RESUMO
Accumulating reports of negative impacts of tourist activities on wildlife emphasize the importance of closely monitoring focal populations. Although some effects are readily noticed, more subtle ones such as changes in physiological functions of individuals might go overlooked. Based on evidence of altered physiology associated with ecotourism on Magellanic penguins Spheniscus magellanicus, here we performed an integrated assessment using a diverse physiological toolkit together with more traditional fitness-related measures to better understand mechanisms and potential consequences. Chicks exposed to tourism showed altered immune parameters and elevated flea prevalence, reinforcing previous findings. Tourism-exposed female, but not male, chicks also showed relatively lower hematocrit and plasma protein levels, providing evidence consistent with a sex-specific response to tourist visitation. Physiological alterations detected in tourism-exposed young chicks (week 1-2) were maintained and the effect on flea infestation increased during the study period (week 4-5 of post-hatch). Despite the effects on physiology, these did not seem to translate into immediate fitness costs. No detectable tourism effects were found on brood sex ratios, chick growth and body condition, and survival until week 5-6 post-hatch. We detected no effects on reproductive output and only a marginal effect on nest survival during incubation despite previous reports of tourism-associated alterations in stress indices of adults. This disconnection could result if the physiological changes are not strong enough to impact fitness, if effects balance each other out, or if changes are part of a copying strategy. Alternatively, the physiological alterations might only show impacts later in the brooding cycle or even after chick emancipation from their parents. Our results suggest that integrative monitoring of potential anthropogenic impacts on wildlife should include evaluation of physiological mechanisms and individual-level responses in populations exposed to human activities.
Assuntos
Spheniscidae , Animais , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Spheniscidae/fisiologia , Animais Selvagens/fisiologia , Reprodução , Proteínas Sanguíneas , TurismoRESUMO
The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in intensive care units has permitted the selection of multiple resistant bacterial strains in the hospital setting. Antibiograms present the sensitivity or resistance of these strains to drugs in current use. In this study, 100 bacterial strains were isolated from patients on medical and surgical ICU wards. The strains were identified by API-20E and sensitivity testing was performed by the E-test procedure. MIC were further analyzed with the WHONET software wich permits the identification of antibiotypes. Acinetobacter anitratus, Pseudomona aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae were the most resistant strains. Nine antibiotypes were determinated for A. Anitratus. Predominant strain presented antibiotypes with multiple resistance to ten antibiotics. P. aeruginosa presented 10 antibiotypes, the predominant one being CTX, CRO, CTX. Antibiotype determination allows phenotypic identification or resistance patterns in particular species as well as facilitates follow up and recognition of its epidemiological distribution
Assuntos
Humanos , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Unidades de Terapia IntensivaRESUMO
The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in intensive care units has permitted the selection of multiple resistant bacterial strains in the hospital setting. Antibiograms present the sensitivity or resistance of these strains to drugs in current use. In this study, 100 bacterial strains were isolated from patients on medical and surgical ICU wards. The strains were identified by API-20E and sensitivity testing was performed by the E-test procedure. MIC were further analyzed with the WHONET software wich permits the identification of antibiotypes. Acinetobacter anitratus, Pseudomona aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae were the most resistant strains. Nine antibiotypes were determinated for A. Anitratus. Predominant strain presented antibiotypes with multiple resistance to ten antibiotics. P. aeruginosa presented 10 antibiotypes, the predominant one being CTX, CRO, CTX. Antibiotype determination allows phenotypic identification or resistance patterns in particular species as well as facilitates follow up and recognition of its epidemiological distribution.