RESUMO
Abstract Introduction: Electrocochleography has recently emerged as a diagnostic tool in cochlear implant surgery, purposing hearing preservation and optimal electrode positioning. Objective: In this experimental study, extra-cochlear potentials were obtained during cochlear implant surgery in guinea pigs. The aim was to determine electrophysiological changes indicating cochlear trauma after cochleostomy and after electrode implantation in different insertion depths. Methods: Normal-hearing guinea pigs (n = 14) were implanted uni- or bilaterally with a multichannel electrode. The extra-cochlear cochlear nerve action potentials were obtained in response to acoustic stimuli at specific frequencies before and after cochleostomy, and after introduction of the electrode bundle. After the electrophysiological experiments, the guinea pigs were euthanized and microtomography was performed, in order to determine the position of the electrode and to calculate of the depth of insertion. Based on the changes of amplitude and thresholds in relation to the stimulus frequency, the electrophysiological data and the position obtained by the microtomography reconstruction were compared. Results: Cochleostomy promoted a small electrophysiological impact, while electrode insertion caused changes in the amplitude of extra-cochlear electrophysiological potentials over a wide range of frequencies, especially in the deepest insertions. There was, however, preservation of the electrical response to low frequency stimuli in most cases, indicating a limited auditory impact in the intraoperative evaluation. The mean insertion depth of the apical electrodes was 5339.56 μm (±306.45 - 6 inserted contacts) and 4447.75 μm (±290.23 - 5 inserted contacts). Conclusions: The main electrophysiological changes observed during surgical procedures occurred during implantation of the electrode, especially the deepest insertions, whereas the cochleostomy disturbed the potentials to a lesser extent. While hearing loss was often observed apical to the cochlear implant, it was possible to preserve low frequencies after insertion. © 2020 Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Resumo Introdução: A eletrococleografia surgiu recentemente como uma ferramenta diagnóstica na cirurgia de implante coclear, objetiva a preservação da audição e o posicionamento ideal dos eletrodos. Objetivo: Determinar as alterações eletrofisiológicas indicativas de trauma coclear após a cocleostomia e após o implante do eletrodo em diferentes profundidades de inserção. Método: Neste estudo experimental, potenciais extracocleares foram obtidos durante a cirurgia de implante coclear em cobaias. Cobaias com audição normal (n = 14) foram implantadas uni- ou bilateralmente com eletrodo multicanal. Os potenciais de ação do nervo coclear extracoclear foram obtidos em resposta a estímulos acústicos em frequências específicas antes e após a cocleostomia e após a introdução do feixe de eletrodos. Após os experimentos eletrofisiológicos, as cobaias foram submetidas à eutanásia e a microtomografia foi feita para determinar a posição do eletrodo e calcular a profundidade de inserção. Com base nas mudanças de amplitude e limiares em relação à frequência do estímulo, os dados eletrofisiológicos e a posição obtida na reconstrução microtomográfica foram comparados. Resultados: A cocleostomia promoveu um pequeno impacto eletrofisiológico, enquanto a inserção do eletrodo causou alterações na amplitude dos potenciais eletrofisiológicos extra-cocleares em uma ampla faixa de frequências, especialmente nas inserções mais profundas. Houve, entretanto, preservação da resposta elétrica aos estímulos de baixa frequência na maioria dos casos, indicou um impacto auditivo limitado na avaliação intraoperatória. A profundidade média de inserção dos eletrodos apicais foi 5339,56 μm (± 306,45 - 6 contatos inseridos) e 4447,75 μm (± 290,23 - 5 contatos inseridos). Conclusão: As principais alterações eletrofisiológicas observadas durante os procedimentos cirúrgicos ocorreram durante o implante do eletrodo, especialmente nas inserções mais profundas, enquanto a cocleostomia alterou os potenciais em menor grau. Embora a perda auditiva seja frequentemente observada em posição apical ao implante coclear, foi possível preservar as baixas frequências após a inserção.
