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Sporotrichosis is a subacute, or chronic mycosis caused by traumatic inoculation of material contaminated with the fungus Sporothrix schenckii which is part of the Sporothrix spp. complex. The infection is limited to the skin, although its progression to more severe systemic or disseminated forms remains possible. Skin is the tissue that comes into contact with Sporothrix first, and the role of various cell lines has been described with regard to infection control. However, there is little information on the response of keratinocytes. In this study, we used the human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) and evaluated different aspects of infection from modifications in the cytoskeleton to the expression of molecules of the innate response during infection with conidia and yeast cells of Sporothrix schenckii. We found that during infection with both phases of the fungus, alterations of the actin cytoskeleton, formation of membrane protuberances, and loss of stress fibers were induced. We also observed an overexpression of the surface receptors MR, TLR6, CR3 and TLR2. Cytokine analysis showed that both phases of the fungus induced the production of elevated levels of the chemokines MCP-1 and IL-8, and proinflammatory cytokines IFN-α, IFN-γ and IL-6. In contrast, TNF-α production was significant only with conidial infection. In late post-infection, cytokine production was observed with immunoregulatory activity, IL-10, and growth factors, G-CSF and GM-CSF. In conclusion, infection of keratinocytes with conidia and yeast cells of Sporothrix schenckii induces an inflammatory response and rearrangements of the cytoskeleton.

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La lepra es una enfermedad causada por Mycobacterium leprae. Su evolución crónica a veces se ve interrumpida por cuadros inmunológicos llamados reacción leprosa en pacientes con alta carga bacilar. Estos cuadros inmunológicos incrementan la morbilidad y pueden complicarse, volviéndose potencialmente mortales. En el espectro de estas reacciones, se han descrito algunas caracterizadas por lesiones vasculo necróticas, como el Fenómeno de Lucio y el eritema nodoso lepromatoso necrosante, que son asociadas a la lepra lepromatosa difusa y a la especie de bacilos recién descripta, Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Presentamos un paciente de sexo femenino de 21 años de edad, que durante el tratamiento específico para lepra multibacilar presentó cuadros recidivantes de eritema nudoso que evolucionó a la forma necrosante. En este paciente se precisó a través de la biología molecular la presencia simultánea de M. leprae y M. lepromatosis como causantes de la enfermedad. Este caso representa la primera comunicación de M. lepromatosis en el Paraguay, y también la primera infección dual como agente causante de lepra, en asociación con el M. leprae.

Leprosy is a disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Its chronic evolution is sometimes interrupted by immunological conditions called leprosy reaction in patients with high bacillary load. These immunological conditions increase morbidity and can be complicated, becoming life threatening. In the spectrum of these reactions, some characterized by vasculonecrotic lesions have been described, such as Lucio's Phenomenon and Necrotizing Lepromatous Nodus Erythem, which are associated with diffuse lepromatous leprosy and the species of bacilli just described, Mycobacterium lepromatosis. We present a 21-year-old female patient, who during specific treatment for multibacillary leprosy presented recurrent pictures of erythema nodosum that evolved to the necrotizing form. In this patient, the simultaneous presence of M. leprae and M. lepromatosis as the cause of the disease was determined through molecular biology. This case represents the first communication of M. lepromatosis in Paraguay, and also the first dual infection as a causative agent of leprosy, in association with M. leprae.

RESUMO

RESUMEN La lepra es una enfermedad causada por Mycobacterium leprae. Su evolución crónica a veces se ve interrumpida por cuadros inmunológicos llamados reacción leprosa en pacientes con alta carga bacilar. Estos cuadros inmunológicos incrementan la morbilidad y pueden complicarse, volviéndose potencialmente mortales. En el espectro de estas reacciones, se han descrito algunas caracterizadas por lesiones vasculo necróticas, como el Fenómeno de Lucio y el eritema nodoso lepromatoso necrosante, que son asociadas a la lepra lepromatosa difusa y a la especie de bacilos recién descripta, Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Presentamos un paciente de sexo femenino de 21 años de edad, que duranteel tratamiento específico para lepra multibacilar presentó cuadros recidivantes de eritema nudoso que evolucionó a la forma necrosante. En este paciente se precisó a través de la biología molecular la presencia simultánea de M. leprae y M. lepromatosis como causantes de la enfermedad. Este caso representa la primera comunicación de M. lepromatosis en el Paraguay, y también la primera infección dual como agente causante de lepra, en asociación con el M. leprae.

