RESUMO
This report describes the occurrence of the rabies virus in two species of wild animals in the urban area of Montes Claros (MOC), Minas Gerais State, Brazil, in May 2023. The virus has been detected in frugivorous chiropterans (Artibeus sp) and marmosets (Callithrix penicillata). This is the first notified case of the rabies virus in the species C. penicillata in the urban area of MOC. Our findings show that the rabies virus is circulating in the urban area of MOC; therefore, permanent preventive measures must be adopted to avoid infection of other animals and humans.
Assuntos
Callithrix , Vírus da Raiva , Raiva , Animais , Vírus da Raiva/isolamento & purificação , Brasil/epidemiologia , Callithrix/virologia , Raiva/veterinária , Raiva/epidemiologia , Quirópteros/virologia , Animais Selvagens/virologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to produce and purify Clostridium perfringens type C beta-toxin, sheep anti-beta toxin immunoglobulin G (IgG) and chicken immunoglobulin Y (IgY). METHODS: Two methods were used for beta-toxin purification: single-step metal affinity chromatography (MAC) using zinc as a chelator and ion exchange chromatography (IEX). The purified and inactivated beta-toxoids were then administered to sheep and chickens in order to produce IgG and IgY. RESULTS: All assays using the IEX failed. In contrast, MAC purified more than 21 mg of toxin per run in a single-step protocol. The purified and inactivated beta-toxoids were then administered to sheep and chickens, and IgG and IgY were purified with a high yield, medium antibody titer of 50 IU/mL, and high avidity (73.2 %). CONCLUSIONS: C. perfringens type C beta-toxin and sheep or chicken anti-beta toxin IgG and IgY antibodies were successfully produced and purified using a simple protocol. This protocol can be used for the production of components used in the diagnosis and research of necrotic enteritis caused by C. perfringens type C, as well as for the evaluation of existing vaccines and the development of new preventive methods against this disease.
Assuntos
Antitoxinas , Infecções por Clostridium , Enterite , Imunoglobulinas , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Animais , Ovinos , Clostridium perfringens , Infecções por Clostridium/veterinária , Enterite/veterinária , Galinhas , Toxoides , Imunoglobulina G , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controleRESUMO
ABSTRACT This report describes the occurrence of the rabies virus in two species of wild animals in the urban area of Montes Claros (MOC), Minas Gerais State, Brazil, in May 2023. The virus has been detected in frugivorous chiropterans (Artibeus sp) and marmosets (Callithrix penicillata). This is the first notified case of the rabies virus in the species C. penicillata in the urban area of MOC. Our findings show that the rabies virus is circulating in the urban area of MOC; therefore, permanent preventive measures must be adopted to avoid infection of other animals and humans.
RESUMO
Herd vaccination is an important preventive measure against enterotoxemia in ruminants. Vaccination in goats should be performed every four months, and recent studies have shown that immunity in cattle lasts for less than one year. One of the mechanisms for increasing the duration of the immune response is to use purified toxoids as immunogens. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the humoral response in cattle and goats after vaccination with purified and semi-purified Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxoid. The following three different vaccines were used: vaccine 1 (V1), a semi-purified toxoid adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide; vaccine 2 (V2), a purified toxoid adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide; and vaccine (V3), a purified toxoid adsorbed on chitosan microparticles. Groups of cattle (n = 6-7) and goats (n = 6-7) were vaccinated on days 0 and 30, and serum samples for antitoxin titration were collected every 30 days for one-year post-vaccination. Goats were revaccinated on day 360, and their serum was evaluated on days 367 and 374. The antibody peaks ranged between 6.90 and 11.47 IU/mL in cattle and from 1.11 to 4.40 IU/mL in goats. In cattle administered with the V1 and V2 vaccines, we observed that the antibody titers were maintained above 0.2 IU/mL until the end of the experiment. In goats, V2 elicited long-lasting antibodies, and all animals maintained the protective titers for 210 days after the first dose. In conclusion, the purified toxoid vaccine with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant was able to induce strong and long-lasting humoral responses in both species and could be an alternative for improving the immunization schedule against enterotoxemia in goats and cattle.
