods. Cross-sectional and correlational study. Sample of 106 older adult teachers selected for convenience, from september to november 2017. The Successful Aging Inventory of Meredith Troutman was used by the author. Results. The mean age was 67,38 ± 5,77 with a range between 60 to 87 years. 67% were married; 47,7% lived with their partner and relatives, only four teachers (3,8%) lived alone without any support. 70,1% (74) work in the university for 26 years or more; 46,7% (50) are associates; 64,2% (68) work as part time; 46,7% (49) have a masters degree and 26,4% (28) belong to the ONP Law 20530. 76,3% of the elderly teachers declared that they perceive a successful aging. The dimensions that contribute most to successful aging were functional mechanisms of performance (88,7%) followed by satisfaction with life (71,7%) and intrapsychic factors (69,5%). Conclusions. Successful aging is a majority in the elderly teachers of the faculty of medicine, probably as a result of a process of adaptation to the changes of aging and to an intense intellectual prior activity to this stage.
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BACKGROUND: Dengue and yellow fever (YF) viruses are closely related members of the Flaviviridae family. Given the inherent similarities between the YF vaccine and dengue vaccine (CYD-TDV) candidate, it is possible that the latter could interfere with the response to the licensed YF vaccine when coadministered. METHODS: In this randomized, observer-blind, controlled, phase III trial, conducted in Colombia and Peru, 787 toddlers were administered YF vaccine concomitantly with CYD-TDV (group 1) or placebo (group 2), followed by CYD-TDV after 6 and 12 months. YF and dengue neutralizing antibody titers were determined using a 50% plaque reduction neutralization test. Noninferiority was demonstrated if the lower limit of the 2-sided 95% confidence interval of the difference in seroconversion rates [(YF + CYD-TDV) - YF alone] was greater than -10%. The safety of both vaccines was also assessed. RESULTS: Concomitant administration of YF with either CYD-TDV or placebo yielded YF seroconversion rates of 100.0% and 99.7%, respectively. The difference in YF seroconversion rates between the 2 groups was 0.33% (95% confidence interval:0.98; 1.87), demonstrating that the immune response against YF administered concomitantly with CYD-TDV was noninferior to YF administered with placebo. After 2 injections of CYD-TDV, the percentage of participants with dengue titres ≥10 (1/dil) for the 4 dengue serotypes were 91.2%-100% for group 1 and 97.2%-100% in group 2. There were no safety concerns during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Concomitant administration of YF vaccine with CYD-TDV has no relevant impact on the immunogenicity or safety profile of the YF vaccine.
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Vacinas contra Dengue/efeitos adversos , Vacinas contra Dengue/imunologia , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricos , Vacina contra Febre Amarela/efeitos adversos , Vacina contra Febre Amarela/imunologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Vacinas contra Dengue/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Peru/epidemiologia , Vacinação/efeitos adversos , Vacina contra Febre Amarela/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Objetivos: Determinar las características del ciberbullying en escolares de 5° y 6° de primaria de colegios estatales y particulares, de Jesús María y Pueblo Libre. Diseño: Descriptivo transversal. Institución: Colegios estatales y particulares, de Jesús María y Pueblo Libre. Participantes: Alumnos de 5° y 6° de primaria. Intervenciones: En 826 alumnos de 5° y 6° de primaria, se aplicó una encuesta anónima de Rosario Ortega. Principales medidas de resultado: Análisis descriptivo y pruebas estadísticas de asociación. Resultados: Se comunicó ciberbullying en 24,7% de los alumnos; fue mayor en 6° grado y en colegios privados. La agresión por celular e internet ocurrió en 1,9% y hubo víctimas por celular en 6,3% y por internet 12%. La situación de victimas por internet se asoció a computadora en cuarto (p=0,019) y al uso de internet fuera de casa (p=0,000); fue mayor en colegios privados (p=0,002) y con el empleo de internet fuera de casa aumentó a 23,1% (p=0,032). Los varones agredieron más que las mujeres (p=0,000). Conclusiones: El ciberbullying fue más frecuente en alumnos de 6° de primaria de colegios privados. Las víctimas por internet fueron más frecuentes que por celular, y se asociaron a tener computadora en su cuarto o usarla fuera de casa. Predominó la agresión en los varones.
