RESUMO
A Doença Hepática Gordurosa Não Alcoólica (DHGNA) é caraterizada por diversas alterações morfológicas e metabólicas, ocasionada por uma dieta rica em gordura saturada, com carboidratos simples e pobre em fibras, induzindo a peroxidação lipídica nas mitocôndrias dos hepatócitos e na produção de diversas Espécies Reativas de Oxigênios (EROs), resultando em lesões, apoptoses e necroses hepatocelular. Os compostos alimentares ricos em antioxidantes vêm demonstrando efetiva ação contra as EROs, em especial os polifenóis, amendoins e nas uvas vermelhas, além da suplementação de forma isolada e encapsulada para atingir doses significativamente terapêutica. Deste modo, o objetivo dessa revisão sistemática foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação de resveratrol sobre a DHGNA. As bases de dados usadas foram: Scientific Eletrônic Library Online (SCIELO), National Library of Medicine (PUBMED), Literatura Latino-Americana, Caribe e Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e as palavras-chave empregadas foram: "fígado gorduroso" ("fatty liver"), "resveratrol", "antioxidante" ("antioxidant") e "polifenól" ("Polyphenols"), com data de publicação entre os anos de 2013-2020. Das 11 pesquisas selecionadas, 4 foram realizadas em humanos e 7 realizadas em animais, nos humanos foram utilizadas as maiores doses (50mg-600mg), enquanto que nos animais as menores (25mg-100mg). De forma geral, nota-se que a intervenção com os animais deram maiores resultados. Conclui-se que o efeito do resveratrol na DHGNA possui maior benefício em modelos animais do que em humanos, fato que pode ser explicado através do melhor controle sobre a suplementação
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is characterized by several morphological and metabolic alterations, caused by a diet rich in saturated fat, with simple carbohydrates and low in fibers, inducing lipid peroxidation in the mitochondria of hepatocytes and in the production of several Reactive Species of Oxygen (ROS), resulting lesions, apoptosis, and hepatocellular necrosis. Food compounds rich in antioxidants have been showing effective action against ROSs, especially polyphenols, more specifically resveratrol, found in blackberries, peanuts, and red grapes, in addition to supplementation in an isolated and encapsulated form to achieve significantly therapeutic doses. Thus, the objective of this systematic review was to assess the effects of resveratrol supplementation on NAFLD. The databases used were: Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), National Library of Medicine (PUBMED), Latin American Literature, Caribbean and Health Sciences (LILACS) and the keywords used were: "fatty liver" (" fatty liver ")," resveratrol "," antioxidant "(" antioxidant ") and" polyphenol "(" Polyphenols "), with a publication date between the years 2013-2020. Of the 11 selected studies, 4 were carried out in humans and 7 carried out in animals, in humans the highest doses (50mg-600mg) were used, while in animals the smallest (25mg-100mg). In general, it is noted that the intervention with the animals gave greater results. It is concluded that the effect of resveratrol on NAFLD has a greater benefit in animal models than in humans, a fact that can be explained by better control over-supplementation
RESUMO
Karyotypic analyses on three species of the Leptodactylus from Brazil showed 2n=24 in L. cf. marmoratus, 2n=23 in Leptodactylus sp. (aff. bokermanni), and 2n=26 in L. hylaedactylus, with distinct numbers of bi and uni-armed chromosomes. Leptodactylus cf. marmoratus presented a variation as regard to the morphology of pair 12. All specimens of L. cf. marmoratus had Ag-NOR in pair 6, confirmed by FISH, but the sample from one of the localities presented additional Ag-NOR, in one of the chromosomes 8. In Leptodactylus sp. (aff. bokermanni) and L. hylaedactylus the chromosome pairs bearing Ag-NOR are 11 and 7, respectively. The C banding patterns are predominantly centromeric, but only in L. marmoratus this heterochromatin appeared very brilliant with DAPI. On the other hand, bright labelling was noticed with CMA(3) in the three species, on the Ag-NOR site. The data obtained here are in accordance with the proposed phylogeny to the genus, and the chromosomal analyses in these Leptodactylus showed that the karyotype evolution was based mainly in centric fusion and pericentric inversion.
