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INTRODUCTION: The Early Feeding Skills (EFS) scale assessed the neonate's behavior before, during, and after the feeding process. OBJECTIVES: To determine the face and content validity, and to evaluate with this scale the feeding process in premature newborns comparing with relevant variables. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Premature newborns were evaluated; they were between 34 to 36 weeks of corrected age, without neurological damage or craniofacial malformations. Cross-sectional descriptive study. The data were obtained through the EFS scale, version corrected by face and content validation. The study variables were gender, breastfeeding achievement, and feeding skills during the feeding process, evaluated by two observers. Dispersion measures were analyzed, and the Fisher test was used at 5% significance, establishing the association of the obtained results with the variables. RESULTS: 5 domains were evaluated: (1) Ability to stay focused on food, in which 75.3% have a poor performance level, and 28.6% equitable, with significant differences in the sex variable. (2) Ability to organize motor- oral functioning presents 10.5% deficient, 68.8% equitable, and 20.6% good. (3) Ability to coordinate swallowing 95.2% presents an equitable performance. (4) Ability to maintain physiological stability 96.7% was equitable; and (5) Evaluation of oral food tolerance presents 41.6% of poor performance. CONCLUSION: The EFS scale is a tool that provides relevant information to describe the oral feeding process in premature infants, allowing to identify the areas of greatest difficulty that require profes sional treatment, however, this tool is not enough by itself to carry a comprehensive evaluation of the newborn feeding process.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: La escala Early Feeding Skills (EFS) evalúa la conducta del neonato antes, durante y posterior al proceso de alimentación. OBJETIVOS: Determinar la validez de fachada, de contenido y evaluar con dicha escala el proceso de alimentación en los recién nacidos prematuros comparando con variables relevantes. PPACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se evaluaron prematuros de 34 a 36 semanas de edad corregida sin daño neurológico o malformaciones craneofaciales. Diseño de tipo descriptivo de corte transversal. Los datos fueron obtenidos mediante escala EFS, versión corregida mediante validación de fachada y contenido. Las variables de estudio fueron género, logro de alimentación por pecho, y habilidades de alimentación durante el proceso de alimentación, evaluadas por 2 observadoras Se analizaron medidas de dispersión y se aplicó prueba Fisher al 5% de significancia, estableciendo la asociación de los resultados obtenidos con las variables. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 5 dominios: (1) Capacidad de mantenerse enfocado en la alimentación, en que el 75,3% posee un nivel desempeño deficiente y el 28,6% equitativo existiendo diferencias significativas con la variable sexo. (2) Capacidad de organizar el funcionamiento motor - oral tiene un 10,5% deficiente, un 68,8% equitativo y un 20,6% bueno. (3) Capacidad de coordinar la deglución el 95,2% presenta un rendimiento equitativo. (4) Capacidad de mantener la estabilidad fisiológica el 96,7% fue equitativo y en (5) Evaluación de la tolerancia alimentaria oral tiene un desempeño deficiente del 41,6%. CONCLUSIÓN: La escala EFS es una herra mienta que aporta información relevante para describir el proceso de alimentación oral en lactantes prematuros, permitiendo identificar las áreas de mayor dificultad que requieren tratamiento profe sional, sin embargo, esta herramienta no es suficiente por sí sola para llevar a cabo una evaluación integral del proceso de alimentación del neonato.

INTRODUCTION: The Early Feeding Skills (EFS) scale assessed the neonate's behavior before, during, and after the feeding process. OBJECTIVES: To determine the face and content validity, and to evaluate with this scale the feeding process in premature newborns comparing with relevant variables. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Premature newborns were evaluated; they were between 34 to 36 weeks of corrected age, without neurological damage or craniofacial malformations. Cross-sectional descriptive study. The data were obtained through the EFS scale, version corrected by face and content validation. The study variables were gender, breastfeeding achievement, and feeding skills during the feeding process, evaluated by two observers. Dispersion measures were analyzed, and the Fisher test was used at 5% significance, establishing the association of the obtained results with the variables. RESULTS: 5 domains were evaluated: (1) Ability to stay focused on food, in which 75.3% have a poor performance level, and 28.6% equitable, with significant differences in the sex variable. (2) Ability to organize motor- oral functioning presents 10.5% deficient, 68.8% equitable, and 20.6% good. (3) Ability to coordinate swallowing 95.2% presents an equitable performance. (4) Ability to maintain physiological stability 96.7% was equitable; and (5) Evaluation of oral food tolerance presents 41.6% of poor performance. CONCLUSION: The EFS scale is a tool that provides relevant information to describe the oral feeding process in premature infants, allowing to identify the areas of greatest difficulty that require profes sional treatment, however, this tool is not enough by itself to carry a comprehensive evaluation of the newborn feeding process.