ABSTRACT Leprosy is a disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Its chronic evolution is sometimes interrupted by immunological conditions called leprosy reaction in patients with high bacillary load. These immunological conditions increase morbidity and can be complicated, becoming life threatening. In the spectrum of these reactions, some characterized by vasculonecrotic lesions have been described, such as Lucio's Phenomenon and Necrotizing Lepromatous Nodus Erythem, which are associated with diffuse lepromatous leprosy and the species of bacilli just described, Mycobacterium lepromatosis. We present a 21-year-old female patient, who during specific treatment for multibacillary leprosy presented recurrent pictures of erythema nodosum that evolved to the necrotizing form. In this patient, the simultaneous presence of M. leprae and M. lepromatosis as the cause of the disease was determined through molecular biology. This case represents the first communication of M. lepromatosis in Paraguay, and also the first dual infection as a causative agent of leprosy, in association with M. leprae.

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Resumen Los nevos melanocíticos congénitos gigantes (NMCG) son lesiones melanocíticas secundarias a la migración anormal de los melanoblastos durante la embriogénesis. Afectan aproximadamente a 1 de cada 20,000 nacidos vivos y suelen estar presentes desde el nacimiento. Estas lesiones se distinguen porque cambian sus características morfológicas con el tiempo y aumentan su tamaño de forma paralela al crecimiento del niño, alcanzando un diámetro ≥ 20 cm en la edad adulta. La importancia de los NMCG radica en las complicaciones a las que se encuentran asociados, principalmente al desarrollo de melanoma o melanosis neurocutánea, además del impacto psicológico y social que generan en la mayoría de los casos, por lo que quienes los padecen requerirán de un seguimiento multidisciplinario a largo plazo. Actualmente, el manejo de los niños con NMCG continúa siendo controversial, ya que no existe un tratamiento de elección, por lo que este deberá ser individualizado de acuerdo con las características del nevo y las necesidades específicas de cada paciente.

Abstract Giant congenital melanocytic nevi (GCMN) are melanocytic lesions secondary to the abnormal migration of melanoblasts during the embryogenesis, affecting approximately one in 20,000 live births. They are usually present since birth and are distinguished by changing their morphological characteristics within time, and increasing their size parallel to the growth of the child, reaching a diameter ≥ 20 cm in adulthood. The importance of the GCMN lies in the complications associated to them; mainly the development of melanoma or neurocutaneous melanosis, in addition to the psychological or social impact that generates in most of the cases. Therefore, individuals with GCMN will require a multidisciplinary long-term follow-up. Currently, the management of children with GCMN is still controversial since there is no treatment of choice. Consequently, the treatment must be individualized according to the characteristics of the nevus and the specific needs of each patient.

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Giant congenital melanocytic nevi (GCMN) are melanocytic lesions secondary to the abnormal migration of melanoblasts during the embryogenesis, affecting approximately one in 20,000 live births. They are usually present since birth and are distinguished by changing their morphological characteristics within time, and increasing their size parallel to the growth of the child, reaching a diameter ≥ 20 cm in adulthood. The importance of the GCMN lies in the complications associated to them; mainly the development of melanoma or neurocutaneous melanosis, in addition to the psychological or social impact that generates in most of the cases. Therefore, individuals with GCMN will require a multidisciplinary long-term follow-up. Currently, the management of children with GCMN is still controversial since there is no treatment of choice. Consequently, the treatment must be individualized according to the characteristics of the nevus and the specific needs of each patient.

Los nevos melanocíticos congénitos gigantes (NMCG) son lesiones melanocíticas secundarias a la migración anormal de los melanoblastos durante la embriogénesis. Afectan aproximadamente a 1 de cada 20,000 nacidos vivos y suelen estar presentes desde el nacimiento. Estas lesiones se distinguen porque cambian sus características morfológicas con el tiempo y aumentan su tamaño de forma paralela al crecimiento del niño, alcanzando un diámetro ≥ 20 cm en la edad adulta. La importancia de los NMCG radica en las complicaciones a las que se encuentran asociados, principalmente al desarrollo de melanoma o melanosis neurocutánea, además del impacto psicológico y social que generan en la mayoría de los casos, por lo que quienes los padecen requerirán de un seguimiento multidisciplinario a largo plazo. Actualmente, el manejo de los niños con NMCG continúa siendo controversial, ya que no existe un tratamiento de elección, por lo que este deberá ser individualizado de acuerdo con las características del nevo y las necesidades específicas de cada paciente.