Objectives: To determine cyberbullying characteristics in Jesus Maria and Pueblo Libre districts 5th and 6th grade students from state and private schools. Design: Descriptive, cross sectional. Setting: Students from state and private schools. Participants: 5th and 6th grade students. Interventions: Rosario Ortegas anonymous survey was applied in 826 5th and 6th grade students. Main outcome measures: Descriptive analysis and statistical association tests. Results: Cyberbullying was reported in 24.7% students; it was higher in 6th grade, and in private schools. Aggressors by phone and internet were 1.9%, phone victims 6.3% and internet victims 12%. Internet victims condition was associated with having computer at their bedrooms (p=0.019) and using Internet outdoors (p=0.000); it was higher in private schools (p=0.002) and increased to 23.1% (p=0.032) when using Internet outdoors. Males assaulted more than females (p=0.000). Conclusions: Cyberbullying was more common in 6th grade students from private schools. Internet victims were more than phone victims; internet bullying was associated with having computer in their room or using it outdoors. Aggression predominated in males.
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OBJECTIVE: This trial assessed the safety of a fully liquid investigational hexavalent DTaP-IPV-Hep B-PRP-T vaccine containing 10 µg Hansenula polymorpha-derived recombinant hepatitis B (hep B) antigen for primary vaccination of infants at 2, 4 and 6 months of age compared with licensed comparators. METHODS: Participants received the DTaP-IPV-Hep B-PRP-T vaccine (group 1, N = 1422) or licensed DTwP-Hep B//Hib (Tritanrix-Hep B/Hib) and oral poliovirus vaccines (group 2, N = 711). The incidence of severe fever (≥ 39.6°C rectal equivalent) in the 2 groups was compared statistically; reactogenicity was evaluated from parental reports. Anti-Hep B antibody titers were measured in a subset of participants (no hepatitis B vaccination at birth) 1 month after dose 3. RESULTS: The investigational vaccine was well tolerated. After any dose, fever (rectal equivalent temperature ≥ 38°C) was observed in 74.8% and 92.7% of participants in groups 1 and 2; severe fever was observed in 4.0% and 5.5% of participants. Solicited injection site and systemic reactions were numerically less frequent in group 1 than group 2, although this difference was not assessed statistically. In both groups, all participants included in the immunogenicity analysis achieved anti-Hep B ≥ 10 mIU/mL and ≥ 96.2% of participants achieved anti-Hep B ≥ 100 mIU/mL, although geometric mean titer was approximately 3-fold lower for the investigational vaccine. CONCLUSION: This new, fully liquid acellular pertussis hexavalent vaccine demonstrated less reactogenicity than the licensed comparator whole cell pertussis vaccine and was highly immunogenic for the new Hep B valence.