Assuntos
Toxinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/imunologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Infecções por Clostridium/veterinária , Clostridium perfringens/imunologia , Doenças das Cabras/microbiologia , Doenças das Cabras/prevenção & controle , Toxoides/administração & dosagem , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/imunologia , Toxinas Bacterianas/administração & dosagem , Toxinas Bacterianas/química , Vacinas Bacterianas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Bacterianas/química , Vacinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Bovinos , Clostridium perfringens/classificação , Enterotoxemia/prevenção & controle , Cabras , Imunidade Humoral , Imunização , CoelhosRESUMO
The aim of this study was to purify Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin and produce and purify anti-epsilon chicken immunoglobulin Y (IgY). A single-step ion exchange chromatography resulted in a high-yield and high-purity toxin, while ion exchange chromatography followed by gel filtration resulted in the highest purity of the toxin, but at a lower yield. Purified and inactivated epsilon toxin were then administered in chickens via four inoculations and IgY was obtained at a high purity and yield, with an antibody titer of 50 IU/mL and high levels of avidity (73.2%). In summary, C. perfringens type D epsilon toxin and chicken anti-epsilon IgY were successfully produced and purified, and may be used for the diagnosis of enterotoxemia caused by the epsilon toxin, as well as in potency tests of existing and future vaccines against enterotoxemia.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Toxinas Bacterianas/biossíntese , Toxinas Bacterianas/isolamento & purificação , Galinhas/microbiologia , Clostridium perfringens/patogenicidade , Enterotoxemia/imunologia , Enterotoxemia/fisiopatologia , Imunoglobulinas/sangue , AnimaisRESUMO
Botulism is a well-known intoxication that affects humans and animals. The disease is endemic in cattle in Brazil and recently emerged as an important disease in commercial laying hens and broiler chickens in Europe. Dogs and other animal species can also be affected. Although antitoxins are commonly administered to humans diagnosed with botulism, in animals this is rarely the case and the treatment of botulism is still based only on support therapy. In the present work, we report an outbreak of type C botulism in Brazil that simultaneously affected domestic chickens, dogs and a black-pencilled marmoset (Callithrix penicillata). The successful use of Clostridium botulinum types C and D antitoxin for the treatment of an affected dog is also described.
Assuntos
Botulismo/veterinária , Clostridium botulinum tipo C/isolamento & purificação , Surtos de Doenças , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/epidemiologia , Animais , Antitoxinas/uso terapêutico , Botulismo/epidemiologia , Botulismo/terapia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Callithrix , Galinhas , Doenças do Cão/microbiologia , Doenças do Cão/terapia , Cães , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Clostridium perfringens is a microorganism commonly found in the microbiota of humans and animals and a potential cause of enteric, muscle or nervous diseases. The treatment of these diseases is based on antimicrobial therapy and it is extremely important to know the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the strains present in the region. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of C. perfringens isolated from domestic and wild animals in Brazil against seven different antimicrobials. Forty-one strains from the stool samples of cattle (n = 12), buffalo (n = 2), goat (n = 3), dogs (n = 12) and wild carnivores (n = 12) were examined. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by the agar dilution method using Brucella agar supplemented with 5% of sheep blood, 0.1% of vitamin K, 0.1% of hemin and concentrations ranging from 0,25 to 256,0 mg L-¹ of the following antibiotics: erythromycin, florfenicol, metronidazole, oxytetracycline, penicillin, tylosin, and vancomycin. All C. perfringens strains were susceptible to florfenicol, metronidazole, penicillin and vancomycin. Two strains (4.9%) were resistant to erythromycin and tylosin, while five (12.2%) were resistant to oxytetracycline, one of which (2.4%) from an ocelot.(AU)
Clostridium perfringens é um microrganismo comumente encontrado na microbiota de seres humanos e animais e potencial causador de enfermidades entéricas, musculares ou neurológicas. O tratamento das enfermidades é baseado em terapia antimicrobiana, sendo de extrema importância conhecer o perfil de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana das estirpes presentes na região em questão. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a susceptibilidade de estirpes de C. perfringens isolados de animais domésticos e carnívoros silvestres no Brasil frente a sete diferentes antimicrobianos. Foram utilizados 41 isolados originários de bezerros (n = 12), búfalos (n = 2), caprinos (n = 3), cães (n = 12) e espécies de carnívoros silvestres (n = 12). A concentração inibitória minima foi determinada pelo método de diluição seriada em agar, utilizando-se o agar Brucella suplementado com 5% de sangue ovino, 0,1% de vitamina K, 0,1% de hemina e concentrações variando de 0,25 a 256,0 mg L-¹ dos seguintes antimicrobianos: eritromicina, florfenicol, metronidazol, oxitetraciclina, penicilina, tilosina e vancomicina. Todas as estirpes de C. perfringens testadas foram sensíveis ao florfenicol, metronidazol, penicilina e vancomicina. Dois isolados (4,9 %) foram resistentes a eritromicina e a tilosina, enquanto que cinco (12,2 %) estirpes foram resistentes a oxitetraciclina, sendo uma delas (2,4 %) proveniente de uma jaguatirica.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Infecções por Clostridium/veterinária , Clostridium perfringens/genética , Anti-Infecciosos/análise , Resistência Microbiana a MedicamentosRESUMO
Clostridium perfringens is a microorganism commonly found in the microbiota of humans and animals and a potential cause of enteric, muscle or nervous diseases. The treatment of these diseases is based on antimicrobial therapy and it is extremely important to know the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the strains present in the region. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of C. perfringens isolated from domestic and wild animals in Brazil against seven different antimicrobials. Forty-one strains from the stool samples of cattle (n = 12), buffalo (n = 2), goat (n = 3), dogs (n = 12) and wild carnivores (n = 12) were examined. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by the agar dilution method using Brucella agar supplemented with 5% of sheep blood, 0.1% of vitamin K, 0.1% of hemin and concentrations ranging from 0,25 to 256,0 mg L-¹ of the following antibiotics: erythromycin, florfenicol, metronidazole, oxytetracycline, penicillin, tylosin, and vancomycin. All C. perfringens strains were susceptible to florfenicol, metronidazole, penicillin and vancomycin. Two strains (4.9%) were resistant to erythromycin and tylosin, while five (12.2%) were resistant to oxytetracycline, one of which (2.4%) from an ocelot.
