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Aujeszky's disease (AD) is endemic in Argentina. In 2016, an inactivated gE- negative marker Bartha K61 vaccine (AUSKIPRA® BK) was launched for use, making Argentina the only country to carry out a control strategy plan with it. In the present article, we describe the results of a control program in a farrow-to-finishing farm with high initial AD prevalence (33% in sows), based on the systematic vaccination, detection, and elimination of seropositive pigs, the replacement of sows with vaccinated gilts, and the instauration of artificial insemination. The program was suitable for diminishing the incidence and the prevalence at levels consistent with virus eradication. This situation has been sustained over time. This is the first report of AUSKIPRA® BK efficacy under field conditions.

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RATIONALE/BACKGROUND: Though much smaller than the bovine industry, the porcine sector in Argentina involves a large number of farms and represents a significant economic sector. In recent years Argentina has implemented a national registry of swine movements amongst other measures, in an effort to control and eventually eradicate endemic Aujesky's disease. Such information can prove valuable in assessing the risk of transmission between farms for endemic diseases but also for other diseases at risk of emergence. METHODS: Shipment data from 2011 to 2016 were analyzed in an effort to define strategic locations and times at which control and surveillance efforts should be focused to provide cost-effective interventions. Social network analysis (SNA) was used to characterize the network as a whole and at the individual farm and market level to help identify important nodes. Spatio-temporal trends of pig movements were also analyzed. Finally, in an attempt to classify farms and markets in different groups based on their SNA metrics, we used factor analysis for mixed data (FAMD) and hierarchical clustering. RESULTS: The network involved approximate 136,000 shipments for a total of 6 million pigs. Over 350 markets and 17,800 production units participated in shipments with another 83,500 not participating. Temporal data of shipments and network metrics showed peaks in shipments in September and October. Most shipments where within provinces, with Buenos Aires, Cordoba and Santa Fe concentrating 61% of shipments. Network analysis showed that markets are involved in relatively few shipments but hold strategic positions with much higher betweenness compared to farms. Hierarchical clustering yielded four groups based on SNA metrics and node characteristics which can be broadly described as: 1. small and backyard farms; 2. industrial farms; 3. markets; and 4. a single outlying market with extreme centrality values. CONCLUSION: Characterizing the network structure and spatio-temporal characteristics of Argentine swine shipments provides valuable information that can guide targeted and more cost-effective surveillance and control programs. We located key nodes where efforts should be prioritized. Pig network characteristics and patterns can be used to create dynamic disease transmission models, which can both be used in assessing the impact of emerging diseases and guiding efforts to eradicate endemic ones.

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Immediate vaccination of the most susceptible and epidemiological relevant animals is a crucial part of control measures that facilitate virus elimination in case of entry of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cattle vaccination 7 and 14 days prior challenge using a vaccine commonly applied in systematic vaccination campaigns against transmission of FMD virus (FMDV). Transmission of FMDV was investigated in three groups of ten cattle each: one non-vaccinated group and two groups that were either vaccinated 7 days (-7/vaccinated group) or 14 days (-14/vaccinated group) before intranasal (IN) inoculation. Five cattle heads from each group were inoculated using the IN-route with the A/Argentina/2001 FMDV strain, while the remaining five cattle heads of each group were contact-exposed to inoculated cattle. Clinical signs were recorded; virus isolation and genome detection by RT-PCR were carried out on oesophageal-pharyngeal fluid (OPF) and blood. Neutralizing antibody titers and antibodies against non-structural proteins (NSP) of FMDV were also determined. Results suggest that the experimental design, virus challenge dose, and virus infectivity were appropriate and that the virus had been transmitted to naïve calves. Under the outlined experimental conditions, vaccination 7 and 14 days prior to challenge induced full clinical protection against virus inoculation. Moreover, -7/ or -14/vaccinated calves that had been contact-exposed to -7/ or -14/vaccinated IN-challenged calves, did not become infected. Consequently, no virus transmission occurred from vaccinated and subsequently infected calves to cohabitating vaccinated calves (R = 0). According to our results, early vaccination during an outbreak is effective as virus transmission can be significantly reduced using a vaccine commercially available, routinely applied in systematic vaccination campaigns.