Assuntos
Antígenos Nucleares/genética , Anuros/classificação , Anuros/genética , Cromossomos/genética , Evolução Molecular , Filogenia , Animais , Brasil , Bandeamento Cromossômico , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Cariotipagem , Região Organizadora do NucléoloRESUMO
Comparative cytogenetic analyses were carried out in six species of Brachycephalidae from southeastern Brazil. Barycholos ternetzi, Eleutherodactylus binotatus, Eleutherodactylus guentheri, Eleutherodactylus juipoca, Eleutherodactylus parvus and Eleutherodactylus sp. have 2n=22 karyotypes with a marked variation in the morphology of chromosome pairs 8, 10 and 11, which are of telocentric or metacentric types, resulting in FN=38, 40 and 44. Eleutherodactylus have a single chromosome pair bearing Ag-NOR, i.e. pair 1 in E. binotatus, pair 6 in E. guentheri and E. parvus, and pair 11 in E. juipoca and Eleutherodactylus sp. In contrast, B. ternetzi showed Ag-positive sites in the chromosome pairs 1, 4, 5, 9 and 11, and only one to three labelings per metaphase in each individual. Nevertheless, the main chromosome pair with Ag-NOR in the species seems to be the 11th, like in E. juipoca and Eleutherodactylus sp. The NOR site was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique in E. binotatus and in B. ternetzi, bearing 1p1p and 9p11p11p Ag-NOR pattern, respectively. All the species exhibited predominantly centromeric C-banding pattern, but interstitial bands have also been observed in some cases. In E. binotatus, there is an indication of geographical difference in the distribution of the interstitial C-bands. The fluorochromes GC-specific chromomycin A(3) (CMA(3)) and AT-specific 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), with distamycin A (DA) counterstaining, provided the molecular content of some repetitive regions in the karyotypes of the species. One male of E. binotatus presented an extensive heteromorphism, involving at least five different pairs, probably as a consequence of multiple reciprocal translocations. Such rearrangements might be responsible for the multivalent chain seen in the meiosis of this specimen, as well as in another male, although not exhibiting chromosome heteromorphism. The remaining males and those belonging to the other species have always shown 11 bivalents in diplotene and metaphase I cells. In all male specimens, metaphases II presented 11 chromosomes. Despite the observed discrepancies, the five species of Eleutherodactylus have a great uniformity in the 2n=22 karyotypes, suggesting an assemblage of species from southeastern and southern Brazil, in contrast to northern and northeastern assemblage which is characterized by higher diploid numbers. Undoubtedly, B. ternetzi could be included in that proposed assemblage, due to its karyotypic similarity with the Eleutherodactylus species, as evidenced in the present study. This fact strongly supports the close relationships of both genera, previously inferred on the basis of several characters shared by their species.
Assuntos
Anuros/classificação , Anuros/genética , Bandeamento Cromossômico/métodos , Animais , Antígenos Nucleares , Brasil , Cromossomos/genética , Feminino , Corantes Fluorescentes/metabolismo , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Cariotipagem/métodos , Masculino , Proteínas Nucleares , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
We performed cytogenetic analyses on specimens from three population samples of Proceratophrys boiei from southeastern and northeastern Brazil. We stained chromosomes of mitotic and meiotic cells with Giemsa, C-banding and Ag-NOR methods. All specimens of P. boiei presented a karyotype with a full chromosome complement of 2n=22, metacentric and submetacentric. We observed the secondary constriction within the short arm of pair 8, which was in the same position of the nucleolus organizer region (NOR). NOR heteromorphism was observed within two specimens from the municipality of Mata de São João (northeastern Bahia State). The C-banding evidenced an unusual heterochromatic pattern in the genome of P. boiei. In the southern most population samples (São Paulo State), we observed large blocks of heterochromatin in the centromeric regions of all chromosomes, whereas the northernmost samples (Bahia State) presented a small amount of constitutive heterochromatin. We suppose that this geographic variation in heterochromatin quantities could be due to heterochromatinization of some chromosome regions in the genome of the São Paulo samples. Furthermore, females from São Paulo presented, within chromosome pair 1 from C-banded karyotypes, one homologous chromosome almost heterochromatic, whereas males had heterochromatin restricted to the centromeric region. This unusual heterochromatic arrangement led us to assume that P. boiei owns a ZZ/ZW type of sexual determination system. This finding is very important, as this is the first record of ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes within Cycloramphidae. We believe that the cytogenetic differences found between southeastern and northeastern Brazilian population samples of P. boiei strongly supports the existence of a species complex under the name P. boiei, and the requirement of taxonomic and systematic reviews by morphological, bioacoustical, molecular, and cytogenetic data could define this taxonomic issue in the future.