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Vacina contra Difteria, Tétano e Coqueluche/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Anti-Haemophilus/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra Hepatite B/administração & dosagem , Vacina Antipólio de Vírus Inativado/administração & dosagem , Toxoide Tetânico/administração & dosagem , Vacina contra Difteria, Tétano e Coqueluche/efeitos adversos , Vacina contra Difteria, Tétano e Coqueluche/imunologia , Feminino , Vacinas Anti-Haemophilus/efeitos adversos , Vacinas Anti-Haemophilus/imunologia , Vacinas contra Hepatite B/efeitos adversos , Vacinas contra Hepatite B/imunologia , Humanos , Esquemas de Imunização , Imunização Secundária , Lactente , Masculino , México , Peru , Vacina Antipólio de Vírus Inativado/efeitos adversos , Vacina Antipólio de Vírus Inativado/imunologia , Toxoide Tetânico/efeitos adversos , Toxoide Tetânico/imunologia , Vacinas Combinadas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Combinadas/efeitos adversos , Vacinas Combinadas/imunologiaRESUMO
Planteamiento del problema: Los medios de información masiva frecuentemente comunican casos de violencia escolar expresada como bullying y con menor frecuencia ciberbullying. Objetivos: Conocer las características del ciberbullying en escolares de colegios nacionales y privados de 2 distritos de Lima. Diseño: Estudio transversal analítico, con método de encuesta. Instituciones: Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú; y Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brasil. Participantes: Estudiantes de primaria y secundaria. Metodología: Se realizó una encuesta a 2 596 estudiantes de 5° de primaria a 5° de secundaria, de dos colegios privados y seis colegios nacionales. El instrumento de Rosario Ortega fue modificado y validado con la prueba de Cronbach (0,872). Contó con la aprobación del Comité de Ética y de los directivos institucionales. Se contó con el asentimiento de los participantes y el respeto de las consideraciones éticas de la investigación en seres humanos. Principales medidas de resultados: Características del ciberbullying. Resultados: Se encontró ciberbullying en 27,7 por ciento de los alumnos encuestados: 21 por ciento en colegios nacionales y 41,2 por ciento en privados. Los agresores y las víctimas por celular y por internet fueron más frecuentes en los colegios privados. Tener celular, computadora en el cuarto, acceso a internet fuera de casa y trabajo remunerado fueron factores de riesgo de ciberbullying. Los agresores por celular y por internet eran preferentemente de sexo masculino y del nivel secundario. Contar con celular se relacionó con agresión por este medio, mientras que acceder a internet fuera de casa facilitó la agresión por internet. Conclusiones: La presencia de ciberbullying resultó muy alta, por lo que debe ser considerado un problema de salud pública; es más frecuente en los colegios privados que en los nacionales, y se aprecia desde el nivel primario.
Problem: The mass media often reports cases of school violence expressed as bullying and less frequently as cyberbullying. Objectives: To determine cyberbullying characteristics in public and private school children from two Lima districts as well as factors associated with electronic aggression. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; and Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brasil. Participants: Elementary and high school students. Methods: Cross-sectional survey in 2596 5th grade of elementary school to 5th grade of high school students from two private and six public schools. The Rosario Ortega measuring instrument was modified and validated with Cronbach test (0.872). The study was approved by the Ethics Committee and school principals. It also received the assent of participants and was respectful of ethical considerations in human research. Main outcome measures: Cyberbullying characteristics. Results: Cyberbullying was reported in 27.7 per cent of the students surveyed, 21 per cent in public schools and 41.2 per cent in private schools. Aggressors and victims with cell phone and internet were more common in private schools. To have cell phones, computers in their rooms, internet access out of home and paid work were risk factors for cyberbullying. Cell phone and internet attackers were predominantly male and high schoolers. Having a cell phone was associated with aggression with this device, and outdoor internet access facilitated internet aggression. Conclusion: Presence of cyberbullying was very high, and should be considered a public health problem. It was more common in private schools than in public schools, and existed beginning at primary level.
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Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Feminino , Agressão , Comportamento Social , Internet , Tecnologia da Informação , Estudos TransversaisRESUMO
Objetivo. Describir el uso de antibióticos en niños de 2 a 12 meses de edad en entornos donde estos medicamentos se pueden obtener sin prescripción. Métodos. Se analizaron los datos de un estudio de cohorte efectuado entre septiembre del 2006 y diciembre del 2007 en 1 023 niños menores de 2 meses de la zonaperiurbana de Lima, Perú, cuyo seguimiento se realizó hasta el año de edad. Resultados. De los 1 023 niños, 770 (75,3%) tomaron 2 085 tandas de tratamiento antibiótico. Se registraron dos tandas por niño por año (rango 012). Las tasas más elevadas de uso de antibióticos se encontraron en los niños de 3 a 6 meses (37,2%). Los niños recibieron antibióticos para 8,2% de los resfriados comunes, 58,6% de las faringitis, 66,0% de las bronquitis, 40,7% de las diarreas, 22,8% de las dermatitis y 12,0% de las obstruccionesbronquiales. La prescripción de un médico fue la razón más frecuente para el uso de antibióticos (90,8%). Se comprobó el uso de medicamentos sin prescripción en 6,9% de los niños, y en 63,9% de ellos este fue precedido por una prescripción médica. Conclusiones. En el entorno estudiado, los niños menores de 1 año a menudo estánexpuestos a los antibióticos. El abuso de los antibióticos es frecuente ante enfermedades como faringitis, bronquitis, obstrucción bronquial y diarrea, pero por lo general es inadecuado (83,1% de las tandas de tratamiento antibiótico) según las etiologías más comunes en este grupo etario. Las intervenciones dirigidas a mejorar el uso de los antibióticos deben concentrarse en los médicos, ya que la prescripción médica fue la razón más común para el uso de antibióticos.
