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The use of phosphate-solubilizing fungi in coffee cultivation is an alternative to the use of traditional fertilizers. The objective of this study was to analyze the mechanisms involved in the phosphorus solubilization of fungal strains and to evaluate the effect of a phosphate-solubilizing strain on coffee plants. For this, phosphorus-solubilizing fungal strains were selected for evaluation of their solubilization potential and phosphatase activity. Coffee plants were inoculated in the field with a phosphate-solubilizing strain, and the soil and foliar soluble phosphorus contents, as well as coffee bean yield, were quantified. Of the 151 strains analyzed, Sagenomella diversispora, Penicillium waksmanii, and Penicillium brevicompactum showed the highest solubilization. Aspergillus niger and P. waksmanii presented the highest soluble phosphorus values; however, P. brevicompactum showed the highest phosphatase activity. The P. brevicompactum strain inoculated on the coffee plants did not favor the foliar phosphorus content but increased the soil soluble phosphorus content in two of the coffee plantations. The plants inoculated with the phosphate-solubilizing strain showed an increase in coffee bean weight on all plantations, although this increase was only significant in two of the three selected coffee plantations.

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BACKGROUND: The recent increase of breast cancer mortality has put on alert to most countries in the region. However it has taken some time before breast cancer could be considered as a relevant problem. Only in recent years breast cancer has been considered a priority in some Latin American countries and resources have been mobilized to confront the problem at the institutional level. The article analyzes the efforts made in five Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Venezuela) in the last 15 years to design and implement policies to address the growing incidence of breast cancer. METHODS: Data was collected between July and December 2010 from both primary and secondary sources. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants from governmental and non-governmental organizations. Secondary data was obtained from publications in journals, government reports and official statistics in each country. Analysis combines information from both types of sources. RESULTS: Countries have followed different paths and are in different stages of policy implementation. In all cases early detection is a key strategy. Through the design of programs and guidelines, the allocation of financial resources to treat patients, as well as a formally structured information system, Brazil and Mexico have been able to set up comprehensive national policies. Argentina, Colombia and Venezuela have made important advancements but not yet capable of coordinating comprehensive national policies. CONCLUSION: Breast cancer is being considered a priority in all five countries but there are different stages in the rolling out of comprehensive national policies due to differences in their capacity to allocate resources, implement operational strategies and encourage the participation of relevant stakeholders.

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OBJECTIVE: To identify the strategies used by Mexican migrants to access health services in the U.S. and Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ethnographic study in five Mexican states, selected by their migration dynamics. A series of focus groups and in-depth interviews were conducted with health services users and providers. RESULTS: Six strategies were identified and are used according to the severity of the disease: a) self-medication, b) telephone consultation with relatives, c) utilization of private services, d) travel to border towns, e) return to place of birth, f) getting medical care during their visits to places of origin. DISCUSSION: The health care options used by Mexican migrants and their families are defined according to events related to the migration process. The implementation of public policies to protect the health of migrants on both sides of the border is critical.

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OBJETIVO: Identificar las alternativas ideadas por los migrantes mexicanos para acceder a los servicios de salud en Estados Unidos de América y México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio etnográfico en cinco estados, seleccionados por su dinámica migratoria. Se realizaron grupos focales y entrevistas a profundidad con usuarios y prestadores de servicios. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron seis formas de atención utilizadas de acuerdo con la gravedad de la enfermedad: a) automedicación; b) consulta telefónica con familiares; c) uso de servicios privados; d) traslado a ciudades fronterizas; e) retorno al lugar de nacimiento; f) atención durante visitas estacionales al lugar de origen. DISCUSIÓN: Las alternativas empleadas por los migrantes para acceder a los servicios de salud se explican por las circunstancias del contexto de migración y la falta de opciones formales de atención. Es fundamental la aplicación de una política pública para la protección de la salud de estos ciudadanos en ambos lados de la frontera.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the strategies used by Mexican migrants to access health services in the U.S. and Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ethnographic study in five Mexican states, selected by their migration dynamics. A series of focus groups and in-depth interviews were conducted with health services users and providers. RESULTS: Six strategies were identified and are used according to the severity of the disease: a) self-medication, b) telephone consultation with relatives, c) utilization of private services, d) travel to border towns, e) return to place of birth, f) getting medical care during their visits to places of origin. Discussion: The health care options used by Mexican migrants and their families are defined according to events related to the migration process. The implementation of public policies to protect the health of migrants on both sides of the border is critical.

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A new graminicolous species of Clavicipitaceae, Balansia brunnans sp. nov., has been found to infect Panicum xalapénse. Staining of living host tissues indicates the presence of intercellular endophytic mycelium. Stromata develop just below the nodes on the culms. Balansia brunnans is comparable to Balansia aristidae, B. discoidea, B. gaduae, B. nigricans, and B. strangulans in development of stromata on culms and possession of an endophytic mycelial stage. Among the differences between Balansia brunnans and other comparable species is that it possesses a brown perithecial stroma, whereas comparable species have black perithecial stromata. A key is provided to distinguish B. brunnans from similar species.