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Farmers raising less than 100 sows represent more than 99% of swine producers in Argentina, although little is known about their sanitary status and productive characteristics in the country. Sanitary and productive information was obtained. Furthermore, samples for serological studies were taken to detect antibodies against Brucella suis (Bs), Aujeszky's disease virus (AV) and influenza virus (IV) in 68 backyard and small producers with less than 100 sows located in the north, central and south regions of Argentina. Antibodies against H1 pandemic were detected in 80% of the farms while 11%, 11.7% and 6.0% of the producers were positive to influenza H3 cluster 2, AV and Bs, respectively. None of the producers was aware of the risk factors concerning the transmission of diseases from pigs to humans. A percentage of 47% of them buy pigs for breeding from other farmers and markets. With regard to biosecurity measures, only 16% of the farms had perimeter fences. The results of this study demonstrate that productive characterization and disease surveys are important to improve productivity and to reduce the risk of disease transmission among animals and humans. The study of sanitary status and risk factors is necessary for better control and eradication of diseases in backyard or small producers. More representative studies at country level should be carried out to detect the pathogensthat circulate and, with this knowledge, to implement prevention and control measures.

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Las principales metas del presente trabajo son dos: 1) Conocer la salud física y mental de las personas que sufren acoso laboral. 2) Analizar si existen diferencias en función del género en la asociación entre el acoso laboral y los problemas de salud. Se utilizó un diseño transversal con una muestra formada por 209 personas empleadas (el 47,4% hombres y el 52,6% mujeres) víctimas de acoso laboral y un grupo control de 209 personas de la población general que no habían sufrido acoso laboral. Los resultados mostraron que las personas que habían sufrido acoso laboral tenían más ansiedad e insomnio y más sintomatología somática y depresiva que quienes no habían sufrido acoso en su trabajo, diferencias que eran más acusadas en las mujeres que en los hombres. Además, las personas con acoso laboral reportaron sufrir mayor número de enfermedades y consumir más medicamentos, su autoestima y apoyo social eran menores y tenían mayor insatisfacción con su rol laboral. Estos resultados evidencian que el acoso laboral supone un riesgo para la salud física y mental de las personas trabajadoras.

The principal aims of this study are two: 1) To know the mental and physical health of people suffering workplace harassment; 2) To analyze gender differences in the association between the workplace harassment and health problems. Research design was a cross-sectional survey with a sample of 209 employees (47.4 men and 52.6%) who experienced workplace harassment and a control sample of 209 general population persons who did not experienced workplace harassment. Results showed that employees who experienced workplace harassment had more anxiety and insomnia, depressive and somatic symptoms than employees who did not experienced workplace harassment, differences which were more pronounced in women than in men. Also, employees who experienced workplace harassment also had more number of illness, more medicine consumption and have less self-esteem, social support and more work role dissatisfaction. These results make clear that workplace harassment is a risk for workers’ mental and physical health.

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Para conocer las diferencias de género en los usos del tiempo y la relevancia que la profesión tiene en el empleo del tiempo diario de mujeres y hombres se hizo un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 927 mujeres y 929 hombres de la población general española de edades comprendidas entre 21 y 65 años y diferentes características sociodemográficas. Se encontró que las mujeres dedicaban más tiempo al día a la realización de tareas domésticas, de mantenimiento del hogar, al cuidado de hijos/as y de familiares enfermos mientras que los hombres dedicaban más tiempo diario a salir con amigos/as, a descansar y a realizar aquellas actividades que le resultaban satisfactorias, diferencias que eran estadísticamente significativas (p < .05). Los análisis de varianza mostraron que el género interactuaba con la profesión en el tiempo dedicado a las tareas domésticas, al mantenimiento del hogar, al cuidado de hijos/as y al estudio. Las mujeres con mayor cualificación laboral dedicaban más tiempo diario a estudiar y menos a las tareas del hogar y al cuidado de hijos/as que las que tenían trabajos menos cualificados. Pero, pese a ello, dedicaban más tiempo a las tareas del hogar y al cuidado de sus hijos que los hombres de su mismo nivel profesional.