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Electrocochleography has recently emerged as a diagnostic tool in cochlear implant surgery, purposing hearing preservation and optimal electrode positioning. OBJECTIVE: In this experimental study, extra-cochlear potentials were obtained during cochlear implant surgery in guinea pigs. The aim was to determine electrophysiological changes indicating cochlear trauma after cochleostomy and after electrode implantation in different insertion depths. METHODS: Normal-hearing guinea pigs (nâ¯=â¯14) were implanted uni- or bilaterally with a multichannel electrode. The extra-cochlear cochlear nerve action potentials were obtained in response to acoustic stimuli at specific frequencies before and after cochleostomy, and after introduction of the electrode bundle. After the electrophysiological experiments, the guinea pigs were euthanized and microtomography was performed, in order to determine the position of the electrode and to calculate of the depth of insertion. Based on the changes of amplitude and thresholds in relation to the stimulus frequency, the electrophysiological data and the position obtained by the microtomography reconstruction were compared. RESULTS: Cochleostomy promoted a small electrophysiological impact, while electrode insertion caused changes in the amplitude of extra-cochlear electrophysiological potentials over a wide range of frequencies, especially in the deepest insertions. There was, however, preservation of the electrical response to low frequency stimuli in most cases, indicating a limited auditory impact in the intraoperative evaluation. The mean insertion depth of the apical electrodes was 5339.56⯵m (±306.45 - 6 inserted contacts) and 4447.75⯵m (±290.23 - 5 inserted contacts). CONCLUSIONS: The main electrophysiological changes observed during surgical procedures occurred during implantation of the electrode, especially the deepest insertions, whereas the cochleostomy disturbed the potentials to a lesser extent. While hearing loss was often observed apical to the cochlear implant, it was possible to preserve low frequencies after insertion.
Assuntos
Implante Coclear , Implantes Cocleares , Animais , Cóclea/cirurgia , Implante Coclear/efeitos adversos , Implante Coclear/métodos , Implantes Cocleares/efeitos adversos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Cobaias , AudiçãoRESUMO
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Transcanal myringoplasty has the advantages of demanding lower operative time and minimal external incisions. It can be performed using the microscopic or endoscopic approach. In the last decade, the use of endoscopes in ear surgery has increased significantly. This technique may allow "around the corner" visualization of small recesses, through narrow spaces, without the aid of canalplasty in unfavorable ear canals. OBJECTIVE: To describe a case series of transcanal endoscopic myringoplasty performed in a university service. The characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of this technique are also discussed. METHODS: A case series study, based on the chart review of patients submitted to transcanal endoscopic myringoplasty in the period from January of 2012 to October of 2014. RESULTS: Data from 22 patients were analyzed. Tympanic perforation closure three months after surgery was observed in 86.4% of all patients. There was statistically significant improvement in pure tone average thresholds after surgery (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Transcanal endoscopic myringoplasty is a feasible, safe, and effective procedure; it can be an alternative to microscopic surgery.
