RESUMO

The movement of endemic fruit flies to new habitats represents a major biological and economic threat. Anastrepha sororcula Zucchi, 1979 is widely distributed in Brazil and also in Colombia, Ecuador, and Paraguay. Here, we present the potential distribution of A. sororcula in endemic areas and project this model into other regions such as part of sub-Saharan Africa, Central America, and Asia to show areas around the world that this species can potentially establish. We combined geographic coordinates with climate data. The models were built using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm. Many mango- and guava-producing countries exhibited climatic suitability for A. sororcula in the regions studied including the nine largest world producers: India, Brazil, Malawi, Kenya, Haiti, Cuba, Colombia, Madagascar, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Many of these countries showed ideal host plant availability and climatic conditions for the entry and establishment of A. sororcula. This study is a pioneer in the identification of representative areas in the world with climatic suitability for A. sororcula, which shows the importance of predicting areas at risk of invasion to monitor the movement and establishment of fruit fly species in new regions, which is fundamental to area-wide integrated pest management programs.

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Tetrastichus giffardianus is a gregarious koinobiont endoparasitoid of tephritids, including Ceratitis capitata, which is one of the most important fruit pests worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of constant temperatures on the biology and development of the egg-adult period of T. giffardianus in larvae/pupae of C. capitata to construct a fertility life table. The study was carried out in climatic chambers at constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 ± 1°C, 70 ± 10% relative humidity and a photophase of 12 h. Complete egg and larval development occurred only at temperatures of 20, 25, and 30°C. The mean longevity of males and females was inversely proportional to temperature. The time of development of the pre-imaginal period was influenced by temperature and ranged from 41 days at 20°C to 11 days at 25°C. The best T. giffardianus performance occurred at 25°C when the intrinsic rate of increase was 0.21, the mean generation time was 20.43 days, the time required to double the population was 3.33 days, and the finite rate of population increase (λ) was 1.23. The results of this study provided information for the establishment of mass rearing and an evaluation of the adaptability of T. giffardianus to different environments, which is necessary for the use of this parasitoid in the biological control of tephritid pests, particularly C. capitata.

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ABSTRACT We recorded for the first time the presence of the two fruit flies pests, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the parasitoid Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the oceanic archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, Pernambuco, Brazil. The specimens were collected in traps installed during June/2019 to February/2020. The fruit flies and the parasitoid species are widespread in the Brazilian mainland and have most likely been introduced accidentally in the archipelago.

RESUMO

Abstract Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are important pests that affect the fruit-growing worldwide. In the northeastern Brazil, where a semiarid climate predominates and the production of tropical fruits for export is concentrated, some fruit flies, including Anastrepha spp. and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), are considered pests due to economic damage and quarantine restrictions. In several parts of the world, fruit fly population regulation is carried out with the support of hymenopteran parasitoids. In Brazil, some information exists about larval parasitoids of fruit flies, but little is known about pupal parasitoids of these tephritids, especially in Brazilian semiarid environments. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to know the pupal parasitoids associated with C. capitata in a semiarid environment in Brazil. The parasitoid survey was carried out in a semiarid region in the states of Rio do Norte and Ceará. To obtain the parasitoids, pupae (sentinels) of C. capitata from the laboratory, Applied Entomology Laboratory of Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, were exposed to natural parasitism in the field. Six parasitoid (Hymenoptera) species were obtained: Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani), Spalangia simplex Perkins, Spalangia gemina Boucek, Spalangia leiopleura Gibson, and Spalangia impunctata Howard (Pteromalidae); Trichopria anastrephae Lima (Diapriidae). These are the first records of pupal parasitoids associated with the fruit fly C. capitata in Brazil.

RESUMO

Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestri (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a gregarious koinobiont endoparasitoid of frugivorous dipterans. In recent years, T. giffardianus has been detected parasitizing Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in different Brazilian semiarid sites. Thus, T. giffardianus has potential to be used in the biological control of C. capitata in semi-arid conditions. However, one of the factors limiting the use of this parasitoid is the lack of detailed information on rearing methods and bioecological aspects. Thus, the main objectives of this study were to demonstrate a rearing technique for T. giffardianus and to determine its population increase potential in laboratory. For this specimens of T. giffardianus were obtained in the field through of the collection of chestnut fruits (Terminalia catappa L. - Combretaceae) infested with C. capitata. The specimens obtained were used to adapt a rearing methodology for T. giffardianus under laboratory conditions (temperature: 25 ± 2ºC; relative humidity: 60 ± 10%; 12 h photophase). Information on demographic parameters for a T. giffardianus population was obtained using the same methodology. Based on the parameters evaluated, we found that the intrinsic rate of population increase of T. giffardianus was 0.34, the average time of one generation was 19.7 days, the population doubling time was 2.03 days and the finite rate of population increase (λ) was 1.41. The demographic parameters obtained demonstrated that, with the rearing technique used, it is possible to maintain populations of T. giffardianus and enable them to multiply in laboratory.

Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestri (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) é um endoparasitoide coinobionte gregário de dípteros frugívoros. Nos últimos anos, T. giffardianus tem sido detectado parasitando Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) em diferentes locais do semiárido brasileiro. Assim, T. giffardianus tem potencial para ser utilizado no controle biológico de C. capitata nas condições do semiárido. Entretanto, um dos fatores limitantes para uso deste parasitoide é a falta de informações detalhadas sobre sua metodologia de criação e seus aspectos bioecológicos. Portanto, o principal objetivo deste estudo foi demonstrar uma técnica de criação para T. giffardianus e determinar seu potencial de crescimento populacional, em laboratório. Para isto, espécimens de T. giffardianus foram obtidos em campo, através da coleta de frutos de castanhola (Terminalia catappa - Combretaceae) infestados com C. capitata. Os exemplares obtidos foram utilizados para adaptar uma metodologia de criação para T. giffardianus em condições de laboratório (temperatura de 25 ± 2ºC, umidade relativa de 60 ± 10% e fotofase de 12 horas). As informações sobre os parâmetros demográficos para uma populacional de T. giffardianus foram obtidas usando a mesma metodologia. Com base nos parâmetros avaliados foi constatado que a taxa intrínseca de aumento populacional de T. giffardianus foi de 0,34, o tempo médio de uma geração foi de 19,7 dias, o tempo de duplicação da população foi de 2,03 dias e a taxa finita de aumento populacional (λ) foi de 1,41. Os parâmetros demográficos obtidos demonstraram que, com a técnica de criação utilizada, é possível manter populações de T. giffardianus e multiplicá-las em laboratório.

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RESUMO

Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestri (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a gregarious koinobiont endoparasitoid of frugivorous dipterans. In recent years, T. giffardianus has been detected parasitizing Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in different Brazilian semiarid sites. Thus, T. giffardianus has potential to be used in the biological control of C. capitata in semi-arid conditions. However, one of the factors limiting the use of this parasitoid is the lack of detailed information on rearing methods and bioecological aspects. Thus, the main objectives of this study were to demonstrate a rearing technique for T. giffardianus and to determine its population increase potential in laboratory. For this specimens of T. giffardianus were obtained in the field through of the collection of chestnut fruits (Terminalia catappa L. - Combretaceae) infested with C. capitata. The specimens obtained were used to adapt a rearing methodology for T. giffardianus under laboratory conditions (temperature: 25 ± 2ºC; relative humidity: 60 ± 10%; 12 h photophase). Information on demographic parameters for a T. giffardianus population was obtained using the same methodology. Based on the parameters evaluated, we found that the intrinsic rate of population increase of T. giffardianus was 0.34, the average time of one generation was 19.7 days, the population doubling time was 2.03 days and the finite rate of population increase (λ) was 1.41. The demographic parameters obtained demonstrated that, with the rearing technique used, it is possible to maintain populations of T. giffardianus and enable them to multiply in laboratory.(AU)

Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestri (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) é um endoparasitoide coinobionte gregário de dípteros frugívoros. Nos últimos anos, T. giffardianus tem sido detectado parasitando Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) em diferentes locais do semiárido brasileiro. Assim, T. giffardianus tem potencial para ser utilizado no controle biológico de C. capitata nas condições do semiárido. Entretanto, um dos fatores limitantes para uso deste parasitoide é a falta de informações detalhadas sobre sua metodologia de criação e seus aspectos bioecológicos. Portanto, o principal objetivo deste estudo foi demonstrar uma técnica de criação para T. giffardianus e determinar seu potencial de crescimento populacional, em laboratório. Para isto, espécimens de T. giffardianus foram obtidos em campo, através da coleta de frutos de castanhola (Terminalia catappa - Combretaceae) infestados com C. capitata. Os exemplares obtidos foram utilizados para adaptar uma metodologia de criação para T. giffardianus em condições de laboratório (temperatura de 25 ± 2ºC, umidade relativa de 60 ± 10% e fotofase de 12 horas). As informações sobre os parâmetros demográficos para uma populacional de T. giffardianus foram obtidas usando a mesma metodologia. Com base nos parâmetros avaliados foi constatado que a taxa intrínseca de aumento populacional de T. giffardianus foi de 0,34, o tempo médio de uma geração foi de 19,7 dias, o tempo de duplicação da população foi de 2,03 dias e a taxa finita de aumento populacional (λ) foi de 1,41. Os parâmetros demográficos obtidos demonstraram que, com a técnica de criação utilizada, é possível manter populações de T. giffardianus e multiplicá-las em laboratório.(AU)

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Opius scabriventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is considered an important parasitoid of the leafminer Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in the main melon (Cucumis melo L.) producing areas in Brazil. However, there is no information on the influence of trichomes on melon plant leaves on the parasitoids' actions. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to relate the influence of columnar trichome density on melon cultivars in the parasitism of L. sativae larvae by O. scabriventris. The study was conducted in laboratory conditions, in which melon cultivars were infested and the leafminer larvae were subjected to the parasitism. The results demonstrated that trichome density can influence the parasitism of L. sativae larvae by O. scabriventris. Among the studied materials, Piel de Sapo cultivar showed the highest density of trichomes in the leaves (534 trichomes/cm2) and the lowest parasitism (20%).(AU)

