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The scope of the study was to identify factors associated with excess weight in Brazilian children less than five years of age. Data from a cross-sectional home-based study entitled the National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) of 2006 were used. The diagnosis of excess weight was performed using the weight-for-height greater than 2 z scores above the median anthropometric standard recommended by the World Health Organization in 2006. The population under study consisted of 4,388 children. The prevalence of excess weight in children was described according to socio-economic, demographic, anthropometric, and behavioral variables. Crude and adjusted analyses were carried out to assess statistical significance stratified by gender using Poisson regression. The prevalence of excess weight was 6.6%. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, maternal body mass index and birth weight were associated with excess weight. Furthermore, being overweight was associated with exclusive breastfeeding for boys and with the socio-economic level and marital status of the mother for girls. The need to implement public policies that act on the major determinants of excess weight since childhood is emphasized.

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O objetivo do estudo foi identificar os fatores associados ao excesso de peso em crianças brasileiras menores de cinco anos. Foram utilizados dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde (PNDS) de 2006, um estudo transversal de base domiciliar. O diagnóstico do excesso de peso baseou-se no índice peso-para-altura superior a 2 escores z acima da mediana do padrão antropométrico da Organização Mundial de Saúde - 2006. A população estudada constituiu-se de 4.388 crianças. A prevalência de excesso de peso nas crianças foi descrita segundo variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas, antropométricas e comportamentais. Foram realizadas análises bruta e ajustada através da Regressão de Poisson e todas foram estratificadas pelo sexo da criança. A prevalência de excesso de peso foi de 6,6%. Após análise ajustada, o índice de massa corporal materno e o peso ao nascer foram associados ao excesso de peso. Além disso, o excesso de peso mostrou-se associado ao tempo de amamentação exclusiva, nos meninos e ao nível socioeconômico e situação conjugal, nas meninas. Enfatiza-se a necessidade da implementação de políticas públicas que atuem, o mais precocemente possível, nos principais determinantes do excesso de peso.

The scope of the study was to identify factors associated with excess weight in Brazilian children less than five years of age. Data from a cross-sectional home-based study entitled the National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) of 2006 were used. The diagnosis of excess weight was performed using the weight-for-height greater than 2 z scores above the median anthropometric standard recommended by the World Health Organization in 2006. The population under study consisted of 4,388 children. The prevalence of excess weight in children was described according to socio-economic, demographic, anthropometric, and behavioral variables. Crude and adjusted analyses were carried out to assess statistical significance stratified by gender using Poisson regression. The prevalence of excess weight was 6.6%. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, maternal body mass index and birth weight were associated with excess weight. Furthermore, being overweight was associated with exclusive breastfeeding for boys and with the socio-economic level and marital status of the mother for girls. The need to implement public policies that act on the major determinants of excess weight since childhood is emphasized.

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Estudo transversal de base populacional que avaliou a frequência de consumo de leite e derivados, segundo características demográficas e socioeconômicas entre adultos e idosos da cidade de Pelotas (RS). A frequência de consumo de leite e derivados foi medida por meio de um roteiro com perguntas curtas e simples. Avaliou-se, também, a origem (leite de vaca, soja, outro) e teor de gordura do leite consumido (integral, semidesnatado, desnatado). Nas análises estatísticas foram utilizados testes qui-quadrado de heterogeneidade e de tendência linear. A prevalência de consumo regular de leite e/ou derivados foi 45,9%, sendo 1,7 vezes maior entre idosos comparado aqueles com 20-29 anos de idade. Uma maior prevalência também foi observada entre mulheres, indivíduos brancos e de maior escolaridade. Nível econômico mostrou associação inversa e significativa com o desfecho. Quase a totalidade da amostra toma leite de vaca e mais de três quartos, com teor de gordura integral. Cerca de um quarto dos adultos não tomam leite e destes, menos de 20% consomem diariamente algum derivado lácteo. O consumo de leite e derivados, sobretudo com reduzido teor de gordura, deve ser encorajado entre adultos. Atenção especial deve ser dada aos mais jovens, homens e aqueles de menor escolaridade e nível econômico.