Resumo Introdução: A miringoplastia realizada por via transcanal possui como vantagens a maior rapidez do procedimento e menor incisão externa, podendo ser realizada com auxílio de microscópio ou endoscópio. Na última década tem sido observado um aumento do uso de endoscópios na cirurgia otológica. Essa técnica pode permitir melhor visibilização de espaços encobertos e estreitos, sem necessidade canaloplastia em meatos desfavoráveis. Objetivo: Descrever uma série de casos de miringoplastia endoscópica transcanal, em um serviço universitário, discutindo suas particularidades, vantagens e desvantagens. Método: Estudo de série de casos, baseado na revisão de prontuários dos pacientes submetidos a miringoplastia com uso exclusivo de endoscópio rígido, no período de Janeiro de 2012 a Outubro de 2014. Resultados: Foram analisados os dados de 22 pacientes. Na otoscopia pós-operatória, foi observado fechamento da perfuração timpânica em 86,4% dos pacientes, após 3 meses da intervenção. Para a amostra estudada, foi observada melhora funcional estatisticamente significante da média dos limiares tonais (PTA) após a cirurgia (p < 0,001). Conclusão: A miringoplastia endoscópica transcanal é um procedimento seguro, factível e efetivo, podendo ser realizado como alternativa à cirurgia microscópica.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adulto , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Otológicos/métodos , Perfuração da Membrana Timpânica/cirurgia , Meato Acústico Externo/cirurgia , Endoscopia/métodos , Miringoplastia/métodos , Estudos Transversais , Estudos de Coortes , Resultado do Tratamento , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Minimamente Invasivos/métodos , Hospitais Universitários , Microcirurgia/métodosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Transcanal myringoplasty has the advantages of demanding lower operative time and minimal external incisions. It can be performed using the microscopic or endoscopic approach. In the last decade, the use of endoscopes in ear surgery has increased significantly. This technique may allow "around the corner" visualization of small recesses, through narrow spaces, without the aid of canalplasty in unfavorable ear canals. OBJECTIVE: To describe a case series of transcanal endoscopic myringoplasty performed in a university service. The characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of this technique are also discussed. METHODS: A case series study, based on the chart review of patients submitted to transcanal endoscopic myringoplasty in the period from January of 2012 to October of 2014. RESULTS: Data from 22 patients were analyzed. Tympanic perforation closure three months after surgery was observed in 86.4% of all patients. There was statistically significant improvement in pure tone average thresholds after surgery (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Transcanal endoscopic myringoplasty is a feasible, safe, and effective procedure; it can be an alternative to microscopic surgery.
Assuntos
Meato Acústico Externo/cirurgia , Endoscopia/métodos , Miringoplastia/métodos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Otológicos/métodos , Perfuração da Membrana Timpânica/cirurgia , Adulto , Criança , Estudos de Coortes , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Hospitais Universitários , Humanos , Masculino , Microcirurgia/métodos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Minimamente Invasivos/métodos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Initial study of the pig`s temporal bone anatomy in order to enable a new experimental model in ear surgery. METHODS: Dissection of five temporal bones of Sus scrofa pigs obtained from UNIFESP - Surgical Skills Laboratory, removed with hole saw to avoid any injury and stored in formaldehyde 10% for better conservation. The microdissection in all five temporal bone had the following steps: inspection of the outer part, external canal and tympanic membrane microscopy, mastoidectomy, removal of external ear canal and tympanic membrane, inspection of ossicular chain and middle ear. RESULTS: Anatomically it is located at the same position than in humans. Some landmarks usually found in humans are missing. The tympanic membrane of the pig showed to be very similar to the human, separating the external and the middle ear. The middle ear`s appearance is very similar than in humans. The ossicular chain is almost exactly the same, as well as the facial nerve, showing the same relationship with the lateral semicircular canal. CONCLUSION: The temporal bone of the pigs can be used as an alternative for training in ear surgery, especially due the facility to find it and its similarity with temporal bone of the humans.
Assuntos
Microdissecção/métodos , Osso Temporal/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Orelha Média/anatomia & histologia , Orelha Média/cirurgia , Microdissecção/educação , Modelos Anatômicos , Modelos Animais , Sus scrofa , Materiais de Ensino , Osso Temporal/cirurgiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To describe topographic and endoscopic anatomy of guinea pig ear for development of surgical approaches in experimental studies. METHODS: Experimental study. Eight adult guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) were used in this study. Four animals were described through endoscopic view and four animals were used to describe topographic anatomy. RESULTS: The main structures of middle ear were well identified through endoscopy view: oval and round window, ossicles and vascular structures. Temporal bone position, landmarks and its relations to skull are perceived with topographic description. CONCLUSION: Topographic anatomic description allowed exposition of temporal bone relations for external surgical approaches. Alternatively, grooves and middle ear structures were identified and may be used to transcanal accesses.
