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Although the effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs in secondary prevention is well-recognized, there is a lack of studies exploring the potential of mobile health to enhance educational interventions within CR. The objective is to assess the impact of a structured WhatsApp-assisted health educational intervention, in conjunction with the usual care, compared to the usual care alone among participants enrolled in a CR program. The trial will recruit 32 participants enrolled in a CR program, who will be randomly assigned to a structured WhatsApp-assisted health educational intervention plus usual care or usual care alone group. The intervention will span 4 weeks, with assessments at baseline, 4 weeks, and 3, 6, and 12 months. The primary outcome measure is the cardiovascular risk factors knowledge score. Secondary outcomes include physical activity levels, anxiety and depression, and quality of life. Expected results include improved knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors, increased physical activity levels, and better mental health outcomes in the intervention group. Additionally, an enhancement in the overall quality of life is anticipated. These findings are expected to underscore the value of integrating mHealth with traditional CR methods, potentially shaping future approaches in chronic disease management and prevention.

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The authors of this study inquire about the association between handgrip strength (HGS) and the risk of falls in physically active older women. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 135 women between 50 and 90 years of age who were referred for the follow-up evaluations of HGS using dynamometry and the Tinetti scale to determine the risk of falls. The mean age was 68.8 ± 8.5 years. A total of 31.9% of women had a high risk of falls, and 55% reported five or more falls in the past six months. In addition, our results indicated that grip strength decreases as risk of falls increases (minimal risk = 42.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 39.8, 45.8; moderate risk = 31.3, 95% CI: 29.1, 33.5; high risk = 21.9, 95% CI: 19.3, 24.6). It should be considered that in physically active women aged over 50 years, the grip strength could be a predictor of falls and risk of falls. Evaluation of grip strength is a low-cost type of assessment that can be included as a part of physical tests.

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Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is under-used, particularly in low-resource settings. There are few studies of barriers and facilitators to CR adherence in these settings, particularly considering multiple perspectives. In this multiple-method study, a cross-sectional survey including the Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale (each item scored on a five-point Likert scale) was administered to patients treated between February and July, 2019, in three CR centers in Colombia. A random subsample of 50 participants was invited to a focus group, along with an accompanying relative. Physiotherapists from the programs were invited to an interview, with a similar interview guide. Audio-recordings were transcribed and analyzed using interpretive description. A total of 210 patients completed the survey, and 9 patients, together with 3 of their relatives and 3 physiotherapists, were interviewed. The greatest barriers identified were costs (mean = 2.8 ± 1.6), distance (2.6 ± 1.6) and transportation (2.5 ± 1.6); the logistical subscale was highest. Six themes were identified, pertaining to well-being, life roles, weather, financial factors, healthcare professionals and health system factors. The main facilitators were encouragement from physiotherapists, relatives and other patients. The development of hybrid programs where patients transition from supervised to unsupervised sessions when appropriate should be considered, if health insurers were to reimburse them. Programs should consider the implications regarding policies of family inclusion.

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BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 19 (covid-19) pandemic has underscored the need to expedite clinical research, which may lead investigators to shift away from measuring patient-important outcomes (PIO), limiting research applicability. We aim to investigate if randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of covid-19 pharmacological therapies include PIOs. METHODS: We will perform a meta-epidemiological study of RCTs that included people at risk for, or with suspected, probable, or confirmed covid-19, examining any pharmacological treatment or blood product aimed at prophylaxis or treatment. We will obtain data from all RCTs identified in a living network metanalysis (NMA). The main data sources are the living WHO covid-19 database up to 1 March 2021 and six additional Chinese databases up to 20 February 2021. Two reviewers independently will review each citation, full-text article, and abstract data. To categorize the outcomes according to their importance to patients, we will adapt a previously defined hierarchy: a) mortality, b) quality of life/ functional status/symptoms, c) morbidity, and d) surrogate outcomes. Outcomes within the category a) and b) will be considered critically important to patients, and outcomes within the category c) will be regarded as important. We will use descriptive statistics to assess the proportion of studies that report each category of outcomes. We will perform univariable and multivariable analysis to explore associations between trial characteristics and the likelihood of reporting PIOs. DISCUSSION: The findings from this meta-epidemiological study will help health care professionals and researchers understand if the current covid-19 trials are effectively assessing and reporting the outcomes that are important to patients. If a deficiency in capturing PIOs is identified, this information may help inform the development of future RCTs in covid-19. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATIONS: Open Science Framework registration: osf.io/6xgjz .

