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The hematophagous bats are usually the main reservoir of sylvatic rabies, being one of the most important viral zoonoses affecting humans and livestock in Latin America. Despite the most countries have already studied spatio-temporal distribution of bovine rabies, however, in Ecuador, little has been reported about the state of rabies in the country. Aiming to this objective, a descriptive observational study was realized from 2007 to 2020 based on the formal reports by WAHI-OIE and surveillance of bovine rabies retrieved from its official website. During the study period in Ecuador, some 895 cases of rabies were confirmed in cattle. In addition, in the total of bovine rabies cases seen in Andean and Coast regions (185 effected bovines), Loja and Esmeraldas had 95 (6.16% cases per 10,000 animals) and 51 (1.7% cases per 10,000 animals), respectively. Furthermore, the Amazon region indicated higher rabies cases in cattle than to the observed in other regions (710 rabies cases) while it was highly fluctuating with respect to the years (9.74 to 42.82% cases per 10,000 animals). However, Zamora (292 rabies cases), Orellana (115 rabies cases) and Sucumbíos (113 rabies cases) yielded the highest incidence rates than other provinces (9 to 42% cases per 10,000 animals). Based on this evidence, it has been fundamental to assess the current national program for preventing and control of the sylvatic rabies, being also necessary to include concept of the ecology of the vampire bat. Regardless of these results, vaccination is vital for control programs to prevent rabies in livestock and need to be widely increased for limiting their geographic and temporal spread.

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Resumen La candidiasis mucocutánea crónica (CMC) es una enfermedad persistente no invasiva que tiene como característica afecciones que incluyen infección por Candida en piel, uñas y membranas mucosas, asociadas a manifestaciones autoinmunes secundarias a alteraciones genéticas en el sistema inmune. La mutación del gen regulador autoinmune AIRE es la principal causa de candidiasis mucocutánea crónica aunque otros genes han estado implicados total o parcialmente con fenotipos clínicos relacionados. Se presenta el caso de una niña de 15 años de edad, que ingresa en nuestra consulta con clínica de inmunosupresión, alteraciones endocrinológicas e infección por Candida Albicans, y que representó un reto diagnóstico.

Abstract Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis is a non invasive persistent disease that has characteristics that include infection by Candida in skin, nails and mucous membranes, associated with several autoimmune diseases to genetic alterations in the immune system. The mutation of the AIRE autoimmune regulatory gene is the main cause of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, although other genes have been totally or partially implicated with related clinical phenotypes. We have the case of a 15-year-old girl who entered to our clinic with immunosuppression, endocrinological alterations and Candida Albicans infection, which represented a diagnostic challenge.

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BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. are protozoans that cause American trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis, respectively. In endemic foci where both diseases coincide, coinfection can occur. The objective of this work was the characterization of the parasites involved in coinfection in several endemic areas of Venezuela. METHODS: Molecular characterization was done in 30 samples of several species of mammals (Didelphis marsupialis, Equus mulus, Rattus rattus, Canis familiaris, Felis catus, and Sciurus granatensis) from the states of Anzoategui, Cojedes and Capital District diagnosed with T. cruzi and Leishmania spp. coinfections. For the typing of T. cruzi DTUs, the markers of miniexon, 24Sa rDNA, 18Sa rDNA, and hsp60-PCR-RFLP (EcoRV) were used. Infection by Leishmania spp. was characterized by miniexon multiplex PCR for complexes of Leishmania and ITS1-PCR-RFLP (HaeIII, HhaI, and RsaI) for the identification of the species. RESULTS: The T. cruzi TcI was present in 100% of the coinfected mammals, which included 76.7% of triple infection by T. cruzi TcI-complex-L. (L) mexicana-L. infantum/chagasi, 13.3% of double infection by T. cruzi TcI-L. mexicana and 10% of double infection by T. cruzi Tcl-L. infantum/chagasi. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the double or triple infection is a phenomenon existing in almost all the coendemics areas and mammals studied, which might influence the mechanisms of adaptation and pathogenicity of these parasites.

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The rational design and synthesis of a series of 5-nitro-2-furoic acid analogues are presented. The trypanocidal activity against epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi and the toxic effects on human HeLa cells were tested. Between all synthetic compounds, three of thirteen had an IC50 value in the range of Nfx, but compound 13 exhibited an improved effect with an IC50 of 1.0 ± 0.1 µM and a selective index of 70 in its toxicity against HeLa cells. We analyzed the activity of compounds 8, 12 and 13 to interfere in the central redox metabolic pathway in trypanosomatids, which is dependent of reduced trypanothione as the major pivotal thiol. The three compounds behaved as better inhibitors of trypanothione reductase than Nfx (Ki values of 118 µM, 61 µM and 68 µM for 8, 12 and 13, respectively, compared with 245 µM for Nfx), all following an uncompetitive enzyme inhibition pattern. Docking analysis predicted a binding of inhibitors to the enzyme-substrate complex with binding energy calculated in-silico that supports such molecular interaction.