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El propósito del estudio fue investigar si la comunicación enfermera-paciente en estado crítico se mejora utilizando un código de comunicación mediante imágenes. Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo a 28 pacientes intubados conscientes en estado crítico, de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Posquirúrgicos y Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Coronarios del Hospital de Cardiología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, a quienes se aplicó dicho código, el cual consta de 20 tarjetas que representan necesidades o problemas del paciente, agrupadas por color de la siguiente manera: rojo-dolor, azul-higiene, verde-comodidad y tranquilidad, amarillo-molestia, morada-apoyo espiritual. El estudio permitió valorar la comprensión de cada tarjeta, obteniendo como resultado global 87.3% de comprensión del código de comunicación mediante imágenes, por lo que consideramos que representa una opción útil para facilitar la comunicación con el paciente en estado crítico y se puede aplicar en las unidades de cuidados intensivos.

The purpose of this study was to find whether the communication between a nurse and a patient in critical condition can be improved if a communication code by means of images is used. A descriptive transversal study was done to 28 intubated conscious patients in critical condition. Those patients were from the Post-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, and the Coronary intensive Care Unit in the Hospital de Cardiologia, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI. We used a code composed by 20 cards depicting several patient needs or problems. The cards were color-code in the following manner: red-pain, blue-hygiene, green-comfort and tranquility, yellow-discomfort, purple-spiritual support. The study allowed us to value the understanding of each card. The global result was an 87.3% understanding of the communication code by means of images. For this reason we believe that the code is a useful option to facilitate communication with the patient in critical condition, and that it can be applied in intensive care units.

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Del 25 de marzo al 15 de mayo de 1996 se realizó en el Hospital General de Zona Núm. 8 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social en Córdoba, Veracruz, un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, transversal y observacional con el objeto de evaluar a los egresados del curso Actualización y Desarrollo para Personal Directivo de Enfermería, comparando la evaluación integral con la autoevaluación que llevó a cabo el mismo personal. Sirvieron como unidad de medición los criterios de acreditación de educación médica expresados en Metodología para la evaluación y garantía de la calidad de la atención médica, con las variables excelente, suficiente, insuficiente y deficiente. El universo de estudio estuvo integrado por el personal de enfermería que concluyó el curso de actualización. Se aplicó un examen de base estructurada de alternativas constantes para evaluar el dominio cognoscitivo, una lista de cotejo para el dominio psicomotor y una cédula descriptiva, cualitativa y cuantitativa, para evaluar el dominio afectivo. Después del proceso de capacitación se aplicó una cédula de autoevaluación del desempeño laboral. De los parámetros establecidos para evaluar, 53.3% correspondió al rubro insuficiente, 26.6% excelente, 13.3% suficiente y 6.6% deficiente, encontrándose que las diferencias son estadísticamente significativas (p<0.05). En la evaluación del dominio cognoscitivo destaca la evaluación de insuficiente con 66.6%, encontrándose nuevamente significancia estadística (p=0.0005). En el dominio psicomotor el parámetro excelente con 40%, sin significancia estadística (p=0.40). Por lo que respecta al dominio afectivo, se encontró que de manera proporcional los parámetros de excelente y suficiente alcanzaron 33.3%, también sin significancia estadística (p=0.10). Los resultados mostraron un predominio del parámetro insuficiente principalmente en el área cognoscitiva; en las áreas psicomotora y afectiva fue excelente y suficiente. Se encontró correlación negativa entre la evaluación integral aplicada y la autoevaluación.

From march to may in 1996 had place an observable, transversal, retrospective and descriptive study order to evaluate a nursering directive personal's actualization and progress course, by means comparisons between integral evaluation and themselves evaluation. Measure unit was based in accreditation parameters of medical education mentioned in medical care quality, with Excellent, Sufficient, Insufficient and Deficient variables. Sample's universe was given by nurses that finished the course. They had to do a exam answering just true or false to each sentence, evaluating in this way cognitive area; psychomotor area was evaluated in right values tables as well using a qualitative and quantitative description card to accredit affective area. Finally a self-evaluation card to labor performance after a capacitation process. About assignees parameters to evaluate the efficient agree decreasing order the results were. Insufficient 53.3%, Excellent 26.6%, Sufficient 13.3 % and finally Deficient 6.6%, obtaining significant differences (p<0.05), in cognitive area evaluation denote insufficient parameter on 66.6%, finding once again significancy (p=0.0005). In affective area the excellent and sufficient parameters were similar values 33.3%, and without significancy, (p=0.10). Results showed an insufficient category predominance, specially in cognitive area; in psychomotor and affective areas the excellent and sufficient parameters, finding negative correlation between integral evaluation and self-evaluation.

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