RESUMO
Toxic baits are the most efficient method to control leaf-cutter ants in eucalyptus forests for paper and cellulose production. For the proper use of these baits, insecticide compounds must reach workers and contaminate them. Thus, understanding how these baits are processed inside the nests is vital for a successful control, especially when it comes to genus Acromyrmex. Lack of information on toxic baits and on contamination of Acromyrmex workers raises the question: do workers from subspecies Acromyrmex subterraneus (Forel) prepare leaves and toxic baits in similar ways for their fungus garden? To answer it, this study described and analyzed the behavioral repertoire executed by A. subterraneus workers during the preparation of leaf disks and baits and their incorporation into the fungus garden. Results show that the act of licking the substrate was the most frequently executed behavior, regardless of subspecies or size categories. Moreover, additional behaviors have been observed when workers processed the baits, such as licking and scraping their jaws on the surface of the bait pellet, as well as licking and biting fragments of bait pellets, moistening them. Thus, it is concluded that the preparation of baits is different from that of leaves; baits are more processed and can therefore contribute to contaminating workers via insecticides.
Assuntos
Formigas/fisiologia , Comportamento Animal , Inseticidas , Folhas de Planta , Animais , FungosRESUMO
Our study seeks to discover contamination routes of leaf-cutting worker ants during chemical control by formicide baits. To do so, toxic baits containing fat-soluble tracer dye were provided to colonies of three subspecies of Acromyrmex under laboratory conditions, in order to assess the proportion of dyed workers by size category, as well as dyed internal morphological structures. Results showed that nearly 50% of the workers come into contact with the active ingredient, since the internal structures of their bodies are dyed by the fat-soluble tracer dye within the first 24 h from contact with the toxic bait. In addition, the three subspecies of leaf-cutting ants present a similarity as to the contamination of their workers, probably due to their specialized behavior performed during the growth of the fungus garden with the baits. We conclude that the workers' pattern of behavior during fungus garden growth was the main means for dispersion of a fat-soluble substance among approximately half of the nest mates in our experiments, serving as a model for further studies on contamination of worker ants with insecticides.
Assuntos
Formigas , Corantes/análise , Inseticidas , Controle de Pragas/métodos , Comportamento Social , Animais , BrasilRESUMO
Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.) L.P. Queiroz is an endemic Caatinga (Brazilian savannah biome) species that has been exploited for different purposes, although information is necessary about still existing natural populations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity among 20 P. pyramidalis individuals occurring in a population localized in the Caatinga biome of Paraíba State, aiming at seed collection, using RAPD markers. For the DNA extraction, young shoots of the individuals were used, and amplification was carried out using 20 primers. The obtained markers were converted to a binary matrix, from which a genetic dissimilarity matrix was built using the arithmetic complement of Jaccard's coefficient, and the dendrogram was built by the UPGMA analysis. No amplified fragment was monomorphic, resulting in 100% polymorphism of the analyzed population. The mean genetic diversity among the matrices was 63.28%, ranging from 30.9 to 97.7%. Individuals 09 and 17 showed relevant genetic proximity, and thus planting their seedlings at close sites would not be indicated. The population evaluated in this study showed high genetic diversity, originating twelve groups from the UPGMA hierarchical cluster analysis. Based on the results, individuals 09 and 17 can provide plant material for the evaluation of the physiological performance of P. pyramidalis seeds, and the set of individuals of this population has a high genetic diversity that characterizes them as adequate matrices for projects of restoration and conservation of the seed species.