Opius scabriventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) é considerado um importante parasitoide da mosca-minadora Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) nas principais áreas de produção de melão (Cucumis melo L.) do Brasil, no entanto, não há informações se a densidade de tricomas das folhas do meloeiro pode influenciar a ação desses parasitoides. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar a influência da densidade de tricomas colunares de cultivares de meloeiro no parasitismo de L. sativae por O. scabriventris. O trabalho foi realizado em condições de laboratório, em que os cultivares foram infestados e as larvas da mosca-minadora submetidas ao parasitismo. Os resultados demonstraram que a densidade dos tricomas pode influenciar no parasitismo de larvas de L. sativae por O. scabriventris. Entre os materiais estudados, o cultivar pele-de-sapo apresentou a maior densidade de tricomas nas folhas (534 tricomas/cm2) e o menor parasitismo (20%).(AU)

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RESUMO

Opius scabriventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is considered an important parasitoid of the leafminer Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in the main melon (Cucumis melo L.) producing areas in Brazil. However, there is no information on the influence of trichomes on melon plant leaves on the parasitoids' actions. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to relate the influence of columnar trichome density on melon cultivars in the parasitism of L. sativae larvae by O. scabriventris. The study was conducted in laboratory conditions, in which melon cultivars were infested and the leafminer larvae were subjected to the parasitism. The results demonstrated that trichome density can influence the parasitism of L. sativae larvae by O. scabriventris. Among the studied materials, Piel de Sapo cultivar showed the highest density of trichomes in the leaves (534 trichomes/cm2) and the lowest parasitism (20%).(AU)

Opius scabriventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) é considerado um importante parasitoide da mosca-minadora Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) nas principais áreas de produção de melão (Cucumis melo L.) do Brasil, no entanto, não há informações se a densidade de tricomas das folhas do meloeiro pode influenciar a ação desses parasitoides. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar a influência da densidade de tricomas colunares de cultivares de meloeiro no parasitismo de L. sativae por O. scabriventris. O trabalho foi realizado em condições de laboratório, em que os cultivares foram infestados e as larvas da mosca-minadora submetidas ao parasitismo. Os resultados demonstraram que a densidade dos tricomas pode influenciar no parasitismo de larvas de L. sativae por O. scabriventris. Entre os materiais estudados, o cultivar pele-de-sapo apresentou a maior densidade de tricomas nas folhas (534 tricomas/cm2) e o menor parasitismo (20%).(AU)

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RESUMO

This study records the occurrence of eucoilines (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), parasitoids of the African fig fly Zaprionus indianus Gupta (Diptera: Drosophilidae), in the Brazilian semi-arid Caatinga biome. We obtained from mango (Mangifera indica L.) and guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruits Drosophilidae pupae, which developed into Z. indianus and two species of Eucoilinae parasitoids, Dicerataspis grenadensis Ashmead and Leptopilina boulardi (Barbotin, Carlton & Kelner-Pillaut). This is the first record of the parasitoids D. grenadensis and L. boulardi in the Caatinga biome.(AU)

Este trabalho relata a ocorrência de eucoilíneos (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), parasitoides da Mosca-africana-do-figo Zaprionus indianus Gupta (Diptera: Drosophilidae), no bioma Caatinga, semiárido Brasileiro. De frutos de manga (Mangifera indica L.) e goiaba (Psidium guajava L.) foram obtidos pupários de Drosophilidae dos quais emergiram Z. indianus e duas espécies de parasitoides Eucoilinae, Dicerataspis grenadensis Ashmead e Leptopilina boulardi (Barbotin, Carlton & Kelner-Pillaut). Este é o primeiro relato dos parasitoides D. grenadensis e L. boulardi no bioma Caatinga.(AU)

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RESUMO

This study records the occurrence of eucoilines (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), parasitoids of the African fig fly Zaprionus indianus Gupta (Diptera: Drosophilidae), in the Brazilian semi-arid Caatinga biome. We obtained from mango (Mangifera indica L.) and guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruits Drosophilidae pupae, which developed into Z. indianus and two species of Eucoilinae parasitoids, Dicerataspis grenadensis Ashmead and Leptopilina boulardi (Barbotin, Carlton & Kelner-Pillaut). This is the first record of the parasitoids D. grenadensis and L. boulardi in the Caatinga biome.

Este trabalho relata a ocorrência de eucoilíneos (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), parasitoides da Mosca-africana-do-figo Zaprionus indianus Gupta (Diptera: Drosophilidae), no bioma Caatinga, semiárido Brasileiro. De frutos de manga (Mangifera indica L.) e goiaba (Psidium guajava L.) foram obtidos pupários de Drosophilidae dos quais emergiram Z. indianus e duas espécies de parasitoides Eucoilinae, Dicerataspis grenadensis Ashmead e Leptopilina boulardi (Barbotin, Carlton & Kelner-Pillaut). Este é o primeiro relato dos parasitoides D. grenadensis e L. boulardi no bioma Caatinga.

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