RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The objective of this study, focused on parents and children to reduce sedentary behavior, consumption of soft drinks and high-fat and salt containing snacks, and increase the consumption of fruits and vegetables, was to assess the effect of a six month intervention and an 18 month follow-up intervention on the body mass index, food consumption and physical activity of 2nd and 3rd grade elementary school children. METHODS: This was a randomized cluster controlled trial. School children were selected from 2nd and 3rd (n = 532) grade. MEASUREMENTS: BMI z-score for age and sex was calculated and classified according to the WHO (2006). Abdominal obesity was defined as WC > 90th of NHANES III. RESULTS: At six months of the study differences were observed in BMI, -0.82 (p = 0.0001). At 24 months, results such as an increase of z-score BMI and waist circumference, a decrease in abdominal obesity, eighth per cent remission and an incidence of 18% of overweight and obesity were observed. Additionally, an increase (p = 0.007) in vegetable intake and physical activity (p = 0.0001) was also reported, along with a decrease in sedentary activities and the consumption of snacks high in fat and salt. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that with a comprehensive intervention there is a positive response to lifestyle changes and a reduction of abdominal obesity.
Assuntos
Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Antropometria , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Currículo , Dieta , Ingestão de Alimentos , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pais , Tamanho da Amostra , Instituições Acadêmicas , Comportamento Sedentário , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: It has been reported that children nursed in orphanages loose one month of lineal growth for every three months they spend in the orphanage. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the daily variation of weight- for- length and length-for-age among infants under 24 months of age, living in a temporary public orphanage in Mexico. METHODS: Ninety children from 0 to 24 months of age, who were institutionalized at an orphanage, were assessed during a three month period. Upon arrival their height and weight were measured daily, Monday through Friday. Daily growth velocity for weight and length was calculated. Length-for age (LAZ) and weight-for-length (WHZ) age z- scores were calculated based on WHO criteria. Risk of overweight (ROW) and overweight (OW) were classified using the WHO criteria. RESULTS: The increments of daily weight were lower than the normal range (9 g daily), but the ROW and OW increased from 10% and 3% at the beginning of the study to 14% and 11% at the end. At the end of the follow-up, WHZ was inversely associated to length (cm/day) velocity (r = -302, p < 0.01). Although a significant increase in ROW and OW was observed, at the end of the study, 31% of the children showed signs of stunting (-2 SD in length-age) and 5% remained emaciated (-2 SD in weight-length). CONCLUSIONS: Children living in an orphanage showed reduced increments of weight and length-for-age, as well as a reduced length velocity and an increased ROW and OW.
Assuntos
Estatura/fisiologia , Crescimento/fisiologia , Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , México , Orfanatos , RiscoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of parents to estimate the weight status of preschool children attending the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) day-care centers using three different tools. A total of 100 parent-child pairs attending to all the existing IMSS day-care centers in Ensenada (n=9) completed a questionnaire on the perception of childrens weight status using verbal description, sketches, and pictures. Chi squared test and univariate logistic regression was applied to assess the difference in perception between the tools used, the factors associated with the weight status perception and to identify predictors of parental underestimation of their childs weight. The sample size was estimated for a significance level of 0.05 with statistical power of 80%. No significant differences were found in the perception of weight status using different tools. The parents underestimation of the childs weight status ranged from 51 to 59%, this percentage jumps to 79 to 84% in overweight children and 82 to 91% in obese children. Being a young mother and having a daughter increased the risk of underestimation. Higher odds of underestimation were found in > 2BMI z-score. The high underestimation found in this study shows that the ability of parents in signaling an alert to prevent childhood obesity might be highly reduced and preventive health programs should include increasing the weight status perception.
