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OBJECTIVE: To compare the performance of Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) with those of the mental Confusion, Urea, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, and age = 65 years (CURB-65) score and the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) as predictors of all-cause in-hospital mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). METHODS: This was a cohort study involving hospitalized patients with CAP between April of 2014 and March of 2015. Clinical, laboratory, and radiological data were obtained in the ER, and the scores of CCI, CURB-65, and PSI were calculated. The performance of the models was compared using ROC curves and AUCs (95% CI). RESULTS: Of the 459 patients evaluated, 304 met the eligibility criteria. The all-cause in-hospital mortality rate was 15.5%, and 89 (29.3%) of the patients were admitted to the ICU. The AUC for the CCI was significantly greater than those for CURB-65 and PSI (0.83 vs. 0.73 and 0.75, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of hospitalized patients with CAP, CCI was a better predictor of all-cause in-hospital mortality than were the PSI and CURB-65.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the performance of Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) with those of the mental Confusion, Urea, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, and age = 65 years (CURB-65) score and the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) as predictors of all-cause in-hospital mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Methods: This was a cohort study involving hospitalized patients with CAP between April of 2014 and March of 2015. Clinical, laboratory, and radiological data were obtained in the ER, and the scores of CCI, CURB-65, and PSI were calculated. The performance of the models was compared using ROC curves and AUCs (95% CI). Results: Of the 459 patients evaluated, 304 met the eligibility criteria. The all-cause in-hospital mortality rate was 15.5%, and 89 (29.3%) of the patients were admitted to the ICU. The AUC for the CCI was significantly greater than those for CURB-65 and PSI (0.83 vs. 0.73 and 0.75, respectively). Conclusions: In this sample of hospitalized patients with CAP, CCI was a better predictor of all-cause in-hospital mortality than were the PSI and CURB-65.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar o desempenho do Índice de Comorbidade de Charlson (ICC) com o do mental Confusion, Urea, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, and age = 65 years (CURB-65, Confusão mental, Ureia, frequência Respiratória, Pressão arterial e idade = 65 anos) e do Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI, Índice de Gravidade da Pneumonia) como preditores de mortalidade hospitalar por qualquer causa em pacientes com pneumonia adquirida na comunidade (PAC). Métodos: Estudo de coorte com pacientes hospitalizados com PAC entre abril de 2014 e março de 2015. Dados clínicos, laboratoriais e radiológicos foram obtidos no PS, e o ICC, CURB-65 e PSI foram calculados. O desempenho dos modelos foi comparado por meio de curvas ROC e ASC (IC95%). Resultados: Dos 459 pacientes avaliados, 304 preencheram os critérios de elegibilidade. A taxa de mortalidade hospitalar por qualquer causa foi de 15,5%, e 89 (29,3%) dos pacientes foram admitidos na UTI. A ASC do ICC foi significativamente maior do que a do CURB-65 e do PSI (0,83 vs. 0,73 e 0,75, respectivamente). Conclusões: Nesta amostra de pacientes hospitalizados com PAC, o ICC foi um preditor melhor de mortalidade hospitalar por qualquer causa do que o PSI e o CURB-65.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe the patient profile, mortality rates, the accuracy of prognostic scores, and mortality-associated factors in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in a general hospital in Brazil. METHODS: This was a cohort study involving patients with a clinical and laboratory diagnosis of CAP and requiring admission to a public hospital in the interior of Brazil between March 2014 and April 2015. We performed multivariate analysis using a Poisson regression model with robust variance to identify factors associated with in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: We included 304 patients. Approximately 70% of the patients were classified as severely ill on the basis of the severity criteria used. The mortality rate was 15.5%, and the ICU admission rate was 29.3%. After multivariate analysis, the factors associated with in-hospital mortality were need for mechanical ventilation (OR: 3.60; 95% CI: 1.85-7.47); a Charlson Comorbidity Index score > 3 (OR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.18-1.43); and a mental. CONFUSION,: Urea, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, and age > 65 years (CURB-65) score > 2 (OR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.09-1.98). The mean time from patient arrival at the emergency room to initiation of antibiotic therapy was 10 h. Conclusions: The in-hospital mortality rate of 15.5% and the need for ICU admission in almost one third of the patients reflect the major impact of CAP on patients and the health care system. Individuals with a high burden of comorbidities, a high CURB-65 score, and a need for mechanical ventilation had a worse prognosis. Measures to reduce the time to initiation of antibiotic therapy may result in better outcomes in this group of patients.