RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The apparent high number of deaths in Argentina during the 2009 pandemic led to concern that the influenza A H1N1pdm disease was different there. We report the characteristics and risk factors for influenza A H1N1pdm fatalities. METHODS: We identified laboratory-confirmed influenza A H1N1pdm fatalities occurring during June-July 2009. Physicians abstracted data on age, sex, time of onset of illness, medical history, clinical presentation at admission, laboratory, treatment, and outcomes using standardize questionnaires. We explored the characteristics of fatalities according to their age and risk group. RESULTS: Of 332 influenza A H1N1pdm fatalities, 226 (68%) were among persons aged <50 years. Acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death. Of all cases, 249 (75%) had at least one comorbidity as defined by Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Obesity was reported in 32% with data and chronic pulmonary disease in 28%. Among the 40 deaths in children aged <5 years, chronic pulmonary disease (42%) and neonatal pathologies (35%) were the most common co-morbidities. Twenty (6%) fatalities were among pregnant or postpartum women of which only 47% had diagnosed co-morbidities. Only 13% of patients received antiviral treatment within 48 hours of symptom onset. None of children aged <5 years or the pregnant women received antivirals within 48 h of symptom onset. As the pandemic progressed, the time from symptom-onset to medical care and to antiviral treatment decreased significantly among case-patients who subsequently died (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Persons with co-morbidities, pregnant and who received antivirals late were over-represented among influenza A H1N1pdm deaths in Argentina, though timeliness of antiviral treatment improved during the pandemic.
Assuntos
Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1 , Influenza Humana/mortalidade , Influenza Humana/virologia , Pandemias , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Argentina/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Surtos de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of our study was to assess the new diagnostic criteria of acute kidney injury (AKI) proposed by the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) in a large cohort of mechanically ventilated patients. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: This is a prospective observational cohort study enrolling 2783 adult intensive care unit patients under mechanical ventilation (MV) with data on serum creatinine concentration (SCr) in the first 48 hours. The absolute and the relative AKIN diagnostic criteria (changes in SCr ≥ 0.3 mg/dl or ≥ 50% over the first 48 hours of MV, respectively) were analyzed separately. In addition, patients were classified into three groups according to their change in SCr (ΔSCr) over the first day on MV (ΔSCr): group 1, ΔSCr ≤ -0.3 mg/dl; group 2, ΔSCr between -0.3 and +0.29 mg/dl; and group 3, ΔSCr ≥ +0.3 mg/dl). The primary end point was in-hospital mortality, and secondary end points were intensive care unit and hospital length of stay, and duration of MV. RESULTS: Of 2783 patients, 803 (28.8%) had AKI according to both criteria: 431 only absolute (AKI(A)), 362 both relative and absolute (AKI(R+A)), and 10 only relative. The relative criterion identified more patients when baseline SCr (SCr0) was <0.9 mg/dl and the absolute when SCr0 was >1.5 mg/dl. The diagnosis of AKI was associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms the validity of the AKIN criteria in a population of mechanically patients and the criteria's relationship with the baseline SCr.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda/diagnóstico , Creatinina/sangue , Indicadores Básicos de Saúde , Respiração Artificial , Injúria Renal Aguda/sangue , Injúria Renal Aguda/mortalidade , Injúria Renal Aguda/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Análise de Variância , Biomarcadores/sangue , Canadá , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Tempo de Internação , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos Prospectivos , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Arábia Saudita , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , América do Sul , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Estados UnidosRESUMO
PURPOSE: To compare characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients receiving airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) or biphasic positive airway pressure (BIPAP) to assist-control ventilation (A/C) as their primary mode of ventilatory support. The objective was to estimate if patients ventilated with APRV/BIPAP have a lower mortality. METHODS: Secondary analysis of an observational study in 349 intensive care units from 23 countries. A total of 234 patients were included who were ventilated only with APRV/BIPAP and 1,228 patients who were ventilated only with A/C. A case-matched analysis according to a propensity score was used to make comparisons between groups. RESULTS: In logistic regression analysis, the most important factor associated with the use of APRV/BIPAP was the country (196 of 234 patients were from German units). Patients with coma or congestive heart failure as the reason to start mechanical ventilation, pH <7.15 prior to mechanical ventilation, and patients who developed respiratory failure (SOFA score >2) after intubation with or without criteria of acute respiratory distress syndrome were less likely to be ventilated with APRV/BIPAP. In the case-matched analysis there were no differences in outcomes, including mortality in the intensive care unit, days of mechanical ventilation or weaning, rate of reintubation, length of stay in the intensive care unit or hospital, and mortality in the hospital. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the APRV/BIPAP ventilation mode is being used widely across many causes of respiratory failure, but only in selected geographic areas. In our patient population we could not demonstrate any improvement in outcomes with APRV/BIPAP compared with assist-control ventilation.