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En la actualidad, la sofisticación de la tecnología en el sector sanitario ofrece ventajas para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de los pacientes; sin embargo, los riesgos y eventos adversos que acompañan a esta nueva generación de tecnología son una tendencia creciente a nivel global. Hay muchos factores que contribuyen a este escenario, especialmente el error humano que aumenta en las instituciones de salud cuando el proceso de incorporación tecnológica no incluye la adecuada formación del personal. El objetivo de este proyecto es contribuir a la seguridad de los pacientes y ofrecer servicio de calidad en la atención sanitaria. Para ello debe implementarse una estrategia de capacitación del personal en el uso adecuado de la tecnología para ofrecer un servicio responsable, comprometido y profesional.

Currently, the sophistication of technology in the health-care industry offers advantages for the diagnosis and treatment of patients; however, the risks and adverse events that go with this new generation of technology are a growing tendency worldwide. There are many factors that contribute to this scenario, but especially the increase in human error in health-care institutions when the process of technological incorporation does not include appropriate personnel training. The objective of this project is to contribute to patient safety and offer quality healthcare. In order to offer a responsible, committed, and professional service,a strategy of training personnel in the appropriate use of technology must be implemented.

Na atualidade a sofisticação da tecnologia no sector sanitário oferece vantagens para o diagnóstico e tratamento dos pacientes, no entanto, os riscos e eventos adversos que acompanham esta nova geração de tecnologias são uma tendência crescente a nível global. Existem muitos fatores que contribuem a este palco: especialmente o erro humano que aumenta nas instituições de saúde quando o processo de incorporação tecnológica não inclui a adequada formação do pessoal. O objetivo deste projeto é contribuir à segurança dos pacientes e oferecer atenção de qualidade na atenção sanitária, a implementação de uma estratégia de capacitação do pessoal no uso adequado da tecnologia para oferecer um serviço responsável, comprometido e profissional.

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El incremento de la rigidez arterial está asociado con el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares, las cuales constituyen una de las principales causas de muertes en el mundo. Por este motivo el desarrollo de métodos no invasivos que permitan cuantificar la rigidez arterial ha alcanzado un gran impacto. En este trabajo se estudia el método no invasivo de medición de la velocidad de la onda del pulso de la arteria braquial al tobillo (baPWV), por sus siglas en inglés. Para estudiar este método se simularon las formas de ondas de presión en el sistema arterial empleando un modelo unidimensional, a partir de las cuales se determinaron los valores de baPWV. Estos valores fueron comparados con los calculados por otros dos métodos: cfPWV (velocidad de la onda del pulso entre la carótida y la femoral, el método estándar) y PWVteor (ecuación de Bramwell-Hill), obteniéndose correlaciones significativas, r=0.967 y r=0.9828 respectivamente. Se investigó la sensibilidad del método baPWV a la variación de la rigidez, representada por la variación de la distensibilidad y, se concluyó que el método es sensible a los cambios de rigidez que ocurren tanto en las arterias centrales como en las arterias periféricas.

The arterial stiffness increased is associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases, which constitute one of the first causes of death globally. For this reason the development of noninvasive methods to quantify arterial stiffness have had great impact. The purpose of this paper is the study of the noninvasive measurement method of brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). To perform this study pressure waveforms in the arterial system were simulated, by using a one-dimensional model. With these pressure waveforms baPWV's values were calculated, and were compared with two others calculated methods: cfPWV (carotid-femoral PWV, gold standard method), and PWVteor (Bramwell-Hill equation). Significant correlations were obtained, r=0.967 y r=0.9828 respectively. The sensibility of the baPWV method to the stiffness change, represented for the distensibility change, was investigated, and we conclude that baPWV method is sensitive to the changes that take place in both central and peripheral arteries.

