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This paper investigates factors associated with motherhood among adolescents from 14 to 16 years of age in Porto Alegre, Brazil. This is a case-control study with 431 adolescent mothers (cases) and 862 adolescents who had never given birth (controls). D. ata were obtained through home visits by an interviewer-applied questionnaire. Sociodemographic characteristics, quality of social and family relationships, lifestyle and history of abuse were studied as potential determinants to early adolescent motherhood. Conditional logistic regression was used for data analysis according to a two-stage hierarchical model. Results showed that lower economic class, schooling failure, tobacco consumption, alcoholic drunkenness at least once in life and having a mother who gave birth before 20 years of age were positively associated with early adolescent motherhood. Later menarche and having relatives or having friends in whom to trust remained as protective factors. Schooling failure, which obtained the highest risk, points to the important role of the school in this population's development and its potential to stimulate healthy life habits.

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Abstract This paper investigates factors associated with motherhood among adolescents from 14 to 16 years of age in Porto Alegre, Brazil. This is a case-control study with 431 adolescent mothers (cases) and 862 adolescents who had never given birth (controls). D. ata were obtained through home visits by an interviewer-applied questionnaire. Sociodemographic characteristics, quality of social and family relationships, lifestyle and history of abuse were studied as potential determinants to early adolescent motherhood. Conditional logistic regression was used for data analysis according to a two-stage hierarchical model. Results showed that lower economic class, schooling failure, tobacco consumption, alcoholic drunkenness at least once in life and having a mother who gave birth before 20 years of age were positively associated with early adolescent motherhood. Later menarche and having relatives or having friends in whom to trust remained as protective factors. Schooling failure, which obtained the highest risk, points to the important role of the school in this population's development and its potential to stimulate healthy life habits.

Resumo Este artigo visa investigar fatores associados à maternidade em adolescentes moradoras em Porto Alegre, com idade entre 14 e 16 anos. Estudo caso-controle com 431 mães adolescentes (casos) e 862 adolescentes que nunca tiveram filho (controles). Os dados foram obtidos através de visitas domiciliares e mediante aplicação de questionário estruturado. Foram estudadas variáveis sociodemográficas, qualidade das relações sociais e familiares, estilo de vida e histórico de abuso como possíveis determinantes da maternidade na adolescência. Os dados foram analisados através de regressão logística condicional, utilizando modelo hierarquizado. Os resultados mostram que pertencer aos estratos socioeconômicos mais baixos, possuir mãe que teve o seu primeiro filho até os 19 anos, defasagem escolar, uso de tabaco e embriaguez alcóolica pelo menos uma vez na vida foram positivamente associados à maternidade na adolescência. Menarca mais tardia e ter familiares ou ter amigos em quem confiar foram fatores de proteção. Defasagem escolar, que obteve razão de odds mais elevada, aponta o importante papel da escola na formação desta população e no seu potencial para estimular hábitos de vida sadios.

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Este trabalho objetiva investigar o conhecimento, atitudes e comportamentos relacionados à sexualidade dos adolescentes de escolas públicas de Canoas/RS. Uma amostra de 1091 estudantes de 12 a 19 anos responderam questionários autoaplicados sobre sexualidade, abuso sexual, gravidez, DST/AIDS. Cerca de 45% dos adolescentes já tiveram relação sexual. A idade média da primeira relação foi 14 anos para rapazes e 14,6 anos para moças. O preservativo foi usado na primeira relação sexual por 80,6% dos estudantes. Os adolescentes gostariam de aprender mais sobre sexualidade, sendo que moças gostariam de aprender mais que rapazes. Quanto à percepção da vulnerabilidade para HIV/AIDS, 54% dos rapazes acha quase impossível contrair a doença, enquanto que nas moças esse número sobe para 71,0%. Houve 5,6% de história de gravidez e 2,7% de história de abuso sexual. Apesar de um aumento no uso do preservativo, os resultados embasam intervenções para aumentar o sexo mais seguro entre adolescentes.

