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The Estuarine-Lagoon Complex of Iguape-Cananéia (ELCIC), a Marine Protected Area (MPA) in Brazil, was the focus of this study that aimed to relate external levels of exposure to contaminants to toxic effects on Gobioides broussonnetii fish. Different anthropogenic contaminants such as metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) were analyzed in the sediments; and biochemical, histopathological and genotoxicity biomarkers evaluated in fish; in two different seasons at three sites of the estuarine region. Higher contamination of the sediments was observed near the main urban center (Iguape city - IG). Metal concentrations were considered low to moderate, while PAHs concentrations were considered low. The concentrations of PPCPs increased due to the anthropogenic presence and were higher near IG and the Cananéia Island (CI). Contributions from historical mining, agriculture, nautical activities, oil, sewage and waste disposal, biomass and fossil fuels combustion were identified. Higher concentrations of metals and PPCPs were observed during the cold-dry season, suggesting influences of the lower hydrodynamics during the season of lower precipitation. Higher PAHs concentrations occurred in the hot-rainy season, indicating influences of greater human presence in summer. In fish, biological responses followed the same spatial and seasonal pattern. More pronounced changes in antioxidant, biotransformation, histopathological and genotoxic biomarkers were observed in IG and CI. The multivariate analysis and the integrated biomarkers response index (IBR) also evidenced worse environmental conditions in these sites. This result can indicate a negative influence of anthropogenic activities on the contamination of sediments and on the biological responses of fish. This study presented the first ecotoxicological data for the species and suggested that these chronic exposures can cause adverse effects on this fish population. The data contribute to the understanding of local environmental quality and can be applied in the future to the environmental and social management of marine protected areas.

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This review aims to gather and summarize information about the occurrence of emerging contaminants and antibiotic resistance genes in environmental matrices in Latin America. We aim to contribute to future research by compiling a list of priority pollutants adjusted to the needs and characteristics of Latin America, according to the data presented in this study. In order to perform a comprehensive research and secure a representative and unbiased amount of quality data concerning emerging contaminants in Latin America, the research was performed within the Scopus® database in a time frame from 2000 to July 2019. The countries with higher numbers of published articles were Brazil and México, while most studies were performed in the surroundings of Mexico City and in Southern and Southeastern Brazil. The main investigated environmental matrices were drinking water and surface water. The presence of antibiotic resistance was frequently reported, mainly in Brazil. Monitoring efforts should be performed in other countries in Latin America, as well as in other regions of Brazil and México. The suggested priority list for monitoring of emerging contaminants in Latin America covers: di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), bisphenol-A (BP-A), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), triclosan (TCS), estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), ethinylestradiol (EE2), tetracycline (TC), amoxicillin (AMOX), norfloxacin (NOR), ampicillin (AMP) and imipenem (IMP). We hope this list serves as a basis for the orientation of the future research and monitoring projects to better understand the distribution and concentration of the listed emerging substances.

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This study combined data of the concentrations of metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pharmaceuticals and personal hygiene products (PPCPs) in the sediments and the biological responses of the Atherinella brasiliensis fish in two different sites and climate seasons in the Estuarine-Lagoon Complex of Iguape-Cananéia, Southeast Brazil. The presence of metals, PAHs, and PPCPs were observed in the sediments demonstrating the contamination throughout the system with contributions of sewage and residues disposal, oil and combustion of biomass and fossil fuels. Higher contaminations were identified in the point of greater human presence (C - Cananéia City), especially during the cold-dry season. The influence of anthropic activities and variations in the estuarine conditions, such as lower hydrodynamics during the lower rainfall period, were observed. In fish, spatial and seasonal changes in the parameters of oxidative stress and biotransformation, genotoxicity and histopathological alterations followed the same trend, with more pronounced responses in C in the cold-dry season. The biological responses of the fish revealed adverse effects in the local species population and indicated the presence of metals, PAHs and PPCPs as stressors. The multivariate analysis and the integrated biomarker response index (IBR) corroborated with these results, also indicating that site C had the worst environmental quality. The present study provides new information about the contamination of the sediments of Estuarine-Lagoon Complex of Iguape-Cananéia and the chronic exposure to contaminants in A. brasiliensis. Therefore, contributing to a better understanding of the local environmental quality with data that can support protective management of the area.

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Ingredients in home and personal care products, including UV filters and benzotriazoles, are high production volume chemicals extensively used in our daily life, despite several studies revealed their potential eco-toxicity and endocrine-disrupting capacity. Due to some features, such as high lipophilicity, low degradability, and persistence of many of these compounds, sediments can be considered a sink for them in the aquatic environment. In the present study, nine organic UV filters and three benzotriazoles were investigated for the first time in sediments from four urban rivers in Brazil. The contaminants were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results revealed that octocrylene (OC), etylhexyl-methoxycinnamate (EHMC), benzophenone-3 (oxybenzone, BP3), and benzotriazole (BZT) were the predominant compounds adsorbed on the sediments, with concentrations ranging from 5.6 to 322.2 ng g-1 dry weight. The results reported in this work constitute the first data on the accumulation of polar benzotriazoles and lipophilic organic UV filters in sediments from Brazil.