Assuntos
Orelha/anatomia & histologia , Orelha/cirurgia , Cirurgia Endoscópica por Orifício Natural/métodos , Pontos de Referência Anatômicos/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Cóclea/anatomia & histologia , Orelha Interna/anatomia & histologia , Orelha Interna/cirurgia , Orelha Média/anatomia & histologia , Orelha Média/cirurgia , Cobaias , Modelos Animais , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Osso Temporal/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Initial study of the pig`s temporal bone anatomy in order to enable a new experimental model in ear surgery. METHODS: Dissection of five temporal bones of Sus scrofa pigs obtained from UNIFESP - Surgical Skills Laboratory, removed with hole saw to avoid any injury and stored in formaldehyde 10% for better conservation. The microdissection in all five temporal bone had the following steps: inspection of the outer part, external canal and tympanic membrane microscopy, mastoidectomy, removal of external ear canal and tympanic membrane, inspection of ossicular chain and middle ear. RESULTS: Anatomically it is located at the same position than in humans. Some landmarks usually found in humans are missing. The tympanic membrane of the pig showed to be very similar to the human, separating the external and the middle ear. The middle ear`s appearance is very similar than in humans. The ossicular chain is almost exactly the same, as well as the facial nerve, showing the same relationship with the lateral semicircular canal. CONCLUSION: The temporal bone of the pigs can be used as an alternative for training in ear surgery, especially due the facility to find it and its similarity with temporal bone of the humans.
Assuntos
Orelha/cirurgia , Microdissecção/métodos , Osso Temporal/anatomia & histologia , Pontos de Referência Anatômicos , Animais , Orelha/anatomia & histologia , Nervo Facial/anatomia & histologia , Modelos Animais , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sus scrofa , Osso Temporal/cirurgia , Membrana Timpânica/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Hyperparathyroidism is an expected metabolic consequence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Ectopic and/or supernumerary parathyroid glands (PT) may be the cause of surgical failure in patients undergoing total parathyroidectomy (PTX). AIM: To define the locations of ectopic and supernumerary PT in patients with renal hyperparathyroidism and to correlate intraoperative findings with preoperative tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted with 166 patients submitted to PTX. The location of PT during surgery was recorded and classified as eutopic or ectopic. The preoperative localizations of PT found by ultrasonography (USG) and Tc99m-Sestamibi scintigraphy (MIBI) were subsequently compared with intraoperative findings. RESULTS: In the 166 patients studied, 664 PT were found. Five-hundred-seventy-seven (86.4%) glands were classified as eutopic and 91(13.6%) as ectopic. Eight supernumerary PT were found. The most common sites of ectopic PT were in the retroesophageal and thymic regions. Taken together, USG and MIBI did not identify 56 (61.5%) ectopic glands. MIBI was positive for 69,7% of all ectopic glands located in the mediastinal and thymic regions. CONCLUSION: The presence of ectopic and supernumerary PT in patients with renal hyperparathyroidism is significant. Although preoperative imaging tests did not locate most of ectopic glands, MIBI may be important for identifying ectopic PT in the mediastinal and thymic regions.