Objective. To describe the use of antibiotics in Peruvian children under 1 year in a setting where they are available without a prescription. Methods. Data were analyzed from a cohort study between September 2006 and December 2007 of 1 023 children < 2 months old in periurban Lima, Peru, followed until they were 1 year old. Results. Seven hundred seventy of 1 023 (75.3%) children took 2 085 courses of antibiotics. There were two courses per child per year (range 012). Higher rates of antibiotic usewere found in children 36 months old (37.2%). Antibiotics were given to children for 8.2% of common colds, 58.6% of all pharyngitis, 66.0% of bronchitis, 40.7% of diarrheas, 22.8%of dermatitis, and 12.0% of bronchial obstructions. A physicians prescription was the most common reason for antibiotic use (90.8%). Medication use without a prescription was found in 6.9% of children, and in 63.9% of them it was preceded by a physicians prescription. Conclusions. Infants are often exposed to antibiotics in this setting. Overuse of antibiotics is common for diagnoses such as pharyngitis, bronchitis, bronchial obstruction, and diarrhea but is typically inappropriate (83.1% of courses) based on the most common etiologies for this age group. Interventions to improve the use of antibiotics should focus on physicians, since a physicians prescription was the most common reason for antibiotic use.
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Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Promoção da Saúde , Prescrição Inadequada/estatística & dados numéricos , Bem-Estar do Lactente , Padrões de Prática Médica/estatística & dados numéricos , Papel do Médico , Responsabilidade Social , Saúde Suburbana , Bronquite/tratamento farmacológico , Bronquite/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Resfriado Comum/tratamento farmacológico , Resfriado Comum/epidemiologia , Dermatite/tratamento farmacológico , Dermatite/epidemiologia , Diarreia Infantil/tratamento farmacológico , Diarreia Infantil/epidemiologia , Uso de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Seguimentos , Peru/epidemiologia , Faringite/tratamento farmacológico , Faringite/epidemiologia , Infecções Urinárias/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Urinárias/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe the use of antibiotics in Peruvian children under 1 year in a setting where they are available without a prescription. METHODS: Data were analyzed from a cohort study between September 2006 and December 2007 of 1 023 children < 2 months old in periurban Lima, Peru, followed until they were 1 year old. RESULTS: Seven hundred seventy of 1 023 (75.3%) children took 2 085 courses of antibiotics. There were two courses per child per year (range 0-12). Higher rates of antibiotic use were found in children 3-6 months old (37.2%). Antibiotics were given to children for 8.2% of common colds, 58.6% of all pharyngitis, 66.0% of bronchitis, 40.7% of diarrheas, 22.8% of dermatitis, and 12.0% of bronchial obstructions. A physician's prescription was the most common reason for antibiotic use (90.8%). Medication use without a prescription was found in 6.9% of children, and in 63.9% of them it was preceded by a physician's prescription. CONCLUSIONS: Infants are often exposed to antibiotics in this setting. Overuse of antibiotics is common for diagnoses such as pharyngitis, bronchitis, bronchial obstruction, and diarrhea but is typically inappropriate (83.1% of courses) based on the most common etiologies for this age group. Interventions to improve the use of antibiotics should focus on physicians, since a physician's prescription was the most common reason for antibiotic use.