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RESUMO O uso de lodo de esgoto na agricultura promove a reciclagem de nutrientes e de matéria orgânica, trazendo benefícios ao desenvolvimento vegetal e à conservação do solo e da água. No entanto, é crescente a preocupação com poluentes orgânicos que possam estar no lodo de esgoto. A presença de medicamentos (antibióticos, tranquilizantes, antiepilépticos), hormônios (naturais e sintéticos), perfumes, bactericidas, entre outros poluentes orgânicos, em diferentes compartimentos ambientais é uma questão emergente, devido à escassez de informações sobre o impacto potencial associado à sua ocorrência, seu destino e efeitos ecotoxicológicos. Esses compostos, denominados poluentes orgânicos emergentes, podem ser removidos durante o tratamento de esgoto por degradação, transformação biológica, volatilização e/ou sorção ao lodo. Esses processos são influenciados pelas propriedades físicas e químicas do poluente e pelas condições de tratamento do esgoto. Informações sobre características físico-químicas, como potencial de acidez e hidrofobicidade, são importantes para compreender os mecanismos de remoção e para adoção de medidas que favoreçam a remoção de tais poluentes, como por exemplo a alteração nas condições operacionais e/ou adoção de tecnologias. A presente revisão bibliográfica apresenta as características físico-químicas de poluentes orgânicos emergentes e seu potencial de sorção em lodo de esgoto.

ABSTRACT The agricultural use of wastewater sludge promotes the recycling of nutrients and organic matter, bringing benefits to the plant development and the soil and water conservation. However, there is a growing concern about organic pollutants that may be in wastewater sludge. The presence of pharmaceuticals (antibiotics, tranquilizers, antiepileptics), hormones (natural and synthetic), musk fragrances, bactericides, and other organic pollutants in various environmental compartments is an emerging issue due to the lack of information on the potential impact associated with their occurrence, their fate and ecotoxicological effects. These compounds, termed emerging organic pollutants, may be removed during sewage treatment due to degradation, biological transformation, volatilization and/or sorption onto sludge particles. These processes are influenced by the physical-chemical properties of the pollutant and the conditions of sewage treatment. Information on physical and chemical characteristics, such as potential acidity and hydrophobicity, are important for understanding the patterns of removal and to adopt measures that favor the removal of these pollutants, such as changes in operating conditions and/or adoption of technologies. This literature review presents the physico-chemical emerging organic pollutants characteristics and their potential sorption on wastewater sludge.

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This article explores the applicability of fluorescence and absorbance spectroscopy for estimating organic pollution in polluted rivers. The relationship between absorbance, fluorescence intensity, dissolved organic carbon, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and other water quality parameters were used to characterize and identify the origin and the spatial variability of the organic pollution in a highly polluted watershed. Analyses were performed for the Iguassu River, located in southern Brazil, with area about 2,700 km2 and ∼3 million inhabitants. Samples were collect at six monitoring sites covering 107 km of the main river. BOD, COD, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentration indicates a high input of sewage to the river. Specific absorbance at 254 and 285 nm (SUVA254 and A285/COD) did not show significant variation between sites monitored, indicating the presence of both dissolved compounds found in domestic effluents and humic and fulvic compounds derived from allochthonous organic matter. Correlations between BOD and tryptophan-like fluorescence peak (peak T2, r=0.7560, and peak T1, r=0.6949) and tyrosine-like fluorescence peak (peak B, r=0.7321) indicated the presence of labile organic matter and thus confirmed the presence of sewage in the river. Results showed that fluorescence and absorbance spectroscopy provide useful information on pollution in rivers from critical watersheds and together are a robust method that is simpler and more rapid than traditional methods employed by regulatory agencies.