Clostridium perfringens é um microrganismo comumente encontrado na microbiota de seres humanos e animais e potencial causador de enfermidades entéricas, musculares ou neurológicas. O tratamento das enfermidades é baseado em terapia antimicrobiana, sendo de extrema importância conhecer o perfil de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana das estirpes presentes na região em questão. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a susceptibilidade de estirpes de C. perfringens isolados de animais domésticos e carnívoros silvestres no Brasil frente a sete diferentes antimicrobianos. Foram utilizados 41 isolados originários de bezerros (n = 12), búfalos (n = 2), caprinos (n = 3), cães (n = 12) e espécies de carnívoros silvestres (n = 12). A concentração inibitória minima foi determinada pelo método de diluição seriada em agar, utilizando-se o agar Brucella suplementado com 5% de sangue ovino, 0,1% de vitamina K, 0,1% de hemina e concentrações variando de 0,25 a 256,0 mg L-¹ dos seguintes antimicrobianos: eritromicina, florfenicol, metronidazol, oxitetraciclina, penicilina, tilosina e vancomicina. Todas as estirpes de C. perfringens testadas foram sensíveis ao florfenicol, metronidazol, penicilina e vancomicina. Dois isolados (4,9 %) foram resistentes a eritromicina e a tilosina, enquanto que cinco (12,2 %) estirpes foram resistentes a oxitetraciclina, sendo uma delas (2,4 %) proveniente de uma jaguatirica.
Assuntos
Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/análise , Clostridium perfringens/genética , Infecções por Clostridium/veterinária , Resistência Microbiana a MedicamentosRESUMO
The objective of this study was to detect C. difficile A/B toxins and to isolate strains of C. perfringens and C. difficile from diarrheic and non-diarrheic dogs in Brazil. Stool samples were collected from 57 dogs, 35 of which were apparently healthy, and 22 of which were diarrheic. C. difficile A/B toxins were detected by ELISA, and C. perfringens and C. difficile were identified by multiplex PCR. C. difficile A/B toxins were detected in 21 samples (36.8%). Of these, 16 (76.2%) were from diarrheic dogs, and five (23.8%) were from non-diarrheic dogs. Twelve C. difficile strains (21.1%) were isolated, of which ten were A(+)B(+) and two were A(-)B(-). All non-toxigenic strains were isolated from non-diarrheic animals. The binary toxin gene cdtB was found in one strain, which was A(+)B(+) and was derived from a non-diarrheic dog. C. perfringens strains were isolated from 40 samples (70.2%). Of these, 18 (45%) were from the diarrheic group, and 22 (55%) belonged to the non-diarrheic group. All isolates were classified as C. perfringens type A and there was an association between the detection of the cpe gene and the presence of diarrhea. Interestingly, ten strains (25%) were positive for the presence of the cpb2 gene. The high rate of detection of the A/B toxins in non-diarrheic dogs suggests the occurrence of subclinical disease in dogs or carriage of its toxins without disease. More studies are needed to elucidate the epidemiology of C. difficile and C. perfringens in dogs and to better our understanding of C. difficile as a zoonotic agent. This is the first study to report the binary toxin gene in C. difficile strains isolated from dogs in Brazil.
RESUMO
The objective of this study was to detect C. difficileA/B toxins and to isolate strains of C. perfringensand C. difficile from diarrheic and non-diarrheic dogs in Brazil. Stool samples were collected from 57 dogs, 35 of which were apparently healthy, and 22 of which were diarrheic. C. difficileA/B toxins were detected by ELISA, and C. perfringensand C. difficilewere identified by multiplex PCR. C. difficileA/B toxins were detected in 21 samples (36.8%). Of these, 16 (76.2%) were from diarrheic dogs, and five (23.8%) were from non-diarrheic dogs. Twelve C. difficile strains (21.1%) were isolated, of which ten were A+B+and two were A-B-. All non-toxigenic strains were isolated from non-diarrheic animals. The binary toxin gene cdtBwas found in one strain, which was A+B+and was derived from a non-diarrheic dog. C. perfringensstrains were isolated from 40 samples (70.2%). Of these, 18 (45%) were from the diarrheic group, and 22 (55%) belonged to the non-diarrheic group. All isolates were classified as C. perfringenstype A and there was an association between the detection of the cpegene and the presence of diarrhea. Interestingly, ten strains (25%) were positive for the presence of the cpb2gene. The high rate of detection of the A/B toxins in non-diarrheic dogs suggests the occurrence of subclinical disease in dogs or carriage of its toxins without disease. More studies are needed to elucidate the epidemiology of C. difficileand C. perfringensin dogs and to better our understanding of C. difficileas a zoonotic agent. This is the first study to report the binary toxin gene in C. difficilestrains isolated from dogs in Brazil.