RESUMO
This study evaluated the effect of climate change on andrological parameters of beef bulls raised under tropical, subtropical, and temperate conditions. Bull ejaculates were collected to evaluate seminal quality parameters, sperm membrane integrity, and redox status (SOD; GPx; GSH; GRx; CARB; DCF; and SOD/GPx ratio). Bulls located in the temperate region showed a higher sperm motility rate and percentage of viable sperm (P < 0.05). When evaluating regions independently, we observed a lower GPx activity from animals in the tropical region (P < 0.05). In contrast, we found that SOD and GRx activities, GSH content, and CARB oxidative levels were higher in the tropical region, while oxidation values of DCF were lower (P < 0.05). Braford bulls showed higher CARB and DCF levels (1.23 ± 0.61 nmol/mg and 1453.60 ± 828.63 nmol/mg, respectively) compared to Hereford bulls (1.00 ± 0.43 nmol/mg and 1138.70 ± 423.24 nmol/mg, respectively) in the temperate region. However, Nellore bulls showed higher DCF levels (650.50 ± 401.53 nmol/mg) than Braford bulls (409.40 ± 286.97 nmol/mg). In addition, the SOD/GPx ratio was lower in Braford (12.44 ± 7.64 U/mg) compared to Nellore bulls in tropical conditions (87.25 ± 2.83 U/mg). A positive correlation was found in temperate conditions between DCF levels, SOD, and GRx activities (0.51, 0.58; P < 0.01, respectively), as well as in subtropical conditions between DCF levels and GRx activity (0.53; P < 0.01). A negative correlation between the temperature-humidity index and CARB content was found in subtropical and tropical regions (-0.44; P < 0.01). We concluded that Braford breeds showed lower seminal motility, DCF contents and SOD/GPx ratios compared to Nellore bulls in tropical climate conditions. Finally, in temperate environmental conditions, Braford bulls also showed lower seminal motility but higher levels of CARB and DCF contents compared to Hereford bulls. Therefore, the existence of climatic differences between the temperate and tropical regions evaluated affected Braford bulls' seminal motility and seminal redox homeostasis.
Assuntos
Sêmen , Motilidade dos Espermatozoides , Animais , Bovinos , Masculino , Oxirredução , Análise do Sêmen/veterinária , Espermatozoides , Superóxido Dismutase , Clima TropicalRESUMO
METHODS: and results: Pregnant Wistar rats received diets enriched in soybean oil (SO) or OO during gestation/lactation. At birth, litters were subdivided into MS or intact groups. After weaning, the pups received standard chow until adulthood, when they were subjected to behavioral tasks. At PND90 biochemical analyses were performed. Maternal OO-enriched diet prevented MS-induced higher weight gain, and decreased MS-induced anhedonic behavior. Increased latency to immobility and shorter immobility time were observed in the maternal OO-enrich diet groups. Maternal OO-enrich diet groups also presented reduced reactive oxygen species and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, this diet showed sex-specific effects, by decreasing mitochondrial mass and potential, reducing AMPK activation, and increasing synaptophysin and PSD-95 immunocontent in the DH of male rats. Early stress, on the other hand, decreased production of free radicals and decreased levels of SIRT1 in the DH of male rats. In females, OO prevented the anhedonic behavior induced by MS. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal OO-enrich diet attenuated MS-induced depressive behavior in both sexes. In addition, it affected energy metabolism in the DH of male rats, favored synaptic plasticity, and contributed to reducing pathophysiological conditions.