Assuntos
Coristoma , Hiperparatireoidismo/cirurgia , Glândulas Paratireoides/anormalidades , Paratireoidectomia , Adulto , Idoso , Coristoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Coristoma/patologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Hiperparatireoidismo/diagnóstico por imagem , Falência Renal Crônica/complicações , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cintilografia , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tecnécio Tc 99m Sestamibi , Falha de Tratamento , Ultrassonografia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Introdução: O hiperparatireoidismo é uma consequência metabólica esperada na doença renal crônica (DRC). Paratireoides (PT) ectópicas e/ou supranumerárias podem ser causa de falha cirúrgica nos pacientes submetidos à paratireoidectomia total (PTX). Objetivo: Definir cirurgicamente a localização das PT, em pacientes com hiperparatireoidismo associado à DRC, e correlacionar esses achados com os exames pré-operatórios. Materiais e métodos: Foi conduzido um estudo retrospectivo com 166 pacientes submetidos à PTX. A localização das PT no intraoperatório foi registrada, sendo classificada como tópica ou ectópica. A localização pré-operatória, definida pela ultrassonografia (USG) e pela cintilografia Tc99m-Sestamibi (MIBI), foi comparada com aos achados cirúrgicos. Resultados: Nos 166 pacientes, foram identificadas 664 PT. Foram classificadas como tópicas e ectópicas 577 (86,4%) e 91(13,6%) glândulas, respectivamente. Oito PT supranumerárias foram encontradas (7 tópicas e 1 ectópica). As localizações mais comuns de PT ectópicas foram as regiões retroesofágica e tímica. Associadas, a USG e a MIBI não identificaram 56 glândulas (61,5%) ectópicas. Entretanto, a MIBI foi positiva para 69,7% daquelas localizadas nas regiões tímicas e mediastinal. Conclusão: A presença de glândulas ectópicas e supranumerárias em pacientes com hiperparatireoidismo associado à DRC é significativa. Os exames de imagem pré-operatórios não localizaram a maioria das glândulas ectópicas. A MIBI pode ter importância na identificação de PT nas regiões tímica e mediastinal. .
Introduction: Hyperparathyroidism is an expected metabolic consequence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Ectopic and/or supernumerary parathyroid glands (PT) may be the cause of surgical failure in patients undergoing total parathyroidectomy (PTX). Aim: To define the locations of ectopic and supernumerary PT in patients with renal hyperparathyroidism and to correlate intraoperative findings with preoperative tests. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted with 166 patients submitted to PTX. The location of PT during surgery was recorded and classified as eutopic or ectopic. The preoperative localizations of PT found by ultrasonography (USG) and Tc99m-Sestamibi scintigraphy (MIBI) were subsequently compared with intraoperative findings. Results: In the 166 patients studied, 664 PT were found. Five-hundred-seventy-seven (86.4%) glands were classified as eutopic and 91(13.6%) as ectopic. Eight supernumerary PT were found. The most common sites of ectopic PT were in the retroesophageal and thymic regions. Taken together, USG and MIBI did not identify 56 (61.5%) ectopic glands. MIBI was positive for 69,7% of all ectopic glands located in the mediastinal and thymic regions. Conclusion: The presence of ectopic and supernumerary PT in patients with renal hyperparathyroidism is significant. Although preoperative imaging tests did not locate most of ectopic glands, MIBI may be important for identifying ectopic PT in the mediastinal and thymic regions. .
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Coristoma , Hiperparatireoidismo/cirurgia , Paratireoidectomia , Glândulas Paratireoides/anormalidades , Estudos Transversais , Coristoma/patologia , Coristoma , Coristoma , Hiperparatireoidismo , Hiperparatireoidismo , Falência Renal Crônica/complicações , Estudos Retrospectivos , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos , Falha de TratamentoRESUMO
Initial study of the pig`s temporal bone anatomy in order to enable a new experimental model in ear surgery. Dissection of five temporal bones of Sus scrofa pigs obtained from UNIFESP - Surgical Skills Laboratory, removed with hole saw to avoid any injury and stored in formaldehyde 10% for better conservation. The microdissection in all five temporal bone had the following steps: inspection of the outer part, external canal and tympanic membrane microscopy, mastoidectomy, removal of external ear canal and tympanic membrane, inspection of ossicular chain and middle ear. Anatomically it is located at the same position than in humans. Some landmarks usually found in humans are missing. The tympanic membrane of the pig showed to be very similar to the human, separating the external and the middle ear. The middle ear`s appearance is very similar than in humans. The ossicular chain is almost exactly the same, as well as the facial nerve, showing the same relationship with the lateral semicircular canal. The temporal bone of the pigs can be used as an alternative for training in ear surgery, especially due the facility to find it and its similarity with temporal bone of the humans.(AU)