This is a population-based cross-sectional study to evaluate the frequency of consumption of dairy products by adults and the elderly in Pelotas in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in accordance with demographic, social and economic characteristics. Frequency of dairy product consumption was obtained by means of a questionnaire containing short, straightforward questions. Information about the type of milk (cow's milk, soy, other) and the fat contained in the milk consumed (full-cream, semi-skimmed and skimmed) was also investigated. Heterogeneity, linear trend and chi-square tests were used for the statistical analysis. The prevalence of regular dairy product consumption was 45.9%, and was 1.7 times higher among the elderly compared with 20 to 29-year-olds. Dairy product consumption frequency was higher among women, Caucasians and those with tertiary education. The economic level was significantly and inversely associated with the outcome. Nearly 98% of the sample drink cow's milk and 75.5% drink full-fat milk. About 26% of the adults do not drink milk and of these less than 20% consume dairy products daily. Dairy product consumption, especially low-fat products, should be encouraged among adults. Special attention should be given to younger individuals, males, and groups with less education and income.

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This is a population-based cross-sectional study to evaluate the frequency of consumption of dairy products by adults and the elderly in Pelotas in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in accordance with demographic, social and economic characteristics. Frequency of dairy product consumption was obtained by means of a questionnaire containing short, straightforward questions. Information about the type of milk (cow's milk, soy, other) and the fat contained in the milk consumed (full-cream, semi-skimmed and skimmed) was also investigated. Heterogeneity, linear trend and chi-square tests were used for the statistical analysis. The prevalence of regular dairy product consumption was 45.9%, and was 1.7 times higher among the elderly compared with 20 to 29-year-olds. Dairy product consumption frequency was higher among women, Caucasians and those with tertiary education. The economic level was significantly and inversely associated with the outcome. Nearly 98% of the sample drink cow's milk and 75.5% drink full-fat milk. About 26% of the adults do not drink milk and of these less than 20% consume dairy products daily. Dairy product consumption, especially low-fat products, should be encouraged among adults. Special attention should be given to younger individuals, males, and groups with less education and income.

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The scope of this study was to evaluate body dissatisfaction among adolescents, and to explore differences according to sex, socioeconomic status and body mass index. 4325 individuals aged 14-15 years old from Pelotas, Brazil, were studied. Body dissatisfaction was evaluated comparing the desired image with the perceived image, according to the Tiggemann & Wilson-Barret silhouette scale. The nutritional status was categorized in accordance with World Health Organization criteria, whereas socioeconomic status was evaluated using classifications of the Brazilian Association of Research Institutes. It was found that 27.6% of teens were overweight. Body dissatisfaction, appraised by the silhouette scale, affected 51% of boys and 65.6% of girls. The economic and nutritional status was associated with the outcome. Most overweight adolescents wished to have a slimmer silhouette than the perceived one. The economic level modified the effect of nutritional status on body dissatisfaction. Adolescents from the wealthier economic classes who were not in the ideal weight range manifested greater body dissatisfaction than the less affluent individuals and, irrespective of economic status, girls are more dissatisfied with excess body weight and boys with slimness.

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O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar a insatisfação corporal em adolescentes e explorar diferenças conforme sexo, nível econômico e índice de massa corporal. Foram estudados 4.325 indivíduos de 14 a 15 anos da cidade de Pelotas, Brasil. A insatisfação corporal foi avaliada comparando a imagem desejada com a imagem percebida, de acordo com escala de silhuetas de Tiggemann e Wilson-Barret. O estado nutricional foi categorizado conforme proposto pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, enquanto o nível socioeconômico foi avaliado segundo classificação da Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisas. Verificou-se que 27,6% dos adolescentes estavam acima do peso. A insatisfação corporal, avaliada pela escala de silhuetas, atingiu 51,0% dos meninos e 65,6% das meninas. O nível econômico e o estado nutricional estiveram associados com o desfecho. A maioria dos adolescentes com excesso de peso desejava ter uma silhueta menor do que a percebida. O nível econômico modificou o efeito do estado nutricional sobre a insatisfação corporal. Adolescentes das classes econômicas mais altas fora do peso ideal mostraram maior insatisfação corporal do que os mais pobres e, independente do nível econômico, as meninas estão mais insatisfeitas com o excesso de peso e os meninos com a magreza.

The scope of this study was to evaluate body dissatisfaction among adolescents, and to explore differences according to sex, socioeconomic status and body mass index. 4325 individuals aged 14-15 years old from Pelotas, Brazil, were studied. Body dissatisfaction was evaluated comparing the desired image with the perceived image, according to the Tiggemann & Wilson-Barret silhouette scale. The nutritional status was categorized in accordance with World Health Organization criteria, whereas socioeconomic status was evaluated using classifications of the Brazilian Association of Research Institutes. It was found that 27.6% of teens were overweight. Body dissatisfaction, appraised by the silhouette scale, affected 51% of boys and 65.6% of girls. The economic and nutritional status was associated with the outcome. Most overweight adolescents wished to have a slimmer silhouette than the perceived one. The economic level modified the effect of nutritional status on body dissatisfaction. Adolescents from the wealthier economic classes who were not in the ideal weight range manifested greater body dissatisfaction than the less affluent individuals and, irrespective of economic status, girls are more dissatisfied with excess body weight and boys with slimness.