Assuntos
Depressão , Metabolismo Energético , Azeite de Oliva , Fatores Sexuais , Óleo de Soja , Estresse Psicológico , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Gravidez , Ratos , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP , Antioxidantes , Dieta , Hipocampo , Lactação , Azeite de Oliva/administração & dosagem , Ratos Wistar , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Sirtuína 1 , Óleo de Soja/administração & dosagem , SinaptofisinaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Polyphenols are compounds found in plants that have been extensively studied due to the health benefits of its consumption in adulthood. Meanwhile, recent evidence suggests that polyphenol consumption during pregnancy may not be safe for the fetus. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of naringenin supplementation during pregnancy on brain redox homeostasis and mitochondrial activity of the newborn rat. METHODS: Adult female Wistar rats were divided into two groups: (1) vehicle (1â mL/Kg p.o.) or (2) naringenin (50â mg/Kg p.o.). Naringenin was administered once a day during pregnancy. The offspring were euthanized on postnatal day 7, as well the dams, and brain regions were dissected. RESULTS: The offspring cerebellum was the most affected region, presenting increased activity of the mitochondrial electron transport system, allied to increased reactive species levels, lipid peroxidation, and glutathione concentration. The nitric oxide levels suffered structure-dependent alteration, with decreased levels in the pups' cerebellum and increased in the hippocampus. The offspring parietal cortex was not affected, as well as the parameters evaluated in the dams' brains. CONCLUSION: Maternal consumption of naringenin alters offspring cerebellar redox homeostasis, which could be related to adverse effects on the motor and cognitive development in the descendants.
Assuntos
Polifenóis , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Cerebelo , Feminino , Glutationa , Homeostase , Humanos , Óxido Nítrico , Oxirredução , Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
We aimed to evaluate the effects of the addition of oregano (Origanum vulgare) or green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) extracts (separately and associated) on feed intake, milk production, and hematological and antioxidant profiles of dairy cows. For that purpose, 16 Holstein and 16 Holstein-Gyr cows with 526.3±10.2 kg and within the first third of lactation were distributed according to a complete block design with measurements repeated in time. Treatments were control (CON), addition of 0.056% of oregano extract (OR), addition of 0.028% of green tea extract (GT), addition of a mixture of OR and GT extract (0.056% each) in the diet (MIX). Hematological and antioxidant profiles were monitored. Data were subjected to ANOVA, with block, treatment, days, and their interactions considered as fixed effects and animal and the residue as random effects. In Holstein cows, GT increased feed intake and milk yield compared with CON; in Holstein-Gyr crossbred cows, OR showed increased intake and GT increased milk yield compared with CON. Compared with CON, GT and OR decreased eosinophils concentration; OR showed the highest neutrophils concentration and neutrophils to leukocyte ratio. Compared with CON, OR presented increased catalase (CAT) activity, while GT increased the reduced glutathione concentration. The MIX treatment reduced CAT activity compared with OR, presented the lowest concentration of oxidized dichlorofluorescein in the erythrocytes (DCFER) and plasma (DCFPLA), and increased eosinophils concentration compared with GT and OR. Extracts differently affected feed intake and milk yield depending on genetic group. Feeding green tea and oregano extracts separately or associated distinctly affects the antioxidant indicators of lactating dairy cows.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Bovinos/fisiologia , Leite/fisiologia , Aditivos Alimentares/efeitos adversos , Antioxidantes/efeitos adversos , Chá/química , Extratos Vegetais/efeitos adversos , Origanum/químicaRESUMO
Mother-pup interactions are extremely important to offspring survival and growth. The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of prenatal and neonatal interventions on maternal care, analyzing the effect of maternal exercise, as a healthy intervention, and also the litter size reduction, a model that has been widely used to study early overfeeding in rats. Female Wistar rats were divided into 1) sedentary, and 2) swimming exercise for four weeks, starting one week before mating (5 days/week, 30 min/session). One day after birth, the litter was culled to 8 pups (normal) or 3 pups (small) per dam, yielding control and overfed subgroups for each maternal group, respectively. From postnatal days 2-9 the litter was observed 5 periods a day, to evaluate maternal behavior. Litter reduction caused important alterations in maternal behavior, reducing the total time out of the nest and increasing the frequency of maternal care and lactation in several observation periods, justifying the increased pup's weight gain already demonstrated by this animal model. The practice of maternal exercise did not prevent, but cause the less intensive frequency of non-maternal behavior and lactation in arched-back position, induced by the reduction of litter size. These data demonstrated that small litter size altered maternal behavior, and gestational exercise does not influence significantly these changes.