Assuntos
Anfíbios/genética , Bandeamento Cromossômico , Cromossomos Sexuais/genética , Animais , Brasil , Classificação , Feminino , Heterocromatina , Masculino , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMO
A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Hyla pulchella species group was performed to test its monophyly, explore the interrelationships of its species, and evaluate the validity of the taxa that were considered subspecies of H. pulchella. Approximately 2.8 kb from the mitochondrial genes 12s, tRNA valine, 16s, and Cytochrome b were sequenced. The analysis included 50 terminals representing 10 of the 14-15 species currently recognized in the H. pulchella group, including samples from several localities for some taxa, several outgroups, as well as two species previously suspected to be related with the group (Hyla guentheri and Hyla bischoffi). The results show that the H. pulchella and Hyla circumdata groups are distantly related, and, therefore, should be recognized as separate groups. As currently defined, the H. pulchella group is paraphyletic with respect to the Hyla polytaenia group; therefore, we recognize the Hyla polytaenia clade in the H. pulchella group. Two subspecies of H. pulchella recognized by some authors are considered full species including Hyla pulchella riojana because it is only distantly related to H. pulchella, and Hyla pulchella cordobae because molecular and non-molecular evidence suggests that it is specifically distinct. With the inclusion of the H. polytaenia clade, H. guentheri, and H. bischoffi, and the recognition of the two former subspecies of H. pulchella as distinct species, the H. pulchella group now comprises 25 described species. All representatives of the H. pulchella group with an Andean distribution are monophyletic and nested within a clade from the Atlantic forest from south-southeastern Brazil/northeastern Argentina, and Cerrado gallery forest from central Brazil.
Assuntos
Anuros/genética , Filogenia , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Primers do DNA , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Geografia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Análise de Sequência de DNA , América do SulRESUMO
Cytogenetic analyses were done on specimens of Hyla marginata and on three populations of H. semiguttata differing in morphology and in the physical parameters of their advertisement call, as well as in individuals of Hyla sp. (aff. semiguttata). All specimens had 2n=24 chromosomes with a morphology very similar to that of other 24-chromosome Hyla species. Hyla semiguttata and H. marginata showed the same C-banding pattern but were distinguished by the location of the NOR on pair 1 in H. semiguttata (in the three populations) and Hyla sp. (aff. semiguttata), and on pair 10 in H. marginata. The H. semiguttata populations did not differ cytogenetically, despite variations in their morphology and advertisement calls. Similarly, H. semiguttata and H. p. joaquini studied previously had identical C-banding patterns and NOR locations, suggesting that they are very closely related.
Assuntos
Anuros/genética , Animais , Anuros/anatomia & histologia , Brasil , Bandeamento Cromossômico , Cromossomos , Diploide , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Heterocromatina , Cariotipagem , Masculino , Região Organizadora do Nucléolo/metabolismo , Coloração pela Prata , Especificidade da Espécie , Vocalização AnimalRESUMO
In this paper, we provide a cytogenetic analysis of Eleutherodactylus guentheri, E. parvus and E. binotatus. All of the species had a diploid chromosomal number of 2n = 22. The karyotypes of E. guentheri and E. parvus were very similar and differed only slightly in the morphology of pair 2. These two species also had an NOR-bearing secondary constriction on the long arms of pair 6. The karyotype of E. binotatus differed from those of E. guentheri and E. parvus in the morphology and size of the chromosomes, in the number of chromosomal arms, in the NOR location (detected on the short arms of pair 1), and in the pattern of heterochromatin. These results reinforce the differences between E. guentheri and E. binotatus and support the existence of two species group. Five individuals of E. binotatus showed morphs for pairs 2 and 3. These morphs probably arose from the translocation of a segment from one chromosome of pair 3 to a homologue of pair 2. In addition, some mitotic metaphases of E. binotatus showed spontaneous chromosomal breaks which suggested that there were sites of fragility. Meiotic diakinesis showed multiple chromosomal rings, indicating the occurrence of multiple translocations, as previously reported by other investigators. These data suggest that, in addition to fission and fusion, other chromosomal rearrangements were probably involved in the differentiation of the karyotypes of these species of Eleutherodactylus, especially E. binotatus.