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Resumen ANTECEDENTES: La hidradenitis supurativa es una enfermedad inflamatoria, crónica y recurrente con gran repercusión en la calidad de vida de los pacientes, específicamente en los aspectos psicológicos y sexuales, así como también en la productividad laboral. OBJETIVO: Generar un documento de consenso sobre el manejo clínico de los pacientes con hidradenitis supurativa en México que sirva para homologar el diagnóstico y tratamiento de estos pacientes. MÉTODO: Se convocó a un grupo multidisciplinario (dermatólogos, ginecólogos, cirujanos, infectólogos, proctólogos) para analizar la evidencia en el tratamiento integral de la hidradenitis supurativa (calidad de vida, clinimetría, diagnóstico y tratamiento), localizada mediante una revisión sistemática de la bibliografía. El grupo discutió sobre los temas y se generaron las recomendaciones por acuerdo unánime de los participantes. RESULTADOS: Con frecuencia los pacientes con hidradenitis supurativa pueden tardar mucho tiempo en obtener el diagnóstico y manejo correctos, principalmente debido a la falta de evidencia sobre la enfermedad, así como a la falta de criterios para referir al paciente con un especialista. Se emitieron 22 recomendaciones para el tratamiento de pacientes con hidradenitis supurativa, que comprenden el diagnóstico, estadificación y clinimetría, así como el manejo clínico en el primer, segundo y tercer nivel de atención. CONCLUSIONES: Se emitieron las recomendaciones con base en la mejor evidencia disponible, así como la experiencia del grupo multidisciplinario de expertos en el tratamiento de hidradenitis supurativa.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Hidradenitis suppurativa is an inflammatory, chronic and recurrent disease with a high impact on patients quality of life, specifically in psychological and sexual aspects, as well as in labor productivity. OBJECTIVE: To generate a consensus document on the clinical management of patients with hidradenitis suppurativa in Mexico, that serves to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of these patients. METHOD: A multidisciplinary group was convened (dermatologists, gynecologists, surgeons, infectologists, proctologists) to analyze the evidence on the integral treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa (quality of life, clinimetry, diagnosis and treatment), located through a systematic review of the literature. The group discussed the issues and the recommendations were generated by unanimous agreement of the participants. RESULTS: Frequently, patients with hidradenitis suppurativa can take a long time to obtain the correct diagnosis and management, mainly due to the lack of evidence about the disease, as well as the lack of criteria to refer the patient to a specialist. Twenty-two recommendations were issued for the treatment of patients with hidradenitis suppurativa, which include diagnosis, staging and clinimetry, as well as clinical management in the first, second and third levels of care. CONCLUSIONS: The recommendations were issued based on the best available evidence, as well as the experience of the multidisciplinary group of experts in the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa.

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Resumen: ANTECEDENTES: Las micosis superficiales se generan por contacto directo con el hongo o con una persona o animal infectado, y afectan la piel, los anexos y las mucosas; las pacientes embarazadas son susceptibles a cambios cutáneos fisiológicos y patológicos. OBJETIVO: Describir las micosis superficiales en pacientes embarazadas del Servicio de Obstetricia del Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo, observacional, prospectivo y transversal realizado en pacientes embarazadas de la consulta externa del Servicio de Gineco-obstetricia del Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González de julio de 2016 a julio de 2017. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 23 pacientes que acudieron al Servicio de Micología; el grupo de edad más afectado fue de 21 a 40 años de edad (86.9%); 17 tuvieron tiña plantar (73.9%) y 4 (17.9%) tuvieron onicomicosis distrófica total. Dos cultivos fueron positivos para Trichophyton rubrum. CONCLUSIONES: Las micosis superficiales fueron poco frecuentes en el grupo estudiado: 17 pacientes con tiña de los pies y 4 con onicomicosis. El agente aislado fue Trichophyton rubrum.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Superficial mycoses are generated by direct contact with the fungus or with an infected person or animal, and affect the skin, the attachments and mucous membranes; pregnant patients are susceptible to skin changes, both physiological and pathological. OBJECTIVE: To know the frequency of superficial mycoses in pregnant patients from the obstetrics service of the Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A descriptive, observational, prospective and crosssectional study carried out in pregnant patients of the Gineco-Obstetrics Service of the Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Mexico City, from July 2016 to July 2017. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients were included in the mycology department for their physical examination; the most affected group was between 21 and 40 age years (86.9%); 17 patients presented tinea pedis (73.9%) and 4 (17.9%) onychomycosis. CONCLUSIONS: Superficial mycosis were not frequent in the group of study: 17 patients had tinea pedis and 4 onychomycosis. The causal agent isolated was Trichophyton rubrum.