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El entrenamiento de fuerza, especialmente con alta intensidad de carga, permite aumentar la fuerza y trofismo muscular, pero también se asocia a daño muscular inducido por ejercicio (DMIE). Una nueva modalidad de entrenamiento, combina una baja intensidad de carga con la restricción parcial del flujo sanguíneo (RPFS) alrededor del músculo, siendo prometedor en cuanto el desarrollo de la fuerza y trofismo muscular. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar el rendimiento de fuerza máxima de los músculos cuádriceps e isquiotibiales (FM-Q y FM-I) y marcadores de daño muscular (CK) e inflamación sistémica (PCRus) entre un entrenamiento de baja intensidad de carga con RPFS, versus uno de alta y otro de baja intensidad de carga sin RPFS en jóvenes físicamente activos durante cuatro semanas de entrenamiento. Veintitrés participantes midieron la FM-Q y FM-I previo y al término de la intervención; además, antes del inicio de la primera sesión, y antes y después del término de la última sesión se midió la CK y PCRus. En los tres tipos de entrenamiento se produjeron aumentos equivalentes en la fuerza máxima, a excepción de la FM-Q del entrenamiento con baja intensidad sin RPFS. Solo en el entrenamiento con RPFS la CK y PCRus se modifican al finalizar la intervención, y aun cuando el estrés miocelular parece ser más alto que en los otros tipos de entrenamiento, no indicaría daño muscular.

Strength training, especially with high load intensity, allows increasing muscle strength and trophism, but it is also associated with exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). A new training modality, a combination of loading with the partial restriction blood flow (PRBF) around the muscle, being promising in the development of strength and muscular trophism. The aim of the study was to compare the maximum strength (MS) performance of quadriceps and hamstrings (MS-Q and MS-I) and muscle damage biomarkers (Creatine Kinase, CK) and systemic inflammation (high sensitivity - CRP, hs-CRP) between a low intensity load training with PRBF, versus one high and another low load intensity without PRBF in physically active youngsters during four weeks of training. Twenty-three participants measured MSQ and MS-I and the intervention term. In addition, before the start of the first session, before and after the end of the last session, CK and hsCRP were measured. In the three types of training the equivalent benefits in MS are produced, an exception of the MS-Q of low intensity training without PRBF. Only in the training with PRBF, the CK and hsCPR are modified at the end of the intervention, and even though the myocellular stress seems to be higher than in the other types of training, it would not indicate muscle damage.

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BACKGROUND: Adverse effects of medications are an important cause of morbidity and hospital admissions. Errors in prescription or preparation of medications by pharmacy personnel are a factor that may influence these occurrence of the adverse effects Aim: To assess the frequency and type of errors in prescriptions and in their preparation at the pharmacy unit of a regional public hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prescriptions received by ambulatory patients and those being discharged from the hospital, were reviewed using a 12-item checklist. The preparation of such prescriptions at the pharmacy unit was also reviewed using a seven item checklist. RESULTS: Seventy two percent of prescriptions had at least one error. The most common mistake was the impossibility of determining the concentration of the prescribed drug. Prescriptions for patients being discharged from the hospital had the higher number of errors. When a prescription had more than two drugs, the risk of error increased 2.4 times. Twenty four percent of prescription preparations had at least one error. The most common mistake was the labeling of drugs with incomplete medical indications. When a preparation included more than three drugs, the risk of preparation error increased 1.8 times. CONCLUSIONS: Prescription and preparation of medication delivered to patients had frequent errors. The most important risk factor for errors was the number of drugs prescribed.

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Background: Adverse effects of medications are an important cause of morbidity and hospital admissions. Errors in prescription or preparation of medications by pharmacy personnel are a factor that may influence these occurrence of the adverse effects Aim: To assess the frequency and type of errors in prescriptions and in their preparation at the pharmacy unit of a regional public hospital. Material and Methods: Prescriptions received by ambulatory patients and those being discharged from the hospital, were reviewed using a 12-item checklist. The preparation of such prescriptions at the pharmacy unit was also reviewed using a seven item checklist. Results: Seventy two percent of prescriptions had at least one error. The most common mistake was the impossibility of determining the concentration of the prescribed drug. Prescriptions for patients being discharged from the hospital had the higher number of errors. When a prescription had more than two drugs, the risk of error increased 2.4 times. Twenty four percent of prescription preparations had at least one error. The most common mistake was the labeling of drugs with incomplete medical indications. When a preparation included more than three drugs, the risk of preparation error increased 1.8 times. Conclusions: Prescription and preparation of medication delivered to patients had frequent errors. The most important risk factor for errors was the number of drugs prescribed.