Assuntos
Pressão Positiva Contínua nas Vias Aéreas/métodos , Ventilação com Pressão Positiva Intermitente/métodos , Estudos de Coortes , Pressão Positiva Contínua nas Vias Aéreas/mortalidade , Feminino , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Ventilação com Pressão Positiva Intermitente/mortalidade , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
RATIONALE: The rapid spread of the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) around the world underscores the need for a better knowledge of epidemiology, clinical features, outcomes, and mortality predictors, especially in the most severe presentations. OBJECTIVES: To describe these characteristics in patients with confirmed, probable, and suspected viral pneumonia caused by 2009 influenza A (H1N1) admitted to 35 intensive care units with acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation in Argentina, between June 3 and September 7. METHODS: Inception-cohort study including 337 consecutive adult patients. Data were collected in a form posted on the Argentinian Society of Intensive Care website. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Proportions of confirmed, probable, or suspected cases were 39%, 8%, and 53% and had similar outcomes. APACHE II was 18 +/- 7; age 47 +/- 17 years; 56% were male; and 64% had underlying conditions, with obesity (24%), chronic obstructive respiratory disease (18%), and immunosupression (15%) being the most common. Seven percent were pregnant. On admission, patients had severe hypoxemia (Pa(O(2))/Fi(O(2)) 140 [87-200]), extensive lung radiologic infiltrates (2.87 +/- 1.03 quadrants) and bacterial coinfection, (25%; mostly with Streptococcus pneumoniae). Use of adjuvants such as recruitment maneuvers (40%) and prone positioning (13%), and shock (72%) and acute kidney injury requiring hemodialysis (17%), were frequent. Mortality was 46%, and was similar across all ages. APACHE II, lowest Pa(O(2))/Fi(O(2)), shock, hemodialysis, prone positioning, and S. pneumoniae coinfection independently predicted death. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with 2009 influenza A (H1N1) requiring mechanical ventilation were mostly middle-aged adults, often with comorbidities, and frequently developed severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan failure requiring advanced organ support. Case fatality rate was accordingly high.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1 , Influenza Humana/mortalidade , Respiração Artificial , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/terapia , APACHE , Adulto , Argentina/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Hipóxia/mortalidade , Influenza Humana/complicações , Influenza Humana/terapia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/complicações , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/mortalidade , Gravidez , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/etiologia , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/mortalidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Few data are available regarding the benefits of one mode over another for ventilatory support. We set out to compare clinical outcomes of patients receiving synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation with pressure support (SIMV-PS) compared with assist-control (A/C) ventilation as their primary mode of ventilatory support. METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of an observational study conducted in 349 ICUs from 23 countries. A propensity score stratified analysis was used to compare 350 patients ventilated with SIMV-PS with 1,228 patients ventilated with A/C ventilation. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: In a logistic regression model, patients were more likely to receive SIMV-PS if they were from North America, had lower severity of illness, or were ventilated postoperatively or for trauma. SIMV-PS was less likely to be selected if patients were ventilated because of asthma or coma, or if they developed complications such as sepsis or cardiovascular failure during mechanical ventilation. In the stratified analysis according to propensity score, we did not find significant differences in the in-hospital mortality. After adjustment for propensity score, overall effect of SIMV-PS on in-hospital mortality was not significant (odds ratio, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.77-1.42; P = .78). CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort of ventilated patients, ventilation with SIMV-PS compared with A/C did not offer any advantage in terms of clinical outcomes, despite treatment-allocation bias that would have favored SIMV-PS.