In order to examine gender differences in time-use and the relevance of profession in the women and men’s use of their time, a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted. The sample consisted of 493 women and 324 men from the general population, ages 21 to 65 years, and with different sociodemographic characteristics. The study revealed that women are engaged longer than men in daily domestic work, household maintenance, child care and nursing while men spend more daily time in socializing, resting and other activities described as satisfying; these differences were statistically significant (p < .05). Analysis of variance showed an interaction between gender and profession in time spent on housework, home maintenance, child care and study. Women with higher professional qualifications dedicated more of their daily time to study and less to household chores and child care than those with less qualified jobs. In spite of this, these high-qualified women professionals spent more time on household chores and the care of their children than similarly qualified men.

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Los estudios sobre género y bienestar muestran la relevancia de los factores sociales en el bienestar de mujeres y hombres. Los estudios realizados en todo el mundo indican que la desigualdad es una amenaza a la salud y el bienestar de las mujeres. Tal desigualdad está a la base de la violencia de que son víctimas y dicha violencia, junto con la pobreza que afecta a miles de mujeres, parecen ser las fuentes más graves de estrés y las mayores amenazas a su bienestar. Pero, al igual que sucede con el estudio de cualquier otra diferencia de género, no hay que olvidar que la variabilidad intragrupo es mayor que la intergrupo y que al analizar las diferencias de género también hay que tener en cuenta el contexto social.

Studies of gender and welfare show the relevance of social factors in women and men welfare. Those worldwide studies indicate that inequality is a threat for women health and welfare. Such inequality is based on violence of which they are victims of, as well as poverty that affects thousands of women; these seem to be the worst stress sources and the greatest threat to their welfare. However, as well as it happens in the study of any other gender difference, we cannot forget that inter-group, and that at the moment of analyzing gender difference, we also have to take into account social context.

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Los estudios sobre género y salud muestran la complejidad de las diferencias en salud entre mujeres y hombres e indican la relevancia de los factores sociales, tanto en el surgimiento y desarrollo de tales diferencias comoen la salud de todas las personas. Así, todo indica la necesidad de instaurarmedidas que, además de eliminar la desigualdad de género, promuevanunas condiciones de vida más saludables para toda la población. Se analizanla relación existente entre sexo y género, género y salud mental, violenciade género, género y estrés, múltiples roles y salud.

Studies on gender and health show the complexity of the differences inhealth between women and men and indicate the importance of social factorsin both the emergence and development of such differences in the health ofall people. So, everything indicates the need for measures that, in additionto eliminating gender inequality, promote a healthier living conditions for theentire population. We analyzed the relationship between sex and gender,gender and mental health, gender-based violence, gender and stress,multiple roles and health.

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BACKGROUND: Some surgical pathologies eventually require intestinal resection. This may lead to an extended procedure such as leaving 30 cm of proximal jejunum and left and sigmoid colon. One of the most important consequences of this type of resection is [quot ]intestinal failure[quot ] or short bowel syndrome. This complex syndrome leads to different metabolic and water and acid/base imbalances, as well as nutritional and immunological challenges along with the problem accompanying an abdomen subjected to many surgical procedures and high mortality. Many surgical techniques have been developed to improve quality of life of patients. METHODS: We designed a non-transplant surgical approach and performed the procedure on two patients with postoperative short bowel syndrome with <40 cm of proximal jejunum and left colon. RESULTS: There are a variety of non-transplant surgical procedures that, due to their complex technique or high mortality rate, have not resolved this important problem. However, the technique we present in this work can be performed by a large number of surgeons. The procedure has a low morbimortality rate and offers the opportunity for better control of metabolic and acid/base balance, intestinal transit and proper nutrition. CONCLUSIONS: We consider that this technique offers a new alternative for the complex management required by patients with short bowel syndrome and facilitates their long-term nutritional control.

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