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INTRODUCTION: Clinical evidence reveals the importance of mother-newborn bonding experience for health promoting and maintenance of human life. If the newborn lacks care and affection, she/he may develop an attachment disorder. A predictive scale regarding the risk of mothernewborn relationships is available, which makes possible an early intervention to prevent the development of relational disorders. The aim of this study is to apply the Kimelman measurement scale to determine the relational risk in mother-newborn pairs, as well as the prevalence and the associated biopsychosocial variables. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of 333 mother-infant pairs in postpartum maternity at Temuco hospital. The Kimelman mother-newborn attachment assessment guide was used. Biopsychosocial variables were obtained from the mothers studied. The association of biopsychosocial variables with relational risk was analyzed using OR and confidence intervals of 95%. RESULTS: The prevalence of high relational risk was 43.8%. The associated biopsychosocial variables included, women with no steady partner, single parent, teenage mothers, unwanted and unplanned pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Almost half of the mothers were in the high risk group. Early identification of relational risk and its related variables could help in the intervention in this vulnerable group.

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Introducción: Existen pruebas clínicas que revelan la importancia del vínculo seguro para la salud y para el mantenimiento coherente de la vida humana. Si el recién nacido carece de cuidados y afectos podría desarrollar un trastorno del apego. Existe una escala predictiva de riesgo relacional que permitiría intervenir precozmente en la díada madre-recién nacido, para prevenir el desarrollo de trastornos vinculares. El objetivo fue aplicar la escala de Kimelman para riesgo relacional en díadas madre-recién nacido, para determinar la prevalencia y las variables biopsicosociales asociadas. Pacientes y Método: Estudio de corte transversal con una muestra no probabilística de 333 díadas que permanecen en puerperio en la maternidad del hospital de Temuco. Se utilizó la pauta de evaluación relacional madre-recién nacidos de Kimelman. Las variables biopsicosociales se obtuvieron de una encuesta a las madres. Se analizó la asociación de variables biopsicosociales con riesgo relacional, utilizando odds ratio (OR) e intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95%. Resultados: La prevalencia de alto riesgo relacional fue del 43,8%. Las variables biopsicosociales asociadas fueron: mujeres sin pareja estable, monoparentalidad, madres adolescentes, embarazo no deseado y no planificado, entre otras. Conclusión: El grupo de alto riesgo alcanza prácticamente a la mitad de las madres. La identificación precoz del riesgo relacional y sus variables relacionadas podría orientar la intervención en este grupo de mayor vulnerabilidad.

Introduction: Clinical evidence reveals the importance of mother-newborn bonding experience for health promoting and maintenance of human life. If the newborn lacks care and affection, she/he may develop an attachment disorder. A predictive scale regarding the risk of mother-newborn relationships is available, which makes possible an early intervention to prevent the development of relational disorders. The aim of this study is to apply the Kimelman measurement scale to determine the relational risk in mother-newborn pairs, as well as the prevalence and the associated biopsychosocial variables. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of 333 mother-infant pairs in postpartum maternity at Temuco hospital. The Kimelman mother-newborn attachment assessment guide was used. Biopsychosocial variables were obtained from the mothers studied. The association of biopsychosocial variables with relational risk was analyzed using OR and confidence intervals of 95%. Results: The prevalence of high relational risk was 43.8%. The associated biopsychosocial variables included, women with no steady partner, single parent, teenage mothers, unwanted and unplanned pregnancy. Conclusion: Almost half of the mothers were in the high risk group. Early identification of relational risk and its related variables could help in the intervention in this vulnerable group.