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the patient profile, mortality rates, the accuracy of prognostic scores, and mortality-associated factors in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in a general hospital in Brazil. Methods: This was a cohort study involving patients with a clinical and laboratory diagnosis of CAP and requiring admission to a public hospital in the interior of Brazil between March 2014 and April 2015. We performed multivariate analysis using a Poisson regression model with robust variance to identify factors associated with in-hospital mortality. Results: We included 304 patients. Approximately 70% of the patients were classified as severely ill on the basis of the severity criteria used. The mortality rate was 15.5%, and the ICU admission rate was 29.3%. After multivariate analysis, the factors associated with in-hospital mortality were need for mechanical ventilation (OR: 3.60; 95% CI: 1.85-7.47); a Charlson Comorbidity Index score > 3 (OR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.18-1.43); and a mental Confusion, Urea, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, and age > 65 years (CURB-65) score > 2 (OR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.09-1.98). The mean time from patient arrival at the emergency room to initiation of antibiotic therapy was 10 h. Conclusions: The in-hospital mortality rate of 15.5% and the need for ICU admission in almost one third of the patients reflect the major impact of CAP on patients and the health care system. Individuals with a high burden of comorbidities, a high CURB-65 score, and a need for mechanical ventilation had a worse prognosis. Measures to reduce the time to initiation of antibiotic therapy may result in better outcomes in this group of patients.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o perfil dos pacientes, taxas de mortalidade, acurácia de escores prognósticos e fatores associados à mortalidade em pacientes com pneumonia adquirida na comunidade (PAC) em um hospital geral no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo de coorte envolvendo pacientes com diagnóstico clínico e laboratorial de PAC e necessidade de internação hospitalar entre março de 2014 e abril de 2015 em um hospital público do interior do Brasil. Foi realizada a análise multivariada mediante o modelo de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para avaliar os fatores associados com mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Resultados: Foram incluídos 304 pacientes. Aproximadamente 70% dos pacientes foram classificados como graves de acordo com os critérios de gravidade utilizados. A taxa de mortalidade foi de 15,5% e a de necessidade de internação em UTI foi de 29,3%. Após a análise multivariada, os fatores associados à mortalidade intra-hospitalar foram necessidade de ventilação mecânica (OR = 3,60; IC95%: 1,85-7,47); Charlson Comorbidity Index > 3 (OR = 1,30; IC95%: 1,18-1,43); e mental Confusion, Urea, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, and age > 65 years (CURB-65) > 2 (OR = 1,46; IC95%: 1,09-1,98). A média do tempo entre a chegada do paciente na emergência e o início da antibioticoterapia foi de 10 h. Conclusões: A taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar de 15,5% e a necessidade de internação em UTI em quase um terço dos pacientes demonstram o grande impacto da PAC nos pacientes e no sistema de saúde. Indivíduos com maior carga de comorbidades prévias, CURB-65 elevado e necessidade de ventilação mecânica apresentaram pior prognóstico. Ações para reduzir o tempo até o início da antibioticoterapia podem resultar em melhores desfechos nesse grupo de pacientes.

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INTRODUCTION: Polimyxins were originally abandoned due to high rates of nephrotoxicity. However they have been recently reintroduced due to activity against carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative organisms. Recent literature suggests a lower rate of nephrotoxicity than historically reported. OBJECTIVE: To determine the rate of polymixins-associated nephrotoxicity as defined by the RIFLE criteria. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of all adult patients who received polymixin B at a terciary hospital from December 2010 to March 2011was performed. RESULTS: 61 patients (43%) fulfilled the RIFLE criteria for renal injury and 28 patients (13.7%) needed dialysis. Independent predictors for nephrotoxicity were hypotension (OR, 2.79; CI 1.14-5.8; p = 0.006) and concomitant use of vancomycin (OR, 2.86; CI, 1.27-6.4; p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective cohort, nephrotoxicity (as defined by RIFLE criteria) occurred among 43% of treated patients. The concomitant use of vancomycin and hypotension were independent risk factors of nephropathy. Further studies are needed, particularly with polymyxin B, to clarify if the characteristics of this drug and colistin are overlapping.