El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la habilidad de los padres para estimar el peso corporal de niños preescolares que acuden a guarderías del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social utilizando tres instrumentos diferentes. Un total de 100 parejas padre-hijo que acudían a todas las guarderías del IMSS en Ensenada (n=9) completó un cuestionario acerca de la percepción del peso corporal utilizando descripción verbal, pictogramas y fotografías. Se usó la prueba de Ji cuadrada y regresión logística univariada para valorar la diferencia en la percepción entre los instrumentos utilizados, los factores asociados con la percepción del peso corporal y para identificar los predictores de la subestimación por parte de los padres del peso corporal de sus hijos. El tamaño de la muestra se estimó para un nivel de significancia de 0.05 con un poder estadístico del 80%. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la percepción del peso con el uso de las diferentes herramientas. La subestimación de los padres del peso de los niños con las diferentes herramientas osciló entre 51 y 59%, y este porcentaje se incrementó a 79 al 84% en niños con sobrepeso y a 82 al 91% en niños con obesidad. El riesgo a subestimar se incrementa en las niñas, cuando las madres son más jóvenes, y cuando los niños tienen un puntaje z de IMC > 2. El alto grado de subestimación encontrado en este estudio indica que la habilidad de los padres para detectar la obesidad en los niños es muy baja, por lo que los programas de prevención a la salud deben incluir mejorar la percepción del peso.
Assuntos
Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Peso Corporal , Pais , Percepção de Peso , Creches , México , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different glycemic load diets on biochemical data and body composition, in overweight and obese subjects, during a 6-month period. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This study was an experimental, randomized, parallel design. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical data were measured at baseline at 3 and at 6 months. All subjects completed 3-day dietary intake diaries at the baseline period and during the third and the sixth months. At the sixth month, LGL group had a mean intake of 1,360 ± 300 kcal/day and the high glycemic load group (HGL) had a mean intake of 1,544 ± 595 kcal/day. RESULTS: LGL group obtained a weight reduction of 4.5% (p = 0.006) and the HGL group of 3.0% (p = 0.18). Significant reductions in waist circumference (5%, p = 0.001) of the LGL group were observed, 10% of body fat percentage (p = 0.001), 4.3 kg (13%) of body fat (p = 0.001), 14% of total cholesterol (p=0.007), 35% of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) (p = 0.001), and 10% of HOMA (p = 0.009). In the HGL group, reductions of 4.5% of waist circumference (p = 0.02), 37% of HDL (p = 0.002), and an increase of 8 % of LDL (p = 0.04) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that long term LGL diets are more effective for reducing body mass index, body fat, waist circumference and HOMA and, therefore, may contribute in the prevention of diabetes.
Assuntos
Glicemia/metabolismo , Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Índice Glicêmico , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Obesidade/metabolismo , Sobrepeso/metabolismo , Adulto , Estatura/fisiologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Dieta , Registros de Dieta , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Homeostase/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Atividade Motora , Circunferência da Cintura , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of maternal migration to Baja California, body mass index (BMI) status, children's perceived food insecurity, and childhood lifestyle behaviors with overweight (BMI > 85% ile), obesity (BMI > 95% ile) and abdominal obesity (Waist Circumference > 90% ile). METHODS: Convenience sampling methods were used to recruit a cross-sectional sample of 4th, 5th and 6th grade children and their parents at Tijuana and Tecate Public Schools. Children's and parents' weights and heights were measured. Children were considered to have migrant parents if parents were not born in Baja California. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-two children and their parents were recruited. The mean age of the children was 10.1 ± 1.0 years. Forty nine per cent of children were overweight or obese. Children with obese parents (BMI > 30) had greater odds of being obese, Odds Ratio (OR) 4.9 (95% Confidence Interval (CI), 1.2-19, p = 0.03). Children with migrant parents had greater odds of being obese, OR= 3.7 (95% CI, 1.6-8.3), p = 0.01) and of having abdominal obesity, OR = 3.2 (95% CI, 1.4-7.1, p = 0.01). Children from migrant parents have greater risk of higher consumption of potato chips, OR = 8.0 (95% CI, 2.1-29.1, p = 0.01). Children from non-migrant parents had greater odds of being at risk of hunger. CONCLUSIONS: Parental obesity and migration are associated with increased risk of obesity among Mexican children. Children whose parents were born in Baja California have greater odds of being at risk of hunger. Further studies should evaluate the role of migration on risk for childhood obesity.