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Cardiac rehabilitation is supported by the highest level of scientific evidence. However, less than 25% of those eligible to participate in a cardiac rehabilitation program initiate it; and of these, 50% drop out prematurely. A modified Spanish Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale (CRBS) has been translated, culturally adapted and validated in Colombia, however, the reliability remains to be evaluated. This study aimed to determine the internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the CRBS in a Colombian population. In total, 193 patients (67% men, average age = 65 ± 12 years) completed the scale twice, with an average of eight days between applications. Cronbach's Alpha and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated. The internal consistency of the Colombian version of the CRBS was acceptable (Cronbach's alpha = 0.84). The ICC of the CRBS was 0.69 (95% CI 0.61-0.76); 0.78 (95% CI 0.71-0.84) when the CRBS was completed by interview; and 0.47 (95% CI 0.21-0.67) when the CRBS was self-reported. The reliability of the interview version of the CRBS was substantial in the Colombian population; however, the reliability of the self-report version was lower. The use of this scale will allow developing strategies to increase participation and adherence to cardiac rehabilitation programs.

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BACKGROUND: There are no Colombian studies published that assess non-specific low back pain (NSLBP) risk factors in children. OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors associated with NSLBP in 73 children (19.2% girls) aged 10-12 years in one military school in Bucaramanga, Colombia. METHODS: A questionnaire was used to obtain information of risk factors. Subsequently, children's weight and height were measured. The backpack was weighed at the beginning of each day from Monday to Friday. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were calculated, with their respective 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: The one-month prevalence of NSLBP was 39.7% (95% CI 28.4-51.9). In the multivariate analysis, carrying backpacks wearing between 12% and 20% of body weight, having a perception that the backpack is very heavy, and being a passive smoker increase the likelihood of NSLBP, while being 11-year-old compared to 10-year-old decreases the likelihood of having NSLBP, adjusted for gender, body mass index, and history of LBP in parents. CONCLUSIONS: High prevalence of low back pain was found in children between 10 and 12 years old. The study of the decisive factors of low back pain is important to identify children at risk, as well as to develop efficient primary prevention programs.

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RESUMEN Introducción: el broncoespasmo inducido por el ejercicio (BIE) ocurre entre el 70 y 80 % de los asmáticos y su aparición es más frecuente al terminar una sesión de ejercicio físico, principalmente de intensidad vigorosa. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto agudo que puede tener el ejercicio físico de intensidad moderada sobre las variables espirométricas en sujetos asmáticos broncodilatados. Metodología: se realizó un estudio cuasi-experimental de tipo antes y después. Se incluyeron diez sujetos (edad promedio = 23 ± 4 años), los cuales fueron divididos en dos grupos: cinco sujetos asmáticos y cinco sanos. Los dos grupos realizaron 10 minutos de calentamiento, 20 minutos de ejercicio en banda sin fin al 60 % de la frecuencia cardíaca de entrenamiento, seguido de 5 minutos de recuperación. La función pulmonar fue evaluada antes del ejercicio y 15 minutos después del ejercicio. Resultados: se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre grupos (con asma 6 % vs. sin asma -1 %, p = 0,03) en los cambios pre y pos del ejercicio de la relación del volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo (VEF1) sobre la capacidad vital forzada (CVF). El análisis multivariado mostró que la CVF post ejercicio en el grupo con asma fue significativamente menor que el del grupo sin asma, ajustado por evaluación basal y masa corporal total. Conclusión: el ejercicio de intensidad moderada en banda sin fin, no mostró diferencias clínicamente significativas sobre los cambios del pre y post ejercicio de las variables espirométricas estudiadas, puesto que estos cambios en VEF1 o CVF no superaron el 10 % teniendo como referencia la evaluación basal.