Assuntos
Fabaceae/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Fabaceae/classificação , FilogeniaRESUMO
O resultado final de sistemas de produção de gado de corte é verificado nas carcaças. No Brasil, entretanto, é raro o frigorífico que separa os produtos conforme a qualidade, principalmente na região Nordeste. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as carcaças bovinas na região oeste da Bahia em duas épocas distintas do ano (chuvosa e seca) de acordo com o Sistema Nacional de Tipificação de Carcaças Bovinas (SNTCB). As avaliações foram realizadas em frigorífico sob Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF), em Barreiras, Bahia. Foram amostradas 1.000 carcaças, metade no período seco (agosto) e o restante no período chuvoso (dezembro). Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva, obtendo-se média e erro padrão de cada variável-resposta. A época do ano não influenciou o abate em relação ao gênero dos animais, havendo equilíbrio entre machos inteiros (44%) e fêmeas (42%), com pouca participação de machos castrados (14%). O grau de maturidade dos animais abatidos foi elevado, sendo que cerca de 70% possuía acima de quatro dentes incisivos permanentes. As carcaças variaram quanto ao acabamento entre escores 2 e 4, sendo que 32% apresentaram cobertura de gordura escassa (escore ≤ 2) na época seca e 52% na época chuvosa. A estiagem prolongada afetou os resultados. Os dados de conformação indicaram mais de 90% das carcaças analisadas como retilíneas, sub-convexas e convexas, sendo que a maior parte delas pesou menos de 16@, peso mínimo recomendado pelo frigorífico. Foram tipificadas pela letra I 64% das carcaças analisadas, penúltima escala qualitativa no sistema oficial (B-R-A-S-I-L). Independente da época do ano, os bovinos abatidos na região oeste da Bahia resultaram em carcaças com reduzido padrão de qualidade em virtude do elevado grau de maturidade, conformação e acabamento inadequados e baixo peso. Melhoramento genético e manejo apropriado são necessários para a produção de carcaças de mais alto padrão de qualidade...
The final result of beef cattle production systems is verified in carcasses. However, in Brazil the cold storage facility rarely separates the products according to quality, especially in the northeastern region of the country. The objective of this study was to evaluate beef carcasses from the western region of Bahia during two seasons (rainy and dry) of the year according to the National Beef Carcass Grading System (Sistema Nacional de Tipificação de Carcaças Bovinas - SNTCB). The evaluations were performed at a cold storage facility in Barreiras, Bahia, which is monitored by the Federal Inspections Service (Serviço de Inspeção Federal - SIF). A total of 1,000 carcasses, half during the dry season (August) and the other half during the rainy season (December), were sampled. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis and the mean and standard error of each response variable were obtained. The season of the year did not influence the sex of the animals slaughtered, with a balance between intact males (44%) and females (42%) and little participation of castrated males (14%). The degree of maturity of the slaughtered animals was high, with about 70% of the animals possessing more than four permanent incisors. The carcasses varied in terms of finishing from scores 2 to 4; 32% had a low fat cover (score ≤ 2) in the dry season and 52% in the rainy season. Prolonged drought affected the results. The conformation data indicated more than 90% of the carcasses to be rectilinear, subconvex and convex and most of them weighed less than 240 kg, the minimum weight recommended by cold storage facilities. Sixty-four percent of the carcass analyzed were graded as letter I, the penultimate score of the official system (B-R-A-S-I-L). Regardless of the season of the year, cattle slaughtered in the western region of Bahia resulted in low-quality carcasses due to the high degree of maturity, inadequate conformation and finishing, and low weight of the animals...
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Matadouros/ética , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Clima Tropical , Melhoramento Genético/métodosRESUMO
O resultado final de sistemas de produção de gado de corte é verificado nas carcaças. No Brasil, entretanto, é raro o frigorífico que separa os produtos conforme a qualidade, principalmente na região Nordeste. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as carcaças bovinas na região oeste da Bahia em duas épocas distintas do ano (chuvosa e seca) de acordo com o Sistema Nacional de Tipificação de Carcaças Bovinas (SNTCB). As avaliações foram realizadas em frigorífico sob Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF), em Barreiras, Bahia. Foram amostradas 1.000 carcaças, metade no período seco (agosto) e o restante no período chuvoso (dezembro). Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva, obtendo-se média e erro padrão de cada variável-resposta. A época do ano não influenciou o abate em relação ao gênero dos animais, havendo equilíbrio entre machos inteiros (44%) e fêmeas (42%), com pouca participação de machos castrados (14%). O grau de maturidade dos animais abatidos foi elevado, sendo que cerca de 70% possuía acima de quatro dentes incisivos permanentes. As carcaças variaram quanto ao acabamento entre escores 2 e 4, sendo que 32% apresentaram cobertura de gordura escassa (escore ≤ 2) na época seca e 52% na época chuvosa. A estiagem prolongada afetou os resultados. Os dados de conformação indicaram mais de 90% das carcaças analisadas como retilíneas, sub-convexas e convexas, sendo que a maior parte delas pesou menos de 16@, peso mínimo recomendado pelo frigorífico. Foram tipificadas pela letra I 64% das carcaças analisadas, penúltima escala qualitativa no sistema oficial (B-R-A-S-I-L). Independente da época do ano, os bovinos abatidos na região oeste da Bahia resultaram em carcaças com reduzido padrão de qualidade em virtude do elevado grau de maturidade, conformação e acabamento inadequados e baixo peso. Melhoramento genético e manejo apropriado são necessários para a produção de carcaças de mais alto padrão de qualidade...(AU)