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OBJETIVO: Descrever a frequência de consumo de diferentes tipos de carnes conforme variáveis sociodemográficas e nutricionais, e analisar o consumo, em adolescentes do Sul do Brasil, de dieta rica em gordura conforme os tipos de carne consumidos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com adolescentes pertencentes à coorte de nascimentos de 1993, em Pelotas (RS). A frequência de consumo de carnes vermelhas, brancas, vísceras e embutidos foi avaliada por um Questionário de Frequência de Consumo Alimentar, adaptado para este estudo. A ingestão de dieta rica em gordura foi avaliada a partir do instrumento proposto por Block. As variáveis independentes foram sexo, cor da pele, nível socioeconômico, escolaridade materna e estado nutricional. Nas análises estatísticas, foram utilizados testes Qui-quadrado de heterogeneidade e de tendência linear. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 4.325 adolescentes com idade média de 14,7, DP=0,3 anos, dos quais 51,2% eram do sexo feminino. A frequência de consumo diário de carnes vermelhas foi maior do que a de carnes brancas (43,0% e 9,7%, respectivamente). O consumo de embutidos por mais do que quatro vezes por semana foi referido por 48,5% dos indivíduos, e 81,4% relataram consumir vísceras raramente ou nunca. Adolescentes de maior nível socioeconômico e filhos de mães com maior escolaridade apresentaram maior consumo de carnes vermelhas e embutidos, enquanto aqueles em situação oposta apresentaram maior consumo de carnes brancas. Adolescentes que consomem carnes com maior frequência também consomem dieta rica em gordura. CONCLUSÃO: As carnes consumidas com maior frequência pelos adolescentes foram as vermelhas e os embutidos. No entanto, adolescentes de maior nível socioeconômico consomem carnes vermelhas com maior frequência, enquanto adolescentes menos favorecidos economicamente consomem mais carnes brancas.

OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated the consumption frequency of various meats according to sociodemographic and nutritional variables and analyzed the consumption of high-fat diets according to type of meat by southern Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included the 1993 birth cohort from Pelotas (RS). The consumption frequency of red, white and organ meats and sausage were investigated by a food frequency questionnaire adapted for this study. Dietary fat content was determined as proposed by Block. The independent variables were gender, skin color, socioeconomic level, maternal education level and nutritional status. The statistical analyses included the Chi-square linear tendency test and the Chi-square test of homogeneity. RESULTS: A total of 4,325 adolescents with a mean age of 14.7 years, SD=0.3 years, were assessed, of which 51.2% were females. Red meat was consumed more frequently daily than white meat (43.0% and 9.7%, respectively). Sausage consumption frequency greater than 4 times per week was reported by 48.5% of the sample, and 81.4% reported to consume organ meats rarely or never. Adolescents of higher socioeconomic levels and of mothers with higher education levels consumed more red meats and sausages, while those in the opposite situation consumed more white meats. Adolescents who consumed meats more frequently also consumed a high-fat diet. CONCLUSION: Red meats and sausages were the meats most frequently consumed by the study adolescents. However, adolescents of higher socioeconomic levels consumed red meats more often, while those of lower socioeconomic levels consumed white meats more often.

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The scope of this article was to describe the urban work patterns among 14 to 15-year-old youths from Southern Brazil. Child labor was characterized as any activity that resulted in retribution in the form of goods, services or money. The analyses were stratified by sex and economic level. Of the 4325 adolescents interviewed, the proportion of labor in the last year was 22.2%, namely 27.7% for the male sex, and 17% for the female sex. This proportion was also higher among the poorer strata of the population (30.0%) than the more affluent (14.3%). The majority of adolescents worked away from home and approximately half of them began working before 14 years of age, and around 80.0% reported that they worked by choice. Only 1.0% had a labor contract or work booklet, 30.0% worked more than six hours per day, and the average income was less than US$85/month. Domestic work predominated among the poorest teenagers. There is a need for greater surveillance of child labor and of interventions seeking to enforce prevailing legislation.