Assuntos
Comportamento Materno , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Animais , Feminino , Lactação , Tamanho da Ninhada de Vivíparos , Masculino , Gravidez , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Exposure to environmental factors can program the metabolism, conferring resistance or increasing the risk to chronic disease development in childhood and adulthood. In this sense, lactation is an important period in this window of development. Herein, we investigated the effect of early weaning on neurochemical and behavioral changes in offspring at weaning and adulthood. Female and male pups were divided into four groups: (1) Control weaning (weaning on the PND21, pups were kept with the biological mother); (2) Early Weaning Bromocriptine group (EWB) (pharmacological weaning on PND16); (3) Early Weaning Cross-Fostering group (EWCF) (pups housed with a foster mother on PND16 up to PND21); (4) Early Weaning Without Care group (EWWC) (weaning on PND16, maternal separation). Weight control of pups was recorded from postnatal Day 16 to 59. On the 21st day, part of the pups was euthanized and the hippocampus and hypothalamus were removed for biochemical evaluation. The remaining pups were submitted to behavioral tests on the 60th postnatal day. Early weaning reduced the pups' body weight, in a sex-dependent way. At 60 days of age, male pups of EWCF and EWWC groups have lower body weight compared to control male, and female body weight was lower than male pups. In relation to biochemical changes in the brain, weaning altered the levels of oxidants, increased the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), as well as induced lipid peroxidation. Weaning was also able to alter long-term memory and induce anxious behavior in pups. Our results demonstrate that the different types of early weaning changed the parameters of redox status in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of pups (21 days old), suggesting a prooxidative profile, in addition, to alter learning/memory and inducing an anxious behavior in male offspring (60 days old).
Assuntos
Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Privação Materna , Desmame , Fatores Etários , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Feminino , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/fisiologia , Masculino , Atividade Motora/fisiologia , Oxirredução , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) states that intrauterine maternal environment influences postnatal life by programming offspring's metabolism. Intrauterine milieu induced by exercise during pregnancy promotes long-lasting benefits to the offspring's health and seems to offer some resistance against chronic diseases in adult life. Alzheimer's disease is a public health concern with limited treatment options. In the present study, we assessed the potential of maternal exercise during pregnancy in long-term programming of young adult male rat offspring's cerebellar metabolism in conferring neuroprotection against amyloid-ß (Aß) neurotoxicity. Female Wistar rats were submitted to a swimming protocol 1 week prior mating and throughout pregnancy (five sessions/a week lasting 30 min). Aß oligomers were infused bilaterally in the brain ventricles of 60-day-old male offspring. Fourteen days after surgery, we measured parameters related to redox state, mitochondrial function, and the immunocontent of proteins related to synaptic function. We found that maternal exercise during pregnancy attenuated several parameters in the offspring's male rat cerebellum, such as the reactive species rise, the increase of inducible nitric oxide synthase immunocontent and tau phosphorylation induced by Aß oligomers, increased mitochondrial fission indicated by dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), and protein oxidation identified by carbonylation. Strikingly, we find that maternal exercise promotes changes in the rat offspring's cerebellum that are still evident in young adult life. These favorable neurochemical changes in offspring's cerebellum induced by maternal exercise may contribute to a protective phenotype against Aß-induced neurotoxicity in young adult male rat offspring.
Assuntos
Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Cerebelo/patologia , Condicionamento Físico Animal/fisiologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/prevenção & controle , Animais , Cerebelo/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Oxirredução , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/metabolismo , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/patologia , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The study of polyphenols' effects on health has been gaining attention lately. In addition to reacting with important enzymes, altering the cell metabolism, these substances can present either positive or negative metabolic alterations depending on their consumption levels. Naringenin, a citrus flavonoid, already presents diverse metabolic effects. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of maternal naringenin supplementation during pregnancy on the tricarboxylic acid cycle activity in offspring's cerebellum. Adult female Wistar rats were divided into two groups: (1) vehicle (1 ml/kg by oral administration (p.o.)) or (2) naringenin (50 mg/kg p.o.). The offspring were euthanised at 7th day of life, and the cerebellum was dissected to analyse citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activities. Molecular docking used SwissDock web server and FORECASTER Suite, and the proposed binding pose image was created on UCSF Chimera. Data were analysed by Student's t test. Naringenin supplementation during pregnancy significantly inhibited IDH, α-KGDH and MDH activities in offspring's cerebellum. A similar reduction was observed in vitro, using purified α-KGDH and MDH, subjected to pre-incubation with naringenin. Docking simulations demonstrated that naringenin possibly interacts with dehydrogenases in the substrate and cofactor binding sites, inhibiting their function. Naringenin administration during pregnancy may affect cerebellar development and must be evaluated with caution by pregnant women and their physicians.