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Background: Adverse effects of medications are an important source of morbidity. Prescription and dispensing errors are an important cause of these adverse effects. Aim: To adapt and validate two checklists, one to measure errors in handwritten prescriptions and other to detected errors in the medication dispensing process of hospital pharmacies for outpatient care. Material and Methods: The study was conducted in three stages. First, checklists for medication errors developed elsewhere were adapted. Afterwards, the checklists were reviewed by experts. Finally, the inter and intra-observer reliability of each checklist was assessed, testing them in 32 occasions by two independent observers. Results: The checklists for medication prescription and dispensing were composed by 12 and seven items, respectively. They were corrected according to experts’ opinions. The intraclass correlations of the results of each tester were 0.68 and 0.82 for the prescription and dispensing error checklists, respectively. Conclusions: The developed checklists for the detection of errors in prescription and dispensing of medications are reliable en can be applied in future studies.

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Background: ConQoL questionnaire assesses health related quality of life among children with congenital heart diseases. It has a version for children aged 8 to 11 years and anotherfor children aged 12 to 16years. Aim: To validate ConQol questionnaire for Chilean children with a congenital heart disease. Material and Methods: Using a multicentric cross sectional design, 334 children from four hospitals (54% males), were surveyed. Among them 45% were aged 8 to 11 years and 55%, 12 to 16 years. The study involved three stages: cross cultural adjustment of the original questionnaire, pre-test study, and estimation of its psychometric properties. Content, construct and criterion validity and internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha, were assessed. Results: The version for children aged 8 to 11 years and comprised by three domains (symptoms, activity and relationships), obtained and α ≥ 0.60. In the questionnaire for children aged 12 to 16years, there is one more domain called coping, which obtained an α of 0.53, that was different to the other three domains that obtained an α > 0.70. The correlation between Health Quality of Life and Perception of Health Quality of Life was statistically significant for both groups. The association between Health Quality ofLife and health capability was only significant among children aged 12 to 16years (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The adapted ConQol questionnaire matched properly with the original one. The adapted questionnaire is valid and reliable to assess Health Quality ofLife among Chilean children with congenital heart diseases.

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La escala de valoración de dolor de Givens permite determinar presencia y magnitud del dolor que presentan los Recién Nacidos (RN) hospitalizados en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), para así poder valorar de manera constante este signo vital y tomar las medidas necesarias para atenuar la sensación dolorosa. Sentir dolor es un estado no deseable, donde se ve alterado el patrón fisiológico y el estado de conciencia de los niños; se hace necesario aplicar de manera constante escalas que permitan visualizar la magnitud real y tomar medidas de prevención y cuidado enfermero, favoreciendo la tranquilidad de los RN. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo validar la escala Neonatal Pain Assessment Scale de Givens, en la Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital Dr. Hernán Henríquez Aravena, durante el período abril - septiembre de 2010. El estudio utilizó un diseño de corte transversal, donde se determinó validez y confabilidad del instrumento. La investigación permitió entregar un instrumento válido y confiable para medir presencia y magnitud del dolor en RN. Así, se determinó un coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de 0,78 y un porcentaje total de varianza de 57,72. El análisis sugirió la eliminación de dos ítemes de valoración, quedando con dos dominios (Conductual y Fisiológico), estableciéndose que la Neonatal Pain Assessment Scale es adecuada para su objetivo de valoración, constituyendo un aporte en unidades de cuidados neonatales, contribuyendo al propósito de mejorar la calidad de hospitalización de estos usuarios y otorgando cumplimiento a la norma ministerial y calidad de los cuidados.

Givens Neonatal Pain Assessment Scale, allows determining the presence and the degree of pain in Newborns (RN) hospitalized in Intensive Care Units (ICU) present, in order to constantly assess the vital signs and take the necessary measures to reduce pain sensation. Feeling pain is an undesirable state, where the physiological pattern and the children consciousness state is altered; it is necessary to consistently apply scales that helps illustrate the real magnitude as well as adopting preventive actions and nursing care, to promote tranquility of the RN. The research, aimed to validate the Givens Neonatal Pain Assessment Scale at Neonatal Unit from Dr. Hernan Henríquez Aravena Hospital, during the period April to September 2010. The study uses a cross-sectional design, which determined validity and reliability of the instrument. The research delivers a valid and reliable instrument to measure the presence and degree of pain in neonates. Thus, we determined a Cronbach´s alpha of 0,78 and a total percentage of variance of 57,72. The analysis suggested the elimination of two items of value, leaving with two domains (Behavioral, and Physiological), establishing that the Neonatal Pain Assessment Scale, is suitable for objective assessment, making a contribution in Neonatal Care Units, contributing to the purpose of improving the quality of hospitalization of these users and granting Ministerial compliance with the standard and quality of care.

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