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The scope of this article was to describe the urban work patterns among 14 to 15-year-old youths from Southern Brazil. Child labor was characterized as any activity that resulted in retribution in the form of goods, services or money. The analyses were stratified by sex and economic level. Of the 4325 adolescents interviewed, the proportion of labor in the last year was 22.2%, namely 27.7% for the male sex, and 17% for the female sex. This proportion was also higher among the poorer strata of the population (30.0%) than the more affluent (14.3%). The majority of adolescents worked away from home and approximately half of them began working before 14 years of age, and around 80.0% reported that they worked by choice. Only 1.0% had a labor contract or work booklet, 30.0% worked more than six hours per day, and the average income was less than US$85/month. Domestic work predominated among the poorest teenagers. There is a need for greater surveillance of child labor and of interventions seeking to enforce prevailing legislation.

O objetivo deste artigo foi descrever os padrões de trabalho urbano em jovens de 14-15 anos do Sul do Brasil. O trabalho infantil foi caracterizado como qualquer atividade que resultasse em retribuição na forma de bens, serviços ou dinheiro. As análises foram estratificadas por sexo e nível econômico. Dos 4325 adolescentes entrevistados, a proporção de trabalho no último ano foi de 22,2%, sendo 27,7% para o sexo masculino e 17,0% para o sexo feminino. Essa proporção também foi maior para as classes D/E (30,0%) do que para as classes A/B (14,3%). A maioria dos adolescentes trabalhava fora de casa, aproximadamente metade começou a trabalhar antes dos 14 anos e cerca de 80,0% referiram trabalhar por interesse próprio. Apenas 1,0% tinha contrato ou carteira de trabalho, 30,0% trabalhavam mais de seis horas por dia, e a renda média foi menor do que R$ 150/mês. Os serviços domésticos predominaram entre os mais pobres. Existe a necessidade de maior monitoramento do trabalho infantil e de intervenções que busquem o cumprimento da legislação vigente.

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OBJETIVO: Revisar a literatura científica sobre a continuidade dos padrões alimentares da infância à adolescência. MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados MEDLINE/PubMed, Lilacs e SciELO utilizando os seguintes termos: "tracking", "dietary patterns" e "childhood/adolescence" e sinônimos. Foram encontrados 45 resumos e, após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, 13 artigos foram incluídos. A continuidade do padrão foi avaliada por três principais análises estatísticas: coeficientes de correlação (Pearson ou Spearman), coeficiente kappa e análise de probabilidades. RESULTADOS: A continuidade do padrão alimentar foi de fraca a moderada entre os períodos infância-infância e infância-adolescência. Parece não haver continuidade na adolescência. CONCLUSÕES: Os padrões alimentares da infância podem persistir até a adolescência, embora no transcorrer da adolescência possam ser alterados ou descontinuados.

OBJECTIVE: To review the scientific literature on the tracking of dietary patterns from childhood to adolescence. METHODS: A search of the MEDLINE/PubMed, Lilacs and SciELO databases was performed, using the following key words: "tracking", "dietary patterns" and "childhood/adolescence" and their respective synonyms. A total of 45 abstracts were found and, after the inclusion criteria were applied, 13 articles were included. The tracking of dietary patterns was assessed by three main statistical analyses: (Pearson or Spearman) correlation coefficients, kappa coefficient and probability analysis. RESULTS: The tracking of dietary patterns ranged from weak to moderate between the childhood-childhood and childhood-adolescence periods. During adolescence, there appears to be no tracking. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary patterns in childhood may continue until adolescence, although such patterns may be changed or discontinued throughout adolescence.

OBJETIVO: Revisar la literatura científica sobre la continuidad de los patrones alimenticios de la infancia a la adolescencia. MÉTODOS: Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos MEDLINE/PubMed, Lilacs y SciELO utilizando los siguientes términos: "tracking", "dietary patterns" y "childhood/adolescente" y sinónimos. Se encontraron 45 resúmenes y posterior a la aplicación de los criterios de inclusión, 13 artículos fueron adjuntados. La continuidad del patrón fue evaluada por tres principales análisis estadísticos: coeficientes de correlación (Pearson o Spearman), coeficiente kappa y análisis de probabilidades. RESULTADOS: La continuidad del patrón alimenticio fue débil a moderada entre los períodos infancia-infancia e infancia-adolescencia. Parece no haber continuidad en la adolescencia. CONCLUSIONES: Los patrones alimenticios de la infancia pueden persistir hasta la adolescencia, a pesar de no transcurrir de la adolescencia pueden ser alterados o descontinuados.

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