This work aims to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and behaviors related to sexuality of public schools'students of Canoas / RS. 1091 students aged 12 to 19 answered self-administered questionnaires on sexuality, sexual abuse, pregnancy, STD / AIDS. About 45% of adolescents have had sexual intercourse. The average age of the first relationship was 14 years for boys and 14.6 years for girls. The condom was used in the first intercourse by 80.6% of the students. Teens would like to learn more about sexuality, and girls would like to learn more than boys. Regarding the perception of vulnerability to HIV / AIDS, 54% of boys find it almost impossible to contract the disease, while in girls this figure rises to 71.0%. There was 5.6% of pregnancy history and 2.7% of sexual abuse history. Despite an increase in condom use, these results support interventions to increase safer sex among adolescents.

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This study analyzed the factors associated with first sexual intercourse among 427 mothers with 14-16 years of age from Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil. Data on adolescent socio-demographic status (skin color, religion and schooling gap) and reproductive aspects (age at menarche, age at first sexual intercourse, partnership in first sexual intercourse and partner's age) were collected through household survey. Data analysis was performed using bivariate and multivariate analysis through Poisson regression with robust variance. Among adolescents with early first sexual intercourse (up to 14 years), 77.4% had menarche at up to 12 years of age and 16.4% had casual partners in the first sexual intercourse. These variables were associated with the outcome and showed that early menarche (OR=1.26; CI 95%:1.04-1.52) and casual partner at first sexual intercourse (OR=1.28; CI 95%:1.09-1.49) increase by respectively 26% and 28% the prevalence of early first sexual intercourse. This study highlights the need to strengthen health programs and policies already implemented, such as the School Health Program, as well as reinforces that parents and teachers need to be oriented in an integrated manner in order to facilitate dialogue with adolescents and provide adequate counseling.

O presente estudo analisou os fatores associados à iniciação sexual em 427 mães de 14 a 16 anos de Porto Alegre/RS/Brasil. Foram coletados dados referentes à condição sociodemográfica das adolescentes (cor da pele, religião e defasagem escolar) e dimensão reprodutiva (idade na menarca, idade na iniciação sexual, tipo de parceria na iniciação sexual e idade do parceiro) através de inquérito domiciliar. A avaliação dos dados foi realizada com o uso de análise bivariada e multivariada através de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Entre as adolescentes com iniciação sexual precoce (até os 14 anos), 77,4% tiveram menarca até os 12 anos e o parceiro na iniciação sexual foi casual em 16,4% dos casos. Essas variáveis foram associadas ao desfecho e mostram que menarca precoce (RP=1,26; IC95%:1,04-1,52) e parceiro casual na iniciação sexual (RP=1,28; IC95%:1,09-1,49) aumentam em, respectivamente, 26% e 28% a prevalência da iniciação sexual precoce. Este estudo evidencia a necessidade de fortalecer os programas e políticas de saúde já implantados, como o Programa Saúde do Escolar, e reforça que pais e professores precisam ser orientados de maneira integrada com o fim de facilitar o diálogo com as adolescentes e promover um aconselhamento adequado.

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Resumo O presente estudo analisou os fatores associados à iniciação sexual em 427 mães de 14 a 16 anos de Porto Alegre/RS/Brasil. Foram coletados dados referentes à condição sociodemográfica das adolescentes (cor da pele, religião e defasagem escolar) e dimensão reprodutiva (idade na menarca, idade na iniciação sexual, tipo de parceria na iniciação sexual e idade do parceiro) através de inquérito domiciliar. A avaliação dos dados foi realizada com o uso de análise bivariada e multivariada através de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Entre as adolescentes com iniciação sexual precoce (até os 14 anos), 77,4% tiveram menarca até os 12 anos e o parceiro na iniciação sexual foi casual em 16,4% dos casos. Essas variáveis foram associadas ao desfecho e mostram que menarca precoce (RP=1,26; IC95%:1,04-1,52) e parceiro casual na iniciação sexual (RP=1,28; IC95%:1,09-1,49) aumentam em, respectivamente, 26% e 28% a prevalência da iniciação sexual precoce. Este estudo evidencia a necessidade de fortalecer os programas e políticas de saúde já implantados, como o Programa Saúde do Escolar, e reforça que pais e professores precisam ser orientados de maneira integrada com o fim de facilitar o diálogo com as adolescentes e promover um aconselhamento adequado.