SUMMARY Background: Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm (BIE) occurs in 70 % to 80 % of asthmatics and its occurrence is more frequent at the end of a session of physical exercise, mainly of vigorous intensity. Objective: To evaluate the acute effect of moderateintensity physical exercise on spirometric variables in asthmatic subjects. Methodology: A before-and-after type quasi-experimental design. Ten subjects were included (mean age= 23 ± 4 years), which were divided into two groups: five asthmatic subjects and five healthy subjects. Both groups performed 10 min of warm-up, 20 min of treadmill exercise at an intensity of 60 % of the Heart Rate Reserve, and a final cool-down of 5 minutes. Lung function was assessed before and 15 minutes after exercise. Results: There were statistically significant differences between groups (with asthma = 6 % vs. without asthma = -1 %, p = 0.03) in the pre-post-exercise changes of the ratio of the forced expiratory volume in one second and the forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC). The multivariate analysis showed that post-exercise FVC in subjects with asthma was significantly lower than in subjects without asthma, after adjusting for the baseline assessment and total body mass. Conclusion: Moderate-intensity exercise on a treadmill did not shows clinically significant differences on the changes pre-post exercise of the studied spirometric variables, since the changes on FEV1 or FVC did not exceed 10 % having as reference the baseline evaluation.

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Resumen Objetivo: describir las actitudes hacia el ejercicio físico y el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de actividad física de los profesionales de la salud pertenecientes a una Institución Prestadora de Salud (IPS) de Bucaramanga. Materiales y métodos:estudio descriptivo exploratorio, realizado en 33 sujetos (36,06 ± 7,77 años;72,73% mujeres) a los que se les aplicó un cuestionario que incluía 7 preguntas tipo Likert, dos de selección múltiple con única respuesta, y la versión corta del IPAQ.Resultados: la mayoría reporta tener una buena actitud hacia el ejercicio físico y el 42,4% cumple las recomendaciones de actividad física según la OMS. En el análisis exploratorio, la actitud asociada al cumplimiento de recomendaciones de actividad física fue: estoy conforme con la formación profesional en ejercicio físico que he recibido. Aquellos que reportaron estar en desacuerdo, muy en desacuerdo, ni en acuerdo ni en desacuerdo cumplían en menor proporción estas recomendaciones (p=0,039). Conclusiones: todos los evaluados consideran importante tener buenos hábitos de actividad física, prescribir ejercicio y además recomiendan AF para la prevención o manejo de enfermedades. Por otra parte se observó, que el no estar conforme con la formación académica recibida en ejercicio físico puede ser una barrera para el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de actividad física...(AU)

Objective: to describe attitudes towards exercise and compliance with the recommendations of Physical Activity (PA) of health professionals belonging to an Institutional Health Service Providers (IHSP) from Bucaramanga. Materials and methods: a descriptive exploratory study, conducted in 33 subjects (36.06 ± 7.77 years, 72.73% women) who were given a questionnaire that included 7 questions in a Likert-type scale, two multiple-choice single answers, and the short version of the IPAQ. Results: most reports have a good attitude towards physical exercise and 42.4% meet the recommendations of PA according to WHO. In the exploratory analysis, the attitude related to achieving the recommendations of physical activity was, I am satisfied with the education in physical exercise I have received. Those who reported disagree, strongly disagree, neither agree nor disagree met lesser extent these recommendations (p = 0.039). Conclusions: all the participants evaluated recommend having good physical activity habits, exercising, and also they suggest AF to prevent and deal with illnesses.On the other hand, it was noticed that not being satisfied with the academic knowledge learned about physical exercise can be an obstacle to follow all the physical activity recommendations...(AU)