Assuntos
Emigração e Imigração/estatística & dados numéricos , Mães , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Estatura , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Criança , Ingestão de Alimentos , Pai , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade Abdominal/epidemiologia , Razão de Chances , Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of parents to estimate the weight status of preschool children attending the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) day-care centers using three different tools. A total of 100 parent-child pairs attending to all the existing IMSS day-care centers in Ensenada (n = 9) completed a questionnaire on the perception of children's weight status using verbal description, sketches, and pictures. Chi squared test and univariate logistic regression was applied to assess the difference in perception between the tools used, the factors associated with the weight status perception and to identify predictors of parental underestimation of their child's weight. The sample size was estimated for a significance level of 0.05 with statistical power of 80%. No significant differences were found in the perception of weight status using different tools. The parents' underestimation of the child's weight status ranged from 51 to 59%, this percentage jumps to 79 to 84% in overweight children and 82 to 91% in obese children. Being a young mother and having a daughter increased the risk of underestimation. Higher odds of underestimation were found in > 2BMI z-score. The high underestimation found in this study shows that the ability of parents in signaling an alert to prevent childhood obesity might be highly reduced and preventive health programs should include increasing the weight status perception.
Assuntos
Peso Corporal , Pais , Percepção de Peso , Creches , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Para incrementar la fuerza y la masa muscular, la proteína se ha convertido en uno de los suplementos más populares entre los atletas. El propósito de este trabajo fue analizar el efecto de la suplementación proteica sobre la composición corporal. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura de estudios aleatorios controlados, publicados en MEDLINE/PubMed y SciELO hasta el 10 de abril de 2009. Se incluyeron todos los estudios realizados en sujetos sanos con intervenciones >6 semanas. Nueve estudios cumplían con los criterios de inclusión y tres de ellos presentaron nivel de evidencia 3. Entre esos estudios, el aumento de masa muscular osciló de 0.8 a 1.9 kg. Sin embargo, el estudio de más largo plazo fue de 12 semanas. Por lo que las evidencias no son suficientes para recomendar el consumo de suplementos proteínicos entre individuos sanos.
To increase strength and lean body mass, protein has become one of the most popular supplements among athletes. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of protein supplementation on body composition. A systematic review of the randomized controlled trials (RCT), published in MEDLINE/PubMed and SciELO up to April 10, 2009, was conducted. All RCT conducted in healthy subjects with interventions of six or more weeks were included. Nine studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and three of them had level 3 of evidence. Among these studies, the increase of lean mass ranged from 0.8 to 1.9 kg. However, the study with the longest term had duration of 12 weeks. Therefore, the evidence does not support the recommendation for the consumption of protein supplements among healthy individuals.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Composição Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Suplementos Nutricionais , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Treinamento Resistido/métodos , Força Muscular , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
To increase strength and lean body mass, protein has become one of the most popular supplements among athletes. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of protein supplementation on body composition. A systematic review of the randomized controlled trials (RCT), published in MEDLINE/PubMed and SciELO up to April 10, 2009, was conducted. All RCT conducted in healthy subjects with interventions of six or more weeks were included. Nine studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and three of them had level 3 of evidence. Among these studies, the increase of lean mass ranged from 0.8 to 1.9 kg. However, the study with the longest term had duration of 12 weeks. Therefore, the evidence does not support the recommendation for the consumption of protein supplements among healthy individuals.
Assuntos
Composição Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Suplementos Nutricionais , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Treinamento Resistido/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Força Muscular , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The beneficial effect of intentional weight loss on mortality is controversial. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review and analyze the quality of prospective studies that assess weight loss on mortality. An electronic search at MEDLINE/PubMed, SciELO, and EBSCO data base, of studies with a follow-up of five or more years, published from January, 2000 to October, 2009, was conducted. Quality of the studies was assessed by Simonsen's criteria. Twenty studies were analyzed. At the beginning of the studies, the age of the subjects ranged from 20 to 101 years. Nine studies included those who intended to loose weight. The quality of the studies ranged from 8 to 17 points (out of 20). Weight loss increased the mortality rate in 15 studies and decreased it in 5. Seven of the studies assessing intention to loose weight showed that weight loss increased the mortality rate, whereas in two the mortality rate decreased. In three out of the four studies that assessed weight fluctuation, the mortality rate increased. These results underline the importance of preventing weight increase, as well as the need to avoid gaining or loosing weight more than 4%.