Abstract This study analyzed the factors associated with first sexual intercourse among 427 mothers with 14-16 years of age from Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil. Data on adolescent socio-demographic status (skin color, religion and schooling gap) and reproductive aspects (age at menarche, age at first sexual intercourse, partnership in first sexual intercourse and partner's age) were collected through household survey. Data analysis was performed using bivariate and multivariate analysis through Poisson regression with robust variance. Among adolescents with early first sexual intercourse (up to 14 years), 77.4% had menarche at up to 12 years of age and 16.4% had casual partners in the first sexual intercourse. These variables were associated with the outcome and showed that early menarche (OR=1.26; CI 95%:1.04-1.52) and casual partner at first sexual intercourse (OR=1.28; CI 95%:1.09-1.49) increase by respectively 26% and 28% the prevalence of early first sexual intercourse. This study highlights the need to strengthen health programs and policies already implemented, such as the School Health Program, as well as reinforces that parents and teachers need to be oriented in an integrated manner in order to facilitate dialogue with adolescents and provide adequate counseling.

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BACKGROUND: Hazardous drinking (HD) is a serious health problem in people infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genes have been associated with HD in different populations, but there were no data about this in HIV-1-positive individuals. This study investigated the association of 4 nonsynonymous SNPs in ADH genes (Arg48His and Arg370Cys in ADH1B gene; Arg272Gln and Ile350Val in ADH1C gene) with HD in people living with HIV-1. METHODS: This case-control study included 365 HIV-1-positive individuals (121 with HD and 244 without HD). Sociodemographic variables were collected with a standardized individual questionnaire. HD (score ≥8) and binge drinking (BD) (drinks on the same occasion ≥5) were detected with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. The 4 SNPs were genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using logistic regression analysis. The Bonferroni correction was used (considering the 4 SNPs studied). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the frequencies of Arg370Cys, Arg272Gln, and Ile350Val polymorphisms between HD cases and controls. Otherwise, Arg/His genotype (rs1229984) in ADH1B gene showed a protective effect against HD (aOR = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.90) and BD (aOR = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.21 to 0.95). Nevertheless, these differences were no longer significant after Bonferroni correction. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest a possible effect of the Arg48His genotype on the protection against HD in HIV-1-positive individuals.

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Abstract Objective: to describe sociodemographic and family relationships, health status, depression and degree of functional capacity in institutionalized elderly persons in eleven long-term care facilities for the elderly in the north coastal region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out of 60 institutionalized elderly persons without cognitive impairment, confirmed by a score greater than 13 in the Mini Mental State Exam. Questionnaires were used to obtain data on sociodemographic conditions, family relationships, and self-perception of health. Functional capacity was evaluated with the Barthel Index and the Geriatric Depression Scale was applied. Results: A predominance of women, widowed and single, with a of low level of education and precarious financial status, most of whom who did not have children, was observed. The elderly persons complained about difficulty walking (38.3%), generalized pain (16.7%) and vision problems (13.3%). The majority (95%) reported suffering from two to three chronic diseases and making daily use of three or more drugs. Although 55% of the participants presented depressive symptoms and morbidity, they reported functional independence and 50% rated their health as good. Conclusions: These data contributed to the knowledge of the health status and functional capacity of these institutionalized elderly persons, aiming to improve the care provided to this public. AU

Resumo Objetivo: descrever características sociodemográficas, familiares, situação de saúde, depressão e grau de capacidade funcional em idosos institucionalizados em 11 instituições de longa permanência para Idosos, na região do Litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo descritivo transversal que utilizou questionários para obtenção de dados sobre condições sociodemográficas, aspectos familiares, sobre a autopercepção de saúde, bem como a capacidade funcional (Índice de Barthel) e a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica de 60 idosos institucionalizados sem deficiência cognitiva, confirmada após apresentarem pontuação superior a 13 no Miniexame de Estado Mental. Resultados: Houve predominância do sexo feminino, viúvos e solteiros, com baixa escolaridade e situação financeira precária, e a maioria, sem filhos. Os idosos queixaram-se das dificuldades para andar (38,3%), da dor generalizada (16,7%) e dos problemas de visão (13,3%). A grande maioria (95%) relatou ter de duas a três doenças crônicas e fazer uso diário de três ou mais medicamentos. Apesar de 55% apresentarem sintomas depressivos e morbidades, os idosos apresentaram valores compatíveis com independência funcional de acordo com o índice de Barthel e classificaram sua saúde como boa. Conclusões: Esses dados contribuíram para conhecer as condições de saúde e capacidade funcional desses idosos institucionalizados, visando qualificar a assistência a esse público. AU