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Resumo Introdução: O uso de polimixinas foi praticamente abandonado nos anos 1970 devido as altas taxas de nefropatia. Entretanto, foram reintroduzidas na prática médica devido a sua ação contra bactérias gram negativas resistentes a carbapenemicos. A literatura recente sugere uma taxa de nefropatia mais baixa do que a historicamente reportada. Objetivo: Determinar a incidência de nefropatia associada ao uso de polimixina utilizando os critérios de RIFLE. Métodos: Foi realizada coorte retrospectiva de todos pacientes adultos que receberam polimixina B no Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição de dezembro de 2010 até março de 2011. Resultados: 61 pacientes (43%) preencheram os critérios de rifle para injúria renal e 28 (13,7%) necessitaram de diálise. Preditores independentes para nefrotoxicidade foram hipotensão (OR, 2.79; CI 1.14-5.8; p = 0.006) e uso concomitante de vancomicina (OR, 2.86; CI, 1.27-6.4; p = 0.011). Conclusão: Nessa coorte retrospectiva, nefrotoxicidade (definida pelos criterios de RIFLE) ocorreu em 43% dos pacientes tratados com polimixina B. O uso concomitante de vancomicina e hipotensão foram fatores de risco independentes para desenvolvimento de nefropatia. Mais estudos são necessarios, particularmente com polimixina B, para esclarecer se as caracteristicas dessa droga e da colistina são sobreponíveis.

Abstract Introduction: Polimyxins were originally abandoned due to high rates of nephrotoxicity. However they have been recently reintroduced due to activity against carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative organisms. Recent literature suggests a lower rate of nephrotoxicity than historically reported. Objective: To determine the rate of polymixins-associated nephrotoxicity as defined by the RIFLE criteria. Methods: A retrospective cohort of all adult patients who received polymixin B at a terciary hospital from December 2010 to March 2011was performed. Results: 61 patients (43%) fulfilled the RIFLE criteria for renal injury and 28 patients (13.7%) needed dialysis. Independent predictors for nephrotoxicity were hypotension (OR, 2.79; CI 1.14-5.8; p = 0.006) and concomitant use of vancomycin (OR, 2.86; CI, 1.27-6.4; p = 0.011). Conclusions: In this retrospective cohort, nephrotoxicity (as defined by RIFLE criteria) occurred among 43% of treated patients. The concomitant use of vancomycin and hypotension were independent risk factors of nephropathy. Further studies are needed, particularly with polymyxin B, to clarify if the characteristics of this drug and colistin are overlapping.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between the in-hospital mortality of patients hospitalized due to respiratory diseases and the availability of intensive care units. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study evaluated a database from a hospital medicine service involving patients hospitalized due to respiratory non-terminal diseases. Data on clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with mortality, such as Charlson score and length of hospital stay, were collected. The following analyses were performed: univariate analysis with simple stratification using the Mantel Haenszel test, chi squared test, Student's t test, Mann-Whitney test, and logistic regression. RESULTS: Three hundred thirteen patients were selected, including 98 (31.3%) before installation of the intensive care unit and 215 (68.7%) after installation of the intensive care unit. No significant differences in the clinical and anthropometric characteristics or risk factors were observed between the groups. The mortality rate was 18/95 (18.9%) before the installation of the intensive care unit and 21/206 (10.2%) after the installation of the intensive care unit. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the probability of death after the installation of the intensive care unit decreased by 58% (OR: 0.42; 95%CI 0.205 -0.879; p = 0.021). CONCLUSION: Considering the limitations of the study, the results suggest a benefit, with a decrease of one death per every 11 patients treated for respiratory diseases after the installation of an intensive care unit in our hospital. The results corroborate the benefits of the implementation of intensive care units in secondary hospitals.