Assuntos
Cerebelo/enzimologia , Ciclo do Ácido Cítrico/efeitos dos fármacos , Suplementos Nutricionais , Flavanonas/administração & dosagem , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Animais , Citrato (si)-Sintase/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Isocitrato Desidrogenase/efeitos dos fármacos , Complexo Cetoglutarato Desidrogenase/efeitos dos fármacos , Malato Desidrogenase/efeitos dos fármacos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Caloric restriction (CR) improves health and life span in animal models. Although CR effects in adult life are well described, little is known about effects on offspring when applied during gestation. Pregnancy is a remarkable period of life, alterations in this stage lead to lifelong consequences, some of which, associated to redox unbalance. Furthermore, gestational overweight is a growing issue that can lead to detrimental outcomes. To address this issue, we divided pregnant rats into control (ad libitum food) and CR groups, which received 20% less food than control. Micronutrients consumption was equalized between groups by oral gavage. Cerebellum, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus were evaluated on post-natal day (PND) 0, 7, 21, and 60. We observed increased oxidants content on PND0 in all brain structures, except for the cerebellum. Key enzymatic antioxidant defenses showed decreased activity on PND0. Interestingly, on PND60, we observed a positive modulation of most antioxidant enzymes, especially on the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses were decreased at birth and increased during development and adult age. Lipid peroxidation was increased at birth on most structures, and the effect was abolished thereafter. In the prefrontal cortex, lipid peroxidation was unaltered at birth and diminished thereafter, while protein oxidation was increased on PND0 and decreased on PND60. Protein oxidation was also decreased in the cerebellum at adult age. Our results shown controlled gestational CR to improve antioxidant defenses and protect offspring's brain from oxidative stress, especially in adulthood, as a result of developmental metabolic programming.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/metabolismo , Restrição Calórica , Envelhecimento , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Feminino , Homeostase , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Oxidantes/metabolismo , Gravidez , Taxa de Gravidez , Ratos Wistar , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the main aging-associated neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, synaptic failure, and cognitive decline. It has been a challenge to find disease course-modifying treatments. However, several studies demonstrated that regular physical activity and exercise are capable of promoting brain health by improving the cognitive function. Maternal lifestyle, including regular exercise during pregnancy, has also been shown to influence fetal development and disease susceptibility in adulthood through fetal metabolism programming. Here, we investigated the potential neuroprotective role of regular maternal swimming, before and during pregnancy, against amyloid-ß neurotoxicity in the adult offspring. Behavioral and neurochemical analyses were performed 14 days after male offspring received a single, bilateral, intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of amyloid-ß oligomers (AßOs). AßOs-injected rats of the sedentary maternal group exhibited learning and memory deficits, along with reduced synaptophysin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, and alterations of mitochondrial function. Strikingly, the offspring of the sedentary maternal group had AßOs-induced behavioral alterations that were prevented by maternal exercise. This effect was accompanied by preventing the alteration of synaptophysin levels in the offspring of exercised dams. Additionally, offspring of the maternal exercise group exhibited an augmentation of functional mitochondria, as indicated by increases in mitochondrial mass and membrane potential, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and cytochrome c oxidase enzymes activities. Moreover, maternal exercise during pregnancy induced long-lasting modulation of fusion and fission proteins, Mfn1 and Drp1, respectively. Overall, our data demonstrates a potential protective effect of exercise during pregnancy against AßOs-induced neurotoxicity in the adult offspring brain, by mitigating the neurodegenerative process triggered by Alzheimer-associated AßOs through programming the brain metabolism.