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UNLABELLED: Various programs and interventions are available for the rehabilitation of patients who have undergone surgery for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation (LDH). Our aim is to determine the value of the different rehabilitation interventions included in the postoperative treatment of patients with symptomatic LDH. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Systematic review. Search in electronic data bases--from January 2000 to October 2012. Two independent reviewers certified in the use of the PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Data Base) scale assessed the clinical trials included in the final version; only those with high methodological quality were included. A third reviewer acted as arbitrator in case of discrepancy between reviewers. The reviewers were blinded to the authors, institutions and journals to increase the precision of their ratings and the inter-reviewer validity. RESULTS: Fifteen clinical trials were reviewed by the reviewers; 8 (53.3%) were considered as having a high methodological quality (average of 7.7/10). Were randomized 1099 participants to different treatment groups. It was not possible to conduct a meta-analysis with the clinical trial data due to the multiple interventions and outcome measures used. CONCLUSIONS: An immediate rehabilitation program is recommended in patients undergoing microiskectomy for the first time. Cognitive intervention with positive reinforcement together with exercise is an effective treatment. It is even considered as an alternative to vertebral fusion in patients who underwent LDH surgery with symptom recurrence after the first surgery. The results of early postoperative activity are usually excellent and involve no complications. The number and the methodological quality of the clinical trials on this topic need to be increased to justify the usefulness of these interventions in the daily clinical practice.

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The objective was to verify maternal hemodynamic differences between normal and abnormal pregnancies in dogs. Brucella-negative pregnant bitches (n = 31) were retrospectively classified into abnormal (which had either their pregnancy interrupted between Days 52 and 60 or perinatal death of more than 50% of the litter; n = 14) and normal (which had delivered healthy puppies at term; n = 17). These dogs were evaluated with echocardiography every 10 days from Days 0 to 60 of gestation (Day 0 = estimated day of LH peak). Systolic blood pressure was also assessed. At Day 50 of gestation, left ventricular free wall in systole increased in the normal but not in the abnormal group (P < 0.01). In contrast, end systolic stress (P < 0.01) and systolic blood pressure (P < 0.01) diminished only in normal animals. We concluded that signs of altered maternal cardiovascular adaptation to pregnancy may be predictors of obstetrical complications in dogs.

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The aim of this study was to describe the canine electrocardiographic changes in the course of normal and abnormal pregnancy. Twenty-three Brucellosis-negative pregnant bitches were retrospectively classified as normal (n = 12) or abnormal (n = 11). A control group of non-pregnant dioestrous bitches (n = 10) was also included. Normal pregnant females delivered healthy puppies at term while abnormal animals interrupted their pregnancy between days 52-60 (from estimated luteinizing hormone peak) or presented perinatal litter death higher than 60%. All the bitches were electrocardiographically evaluated every 10 days from day 0 to day 65 of the oestrous cycle, to parturition or abortion. Percentage heart rate change increased 31.3% from day 40 to 60 in normal gestation while it decreased -1.8% in dioestrous bitches, although it did not change in the abnormal group (p < 0.01). In the abnormal pregnant group but not in the others, percentage QRSa change fell to -34% on day 60 (p < 0.01). At the same time point, percentage QRSd change was 6.2% vs -4.9% in normal gestations and dioestrous animals, respectively (p < 0.05). Corrected QT interval augmented from day 40 onwards up to 9.9% and 4.3% in the normal pregnant and dioestrous groups, respectively, while it remained unchanged in abnormal gestations (p < 0.05). It is concluded that during normal canine pregnancy, some electrocardiographic parameters begin changing from day 40 onwards, and that pathological gestations differ from normality from day 30. The use of electrocardiography in canine obstetrics might contribute to identify abnormal outcomes before they become clinically evident.

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The aim of this study was to describe the changes of uterine artery, umbilical artery and fetal abdominal aorta, renal and internal carotid arteries blood flow in abnormal canine pregnancy. Twenty-two, Brucella-negative pregnant bitches were retrospectively classified into abnormal (which had either interrupted their pregnancy between days 52 and 60 or had perinatal death >60% of the litter; n=11) and normal (which had delivered healthy puppies at term; n=11). In all the animals, color and pulsed-wave Doppler examinations of uterine artery were conducted every 10 days from Day 20 to 50 from estimated luteinizing hormone peak. Doppler ultrasonography was also conducted in the fetuses to assess umbilical artery, abdominal aorta, renal and internal carotid arteries from Day 40 to 60 of gestation. Throughout the study, resistance index (RI) of uterine, umbilical and fetal renal arteries decreased up to -15% compared to -36% (P<0.01), -11% compared to -23% (P<0.05) and 2% compared to -13% (P<0.05), respectively in the abnormal and normal bitches. Fetal abdominal aorta and internal carotid did not differ between groups (P>0.05). It is concluded that in dogs, uterine artery, umbilical artery and fetal renal artery RI differ between normal and abnormal gestation being useful for the prediction of adverse obstetric outcome.

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