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AIM: To determine the association between gross motor function and nutritional status in children with cerebral palsy (CP) residing in an urban area in a developing country. METHOD: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 177 children (ages 2-12y, 59.3% male) with a diagnosis of CP who were attending rehabilitation centres in Bucaramanga, Colombia (2012-2013). A physiotherapist evaluated patients using the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS, levels I to V). Nutritional status was evaluated by nutritionists and classified according to the World Health Organization growth charts. We used linear and multinomial logistic regression methods to determine the associations. RESULTS: There were 39.5%, 6.8%, 5.6%, 16.4%, and 31.6% patients classified in levels I to V respectively. The mean adjusted differences for weight-for-age, height-for-age, BMI-for-age, and height-for-weight z-scores were significantly larger for children classified in levels II to V compared with those in level I. The children classified in levels IV and V were more likely to have malnutrition (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 5.64; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.27-14.0) and stunting (OR 8.42; 95% CI 2.90-24.4) than those classified in GMFCS levels I to III. INTERPRETATION: Stunting and malnutrition are prevalent conditions among paediatric patients with CP, and both are directly associated with higher levels of gross motor dysfunction.

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Introducción: Los programas de rehabilitación cardiaca promueven cambios de estilo de vida y disminuyen la recurrencia de enfermedad y mortalidad en un 25%. No obstante, la tasa de asistencia a éstos varía entre el 7,5 al 29%, y cerca del 40 al 50% de los usuarios abandonan el tratamiento en forma prematura. Objetivo: describir las barreras encontradas en quienes participaron o no en programas de rehabilitación cardíaca después de ser sometidos a una revascularización percutánea. Métodos: estudio de corte transversal, realizado en treinta sujetos, a quienes se les aplicó la escala de barreras para la rehabilitación cardiaca, que usa preguntas tipo Likert, donde los puntajes más altos indican mayor percepción de barrera para participar en un programa de rehabilitación cardíaca. Resultados: Las mayores barreras por ítem fueron: «yo encuentro al ejercicio fatigante y/o doloroso¼, con un promedio de 2,86, seguido por «Yo hago actualmente ejercicio¼ y «Yo no sabía de la rehabilitación cardiaca¼ con un promedio de 2,73. El de menor puntaje fue: «Muchas personas sufren del corazón y no van¼, con 1,73. Presentaron más barreras quienes no asistieron a un programa de rehabilitación cardíaca (p < 0,05) que quienes sí lo hicieron; además las mayores barreras se encontraron en los dominios de necesidades percibidas y comorbilidades/estado funcional (p < 0,05). Lo anterior hace suponer falta de orientación y educación respecto a los beneficios que pueden obtener los usuarios al ingresar y adherirse a un programa de rehabilitación cardíaca, independiente de como se sientan o el tipo de limitación funcional que tengan.

Introduction: Cardiac rehabilitation programmes encourage lifestyle changes and reduce the recurrence of morbidity and mortality by 25 %. Nevertheless, attendance rate to such programmes varies between 7.5 and 29%, and around 40 to 50 % of users abandon the treatment during the early stages. Motivation: To describe the barriers found in those who participated or not in cardiac rehabilitation programmes after percutaneous revascularisation. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 30 patients, who were applied the barrier scale for cardiac rehabilitation, using Likert-type questions, where the highest scores indicated a bigger perception of the barrier to participate in a cardiad rehabilitation programme. Results: The major barriers per item were: «I find this exercise is tiring and/or painful¼ with an average of 2.86, followed by «I currently exercise¼ and «I did not know about cardiac rehabilitation¼ with an average of 2.73. The lowest score was: «Many people have heart problems and do not go¼, with 1.73. More barriers were shown in those who did not attend a cardiac rehabilitation programme (p < 0.05) than whose who did; in addition, most barriers were found in the fields of perceived needs and comorbidities/functional state (p < 0.05). This indicates a lack of orientation and education when it comes to the benefits that users could obtain by joining and participating in a cardiac rehabilitation programme, no matter how they feels or the type of functional limitations they may have.

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