Assuntos
Ventilação com Pressão Positiva Intermitente/métodos , Insuficiência Respiratória/terapia , APACHE , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Humanos , Ventilação com Pressão Positiva Intermitente/mortalidade , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , América do Norte , Curva ROC , Insuficiência Respiratória/mortalidade , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Resultado do Tratamento , Desmame do RespiradorRESUMO
Los tubos endotraqueales (TET) utilizados para la provisión de ventilación mecánica (VM) agregan una resistencia adicional a la propia de la vía aérea. Ello puede resultar un factor relevante durante el proceso de destete de la VM. No ha sido comunicada la evaluación de la modificación de la resistencia de los TET mediante técnica de oscilación forzada (FOT) luego de su uso en VM. Objetivos. Cuantificar la resistencias en los TET sin uso y una vez retirados luego de ser utilizados para ventilación mecánica en pacientes críticos; evaluar la correlación de sus modificaciones con el tiempo de uso. Métodos. Determinación "basal" de la resistencia de los TET sin uso mediante FOT, sin otro flujo que el generado por el parlante. Medición con la misma técnica de las resistencias de 40 tubos post-extubación inmediata, durante un periodo de 4 meses. Resultados. Se evaluaron tubos de 7.5 a 9 mm de diámetro, con un tiempo de VM de 49(27-127) horas (mediana y 1-3 cuartillo). La resistencia en los TET usados fue mayor que la medida en los TET sin uso (1,98+-0,41 versus 1,51+-0,22 cmH2O.s.L.-1. La media del incremento en las resistencias fue 31,2+-20,3% (p<0.001). Las resistencias de los TET usados fueron similares a las de los TET nuevos de un 1mm de diámetro menor. No se encontró correlación entre tiempo de intubación e incremento de la resistencia en los TET. Concluciones. Se observa un incremento de las resistencias de los TET tras su uso en VM, respecto de los TET nuevos del mismo diámetro. El aumento es de magnitud tal que los TET utilizados en VM presentan resistencias similares a las de TET sin uso de diámetro de 1mm menor. Este hallazgo debe ser tenido en cuenta al momento de realizar las pruebas de ventilación espontánea para el destete de VM, ya que el incremento del trabajo respiratorio relacionado con la vía aérea artificial sería mayor al esperado para el diámetro del TET utilizado.
Assuntos
Humanos , Resistência das Vias Respiratórias , Intubação Intratraqueal/efeitos adversos , Intubação Intratraqueal/instrumentação , Oscilometria/métodos , Desmame do Respirador , Argentina , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Reutilização de EquipamentoRESUMO
Los tubos endotraqueales (TET) utilizados para la provisión de ventilación mecánica (VM) agregan una resistencia adicional a la propia de la vía aérea. Ello puede resultar un factor relevante durante el proceso de destete de la VM. No ha sido comunicada la evaluación de la modificación de la resistencia de los TET mediante técnica de oscilación forzada (FOT) luego de su uso en VM. Objetivos. Cuantificar la resistencias en los TET sin uso y una vez retirados luego de ser utilizados para ventilación mecánica en pacientes críticos; evaluar la correlación de sus modificaciones con el tiempo de uso. Métodos. Determinación "basal" de la resistencia de los TET sin uso mediante FOT, sin otro flujo que el generado por el parlante. Medición con la misma técnica de las resistencias de 40 tubos post-extubación inmediata, durante un periodo de 4 meses. Resultados. Se evaluaron tubos de 7.5 a 9 mm de diámetro, con un tiempo de VM de 49(27-127) horas (mediana y 1-3 cuartillo). La resistencia en los TET usados fue mayor que la medida en los TET sin uso (1,98+-0,41 versus 1,51+-0,22 cmH2O.s.L.-1. La media del incremento en las resistencias fue 31,2+-20,3% (p<0.001). Las resistencias de los TET usados fueron similares a las de los TET nuevos de un 1mm de diámetro menor. No se encontró correlación entre tiempo de intubación e incremento de la resistencia en los TET. Concluciones. Se observa un incremento de las resistencias de los TET tras su uso en VM, respecto de los TET nuevos del mismo diámetro. El aumento es de magnitud tal que los TET utilizados en VM presentan resistencias similares a las de TET sin uso de diámetro de 1mm menor. Este hallazgo debe ser tenido en cuenta al momento de realizar las pruebas de ventilación espontánea para el destete de VM, ya que el incremento del trabajo respiratorio relacionado con la vía aérea artificial sería mayor al esperado para el diámetro del TET utilizado.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Intubação Intratraqueal/efeitos adversos , Intubação Intratraqueal/instrumentação , Resistência das Vias Respiratórias , Desmame do Respirador , Oscilometria/métodos , Reutilização de Equipamento , Epidemiologia Descritiva , ArgentinaRESUMO