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Leprosy, a human chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae), remains endemic in certain countries despite the use of multidrug therapy. Recently, several host genes modulating the immune responses to M. leprae infection have been suggested to influence the acquisition and clinical course of leprosy. Lymphoid protein tyrosine phosphatase, encoded by the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) gene, serves a negative regulatory role in T cell activation. The non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2476601 (1858C>T) has been associated with autoimmune diseases. Here, the present study investigated if rs2476601 polymorphism was associated with leprosy in a Mexican mestizo population. Genotyping was performed in patients with leprosy (n=189) and control subjects (n=231) from regions with higher incidence of leprosy. Genotypic (P=0.44) and allelic frequencies (P=0.45) of the rs2476601 polymorphism were similar between patients and controls; genotypic frequencies were 91 vs. 94% for CC and 9 vs. 6% for CT, and the TT genotype was absent in both groups. Allelic frequencies were 96 vs. 97% for C, and 4 vs. 3% for T. In the same way, the genotypic (P=0.46) and allelic frequencies (P=0.47) from MB patients and controls were similar. In conclusion, there was a lack of association of the PTPN22 rs2476601 polymorphism with the development of leprosy, which suggests that this SNP was not a genetic risk factor for leprosy in the Mexican mestizo population studied.

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BACKGROUND: Mycetoma is a chronic, localized infection caused by fungi and bacteria. It usually affects the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and bone of exposed areas with deformity of the affected limb, ulcers, and fistula; however, pain is not severe, therefore the patient comes late to hospital for care. OBJECTIVE: To establish the diagnosis of mycetoma in the foot by imaging and identify the principal radiological signs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six patients with foot mycetoma were evaluated with plain x-ray, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance (MR) after confirming the diagnosis by histopathology and culture. RESULTS: All patients presented the MR "dot-in-circle" sign; four presented "punched out" bone lesions on plain x-ray. The six patients had fistulas, ulceration, a seropurulent exudate, edema, and a foot deformity. Four patients had N. brasiliensis infection with positive anti-Nocardia IgG antibodies, and only half presented bone lesions. CONCLUSION: Characteristic findings were foot deformity, edema, bone lesions, ulcers, fistulas and the presence of the "dot-in-circle" sign. We recommend a comprehensive study of patients with plain x-ray and MR.

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Resumen Se comunican dos casos clínicos poco frecuentes de micobacteriosis cutáneas; uno adquirido en la comunidad y uno en medio hospitalario, ambos pacientes del género masculino, con dermatosis crónicas constituidas por úlceras, fístulas y placas de aspecto papilomatoso. El diagnóstico fue tardío y la evolución no fue satisfactoria, a pesar de prescribir tratamiento adecuado contra Mycobacterium chelonae. El propósito de este artículo es mostrar la manifestación clínica de las lesiones para sospecha diagnóstica temprana y oportuna de las diferentes disciplinas médicas que participan en la atención de los pacientes con estas infecciones.

Abstract This paper reports the two rare clinical cases of cutaneous mycobacterial infections. One of them acquired the infection within the community while the other was a nosocomial case, both cases were male with chronic ulcers, fistulae and papilloma-like lesions. In both cases diagnosis was late and evolution, despite correct Mycobacterium chelonae treatment, was unsatisfactory. The purpose of this paper is to show the clinical presentation and accurate suspicion of infection of the different medical areas involved in its management.