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Estudo transversal para analisar o conhecimento e o acesso aos programas de educação sexual e prevenção da Aids de adolescentes matriculados em escolas públicas da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre/RS. Foram avaliados 1190 adolescentes entre 12 e 19 anos, com um questionário auto aplicado. Os dados foram analisados através de estatística descritiva e inferencial. A grande maioria dos adolescentes não tem conhecimento de programas/oficinas de educação sexual e prevenção da Aids na escola e no município. Dos que conhecem os programas, cerca da metade não os frequenta na escola e 80.6% não os frequenta no município. Poucos adolescentes obtêm camisinha, informativos, testes para Aids e pílulas anticoncepcionais dos postos de saúde. A maioria dos adolescentes (78,4%) gostaria de aprender mais sobre sexualidade, gravidez e Aids. Esses resultados apontam a necessidade dos órgãos públicos tornarem mais acessível os programas de educação sexual nas escolas e especialmente nos serviços de saúde.

Cross-sectional study to analyze the knowledge and access to sex education and Aids prevention programs for adolescents enrolled in public schools in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre / RS. A total of 1190 adolescents between 12 and 19 years old were evaluated, with a self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. The vast majority of adolescents are not aware of sex education and Aids prevention programs / workshops at school and in the municipality. Of those who know the programs, about half do not attend them at school and 80.6% do not attend them in the municipality. Few teenagers get condoms, newsletters, Aids tests and contraceptive pills from health clinics. Most adolescents (78.4%) would like to learn more about sexuality, pregnancy and Aids. These results point to the need for public agencies to make sex education programs more accessible in schools and especially in health services.

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Approximately one-third of the individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are co-infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Co-infected patients have an increased risk for developing end-stage liver diseases. Variants upstream of the IFNL3 gene have been associated with spontaneous and treatment-induced clearance of HCV infection. Recently, a novel polymorphism was discovered, denoted IFNL4 ΔG > TT (rs368234815), which seems to be a better predictor of spontaneous clearance than the IFNL4 rs12979860 polymorphism. We aimed to determine the prevalence of the IFNL4 ΔG > TT variants and to evaluate the association with spontaneous clearance of HCV infection in Brazilian HIV-1 patients. The IFNL4 ΔG > TT genotypes were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction digestion in 138 HIV-1 positive patients who had an anti-HCV positive result. Spontaneous clearance of HCV was observed in 34 individuals (24.6%). IFNL4 genotype distribution was significantly different between individuals who had spontaneous clearance and chronic HCV patients (p=0.002). The probability of spontaneous clearance of HCV infection for patients with the IFNL4 TT/TT genotype was 3.6 times higher than for patients carrying the IFNL4 ΔG allele (OR=3.63, 95% CI:1.51-8.89, p=0.001). The IFNL4 ΔG > TT polymorphism seems to be better than IFNL4 rs12979860 to predict spontaneous clearance of the HCV in Brazilian HIV-1 positive patients.

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UNLABELLED: Oral health inequalities are the measures by which equity in oral health is tracked. Despite widespread improvement in children's dental health globally, substantial socio-economic disparities persist and may be worsening. OBJECTIVES: Quantify 10-year changes in child caries occurrence by socio-economic position in a Southern Brazilian city and compare oral health inequalities over time. METHODS: Representative surveys of dental caries in children (age <6 years) in Canoas, Brazil, were conducted in 2000 and 2010 following standardized methods. For each survey year, we calculated disparities by socio-economic position (maternal education and family income) in age- and sex-standardized caries occurrence (prevalence: dmft > 0; severity: mean dmft) using absolute measures (difference and Slope Index of Inequality) and relative measures (ratio and Relative Index of Inequality). RESULTS: Comparing 2010 to 2000, caries occurrence was lower in all socio-economic strata. However, reductions were more pronounced among socio-economically advantaged groups, yielding no improvement in children's oral health disparities. Some disparity indicators were consistent with increasing inequality. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, dental caries levels among children in Canoas improved, but inequalities in disease distribution endured. Concerted public health efforts targeting socio-economically disadvantaged groups are needed to achieve greater equity in children's oral health.

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