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Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is nowadays recognized as the main substrate and source of energy for aquatic microbial community. The great part of available organic carbon for bacterioplankton might be formed after photolytic degradation of humic material, which constitutes the major part of DOC in almost all natural waters. The effects of DOC photo-degradation were evaluated, as was its utilization by bacterioplankton, through a two-step experiment, one involving photo-degradation of DOC and the other bacterial growth on the photo-degraded substrate. Photo-degradation was responsible for the consumption of 19% of DOC, reduced SUVA254, an increase in the E2/E3 and E3/E4 ratios, in addition to modifications in the fluorescence spectra that indicated a rise in the labile fraction of DOC. However, these alterations on DOC were not reflected in differences in bacterioplankton growth, as shown by the fact that there were no significant differences in density, biomass, bacterial production, bacterial respiration and bacterial growth efficiency between treatment and control.(AU)

O carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD) é reconhecido atualmente como o principal substrato e fonte de energia para a comunidade microbiana aquática. Grande parte do COD biodisponível para o bacterioplâncton pode ser gerada após degradação fotolítica do material húmico dissolvido, que constitui a maior parte do carbono orgânico total. Neste trabalho foram avaliados os efeitos da fotodegração no COD de um ambiente húmico e a sua posterior utilização pelo bacterioplâncton, por meio de um experimento em duas etapas, uma de fotodegradação do COD e outra de crescimento microbiano sobre o substrato fotodegradado. A fotodegradação causou consumo de 19% do COD, diminuição na SUVA254, aumento nas razões E2/E3 e E3/E4 e modificações nos espectros de fluorescência apontando aumento da fração lábil. No entanto, as alterações no COD não se refletiram em diferenças no crescimento do bacterioplâncton, não havendo diferenças significativas com relação à densidade, biomassa, produção, respiração e eficiência de crescimento bacteriano.(AU)

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Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is nowadays recognized as the main substrate and source of energy for aquatic microbial community. The great part of available organic carbon for bacterioplankton might be formed after photolytic degradation of humic material, which constitutes the major part of DOC in almost all natural waters. The effects of DOC photo-degradation were evaluated, as was its utilization by bacterioplankton, through a two-step experiment, one involving photo-degradation of DOC and the other bacterial growth on the photo-degraded substrate. Photo-degradation was responsible for the consumption of 19% of DOC, reduced SUVA254, an increase in the E2/E3 and E3/E4 ratios, in addition to modifications in the fluorescence spectra that indicated a rise in the labile fraction of DOC. However, these alterations on DOC were not reflected in differences in bacterioplankton growth, as shown by the fact that there were no significant differences in density, biomass, bacterial production, bacterial respiration and bacterial growth efficiency between treatment and control.

O carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD) é reconhecido atualmente como o principal substrato e fonte de energia para a comunidade microbiana aquática. Grande parte do COD biodisponível para o bacterioplâncton pode ser gerada após degradação fotolítica do material húmico dissolvido, que constitui a maior parte do carbono orgânico total. Neste trabalho foram avaliados os efeitos da fotodegração no COD de um ambiente húmico e a sua posterior utilização pelo bacterioplâncton, por meio de um experimento em duas etapas, uma de fotodegradação do COD e outra de crescimento microbiano sobre o substrato fotodegradado. A fotodegradação causou consumo de 19% do COD, diminuição na SUVA254, aumento nas razões E2/E3 e E3/E4 e modificações nos espectros de fluorescência apontando aumento da fração lábil. No entanto, as alterações no COD não se refletiram em diferenças no crescimento do bacterioplâncton, não havendo diferenças significativas com relação à densidade, biomassa, produção, respiração e eficiência de crescimento bacteriano.

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Since the introduction of the Microbial Loop concept, many studies aimed to explain the role of bacterioplankton and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in aquatic ecosystems. Paraná River floodplain system is a very complex environment where these subjects were little explored. The aim of this work was to characterize bacterial community in terms of density, biomass and biovolume in some water bodies of this floodplain and to verify its temporal variation and its relation with some limnological variables, including some indicators of DOC quality, obtained through Ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) and fluorescence spectroscopic analysis. Bacterial density, biomass and biovolume are similar to those from other freshwater environments and both density and biomass were higher in the period with less rain. The limnological and spectroscopic features that showed any relation with bacterioplankton were the concentrations of N-NH4 and P-PO4, water transparency, and some indicators of DOC quality and origin. The analysis of these relations showed a possible competition between bacterioplankton and phytoplankton for inorganic nutrients and that the DOC used by bacterioplankton is labile and probably from aquatic macrophytes.

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Since the introduction of the Microbial Loop concept, many studies aimed to explain the role of bacterioplankton and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in aquatic ecosystems. Paraná River floodplain system is a very complex environment where these subjects were little explored. The aim of this work was to characterize bacterial community in terms of density, biomass and biovolume in some water bodies of this floodplain and to verify its temporal variation and its relation with some limnological variables, including some indicators of DOC quality, obtained through Ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) and fluorescence spectroscopic analysis. Bacterial density, biomass and biovolume are similar to those from other freshwater environments and both density and biomass were higher in the period with less rain. The limnological and spectroscopic features that showed any relation with bacterioplankton were the concentrations of N-NH4 and P-PO4, water transparency, and some indicators of DOC quality and origin. The analysis of these relations showed a possible competition between bacterioplankton and phytoplankton for inorganic nutrients and that the DOC used by bacterioplankton is labile and probably from aquatic macrophytes.