Los tubos endotraqueales (TET) utilizados para la provisión de ventilación mecánica (VM) agregan una resistencia adicional a la propia de la vía aérea. Ello puede resultar un factor relevante durante el proceso de destete de la VM. No ha sido comunicada la evaluación de la modificación de la resistencia de los TET mediante la Técnica de Oscilación Forzada (FOT) luego de su uso en VM. Objetivos: cuantificar las resistencias en los TET sin uso y una vez retirados luego de ser utilizados para ventilación mecánica en pacientes críticos; evaluar la correlación de sus modificaciones con el tiempo de uso. Métodos: determinación "basal" de la resistencia de los TET sin uso mediante FOT, sin otro flujo que el generado por el parlante. Medición con la misma técnica de las resistencias de 40 tubos post-extubación inmediata, durante un periodo de 4 meses. Resultados: se evaluaron tubos de 7.5 a 9 mm de diámetro, con un tiempo de VM de 49 (27 -127) horas (mediana y 1-3 cuartillo). La resistencia en los TET usados fue mayor que la medida en los TET sin uso (1,98±0,41 versus 1,51±0,22 cmH2O.s.L-¹). La media del incremento en las resistencias fue 31,2±20,3% (p<0,001). Las resistencias de los TET usados fueron similares a las de los TET nuevos de un 1mm de diámetro menor. No se encontró correlación entre tiempo de intubación e incremento de la resistencia en los TET. Conclusiones: se observa un incremento de las resistencias de los TET tras su uso en VM, respecto de los TET nuevos del mismo diámetro. El aumento es de magnitud tal que los TET utilizados en VM presentan resistencias similares a las de TET sin uso de diámetro 1 mm menor. Este hallazgo debe ser tenido en cuenta al momento de realizar las pruebas de ventilación espontánea para el destete de VM, ya que el incremento del trabajo respiratorio relacionado con la vía aérea artificial sería mayor al esperado para el diámetro del TET utilizado.
The endotracheal tubes (ETT) used for mechanical ventilation are an additional resistance to the normal airflow. This may be a relevant factor in the process of mechanical ventilation weaning. There have been no reports about the assessment through the Forced Oscillation Technique (FOT) of changes in the resistance to the air flow after the use of ETT for mechanical ventilation. Objectives: To quantify the resistance to air flow of new ETT before use and after use for mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients; to determine the correlation between changes in resistance with the time of use of the ETT. Methods: Determination of the baseline resistance of new ETT before use through the Forced Oscillation Technique, without any other flow than that generated by the loudspeaker. Measurement with the same technique of the resistance of 40 ETT after use over a period of four months. Results: Tubes with a diameter ranging from 7.5 to 9 mm were evaluated after having been used in mechanical ventilation for 49 (27-127) horas (median and1-3 quartil). The resistance of the used ETT was greater than that of the new, unused tubes (1.98± 0.41 versus 1.51± 0.22 cmH2O.s.L-¹). The average increase in resistance was 31.2%:± 20.3% (p < 0.001). The resistance measured in the used ETT was similar to that of new ETT having smaller diameters measuring 1 mm less. The correlation between intubation period and increasing resistance by ETT was not significant. Conclusions: ETT used in mechanical ventilation present a greater resistance to the air flow than the new, unused ETT of the same diameter. The increase in resistance of used ETT is similar to the resistance of new ETT measuring 1 mm less in diameter. This finding should be taken into account when spontaneous ventilation is tested at the moment of weaning mechanical ventilation, since the respiratory work related to the artificial airway would be greater than the expected respiratory work on the basis of the diameter...