The final result of beef cattle production systems is verified in carcasses. However, in Brazil the cold storage facility rarely separates the products according to quality, especially in the northeastern region of the country. The objective of this study was to evaluate beef carcasses from the western region of Bahia during two seasons (rainy and dry) of the year according to the National Beef Carcass Grading System (Sistema Nacional de Tipificação de Carcaças Bovinas - SNTCB). The evaluations were performed at a cold storage facility in Barreiras, Bahia, which is monitored by the Federal Inspections Service (Serviço de Inspeção Federal - SIF). A total of 1,000 carcasses, half during the dry season (August) and the other half during the rainy season (December), were sampled. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis and the mean and standard error of each response variable were obtained. The season of the year did not influence the sex of the animals slaughtered, with a balance between intact males (44%) and females (42%) and little participation of castrated males (14%). The degree of maturity of the slaughtered animals was high, with about 70% of the animals possessing more than four permanent incisors. The carcasses varied in terms of finishing from scores 2 to 4; 32% had a low fat cover (score ≤ 2) in the dry season and 52% in the rainy season. Prolonged drought affected the results. The conformation data indicated more than 90% of the carcasses to be rectilinear, subconvex and convex and most of them weighed less than 240 kg, the minimum weight recommended by cold storage facilities. Sixty-four percent of the carcass analyzed were graded as letter I, the penultimate score of the official system (B-R-A-S-I-L). Regardless of the season of the year, cattle slaughtered in the western region of Bahia resulted in low-quality carcasses due to the high degree of maturity, inadequate conformation and finishing, and low weight of the animals...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Matadouros/ética , Melhoramento Genético/métodos , Clima TropicalRESUMO
AIM: This study aims to evaluate the bonding effectiveness of self-etch and etch-and-rinse adhesive systems in on intact and ground primary tooth enamel. STUDY DESIGN: Sixty primary incisors were divided into 6 groups according to the adhesive system (etch-and-rinse - Adper Single Bond 2 - SB, 2 steps self-etch -Clearfil SE Bond - SE, and 1 step self-etch - One Up Bond F Plus OBF) and to the substrate (ground or intact enamel): G1-SB/intact enamel; G2-SE/intact enamel; G3- OBF/intact enamel; G4-SB/ground enamel; G5- SE/ground enamel and G6-OBF/ground enamel. METHODS: Microshear bond test specimens were prepared with microhybrid composite and after 24h of water storage the microshear test was performed. STATISTICS: Data were submitted to statistical analysis using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (p<0.05). RESULTS: Comparing the enamel characteristics (ground or intact) only when SE was used a statistically significant difference was found, as G2 (21.12+/-4.52) was statistically lower than G5 (33.29+/-5.44). Among the intact enamel groups, SB (26.11+/-7.56) was statistically superior to SE (21.12+/-4.52) and OBF (17.01+/-3.96). However, when comparisons were made among groups of ground enamel, SE (33.29+/-5.44) was significantly higher than SB (26.35+/-8.18) and OBF (17.52+/-3.46). CONCLUSION: The two-step self-etch adhesive system is a reliable alternative to etch and rinse adhesive systems on both ground and intact primary enamel.
Assuntos
Colagem Dentária , Cimentos Dentários , Esmalte Dentário , Análise de Variância , Humanos , Microscopia Eletrônica de VarreduraRESUMO
The ORF strain of Cysticercus longicollis represents an important model for the study of heterologous antigens in the immunodiagnosis of neurocysticcreosis (NC). The immunoperoxidase (IP) technique was standardized using a particulate antigen suspension of Cysticercus longicollis (Cl) and Cysitcercus cellulosae (Cc). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were incubated on the antigen fixed to microscopy slides; the conjugate employed was anti-IgG-peroxidase and the enzymatic reaction was started by covering the slides with chromogen solution (diaminobenzidine/H2O2). After washing with distilled water, the slide was stained with 2% malachite green in water. Of the CSF samples from 21 patients with NC, 19 (90.5%) were positive, whereas the 8 CSF samples from the control group (100%) were negative. The results of the [P-C] test applied to 127 CSF samples from patients with suspected NC showed 28.3% reactivity as opposed to 29.1% for the IP-Cc test. The agreement index for the IP test (Cl x Cc) was 94.2%, with no significant difference between the two antigens.