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RESUMOObjetivo:Avaliar relação entre a mortalidade intra-hospitalar de pacientes internados por doenças respiratórias e a disponibilidade de unidades de terapia intensiva.Métodos:Foi realizada coorte retrospectiva do banco de dados em um serviço de medicina hospitalar. Selecionaram- se pacientes internados por doenças respiratórias não terminais. Características clínicas, fatores de risco associado à mortalidade, como o escore de Charlson, e tempo de internação foram coletados. Foram realizados: análise univariada com estratificação simples por Mantel Haenszel, e testes qui quadrado, t de Student e Mann-Whitney, além de regressão logística.Resultados:Foram selecionados 313 pacientes, 98 (31,3%) antes da instalação da unidade de terapia intensiva e 215 (68,7%) após a disponibilização de unidade de terapia intensiva. Quando comparados quanto a características clínicas, antropométricas e fatores de risco, não houve diferença significativa. A mortalidade antes da disponibilidade da unidade de terapia intensiva foi de 18/95 (18,9%) e, após, de 21/206 (10,2%). Na regressão logística, a chance de morte após implantação da unidade de terapia intensiva diminuiu em 58% (OR: 0,42; IC95% 0,205 - 0,879; p = 0,021).Conclusão:Respeitando as limitações do estudo, conjetura-se benefício na redução de uma morte a cada 11 pacientes tratados por doenças respiratórias após a implantação da unidade de terapia intensiva no hospital. Estes resultados corroboram a impressão do benefício da implantação de unidades de terapia intensiva em hospitais de nível secundário.

ABSTRACTObjective:To evaluate the association between the in-hospital mortality of patients hospitalized due to respiratory diseases and the availability of intensive care units.Methods:This retrospective cohort study evaluated a database from a hospital medicine service involving patients hospitalized due to respiratory non-terminal diseases. Data on clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with mortality, such as Charlson score and length of hospital stay, were collected. The following analyses were performed: univariate analysis with simple stratification using the Mantel Haenszel test, chi squared test, Student’s t test, Mann-Whitney test, and logistic regression.Results:Three hundred thirteen patients were selected, including 98 (31.3%) before installation of the intensive care unit and 215 (68.7%) after installation of the intensive care unit. No significant differences in the clinical and anthropometric characteristics or risk factors were observed between the groups. The mortality rate was 18/95 (18.9%) before the installation of the intensive care unit and 21/206 (10.2%) after the installation of the intensive care unit. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the probability of death after the installation of the intensive care unit decreased by 58% (OR: 0.42; 95%CI 0.205 -0.879; p = 0.021).Conclusion:Considering the limitations of the study, the results suggest a benefit, with a decrease of one death per every 11 patients treated for respiratory diseases after the installation of an intensive care unit in our hospital. The results corroborate the benefits of the implementation of intensive care units in secondary hospitals.

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INTRODUCTION: Contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) is one of the complications of the use of intravascular contrast agents, being defined as a reduction of the glomerular filtration rate caused by the iodinated contrast. Most CIN data derive from the cardiovascular literature, which identified as the most consistent risk factors pre-existing chronic renal insufficiency and diabetes mellitus. However, these studies limit their conclusions to a more specific patient population. Computerized tomography as a cause of CIN has been studied less often. OBJECTIVE: To report on the incidence of computerized tomography contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) in an inpatient population of a tertiary general hospital, identifying potentially avoidable risk factors. METHODS: We performed a prospective cohort study with inpatients admitted at a tertiary hospital requiring contrast-induced CT. The primary outcome was the development of CIN, measure by the alteration of serum creatinine or glomerular filtration rate in 48 or 72 hours. Through clinical interview, we verified possible risk factors and preventive measures instituted by the medical team and their association with development of CIN. RESULTS: Of a total of 410 patients, 35 (8.5%) developed CIN. There was a positive correlation between CIN and the presence of diabetes mellitus (OR = 2.15; 95%CI 1.35-4.06; p = 0.02), heart failure (OR = 2.23; 95%CI 1.18-8.8; p = 0.022), and renal failure (OR = 3.36; 95%CI 1.57- 7.17; p = 0.002) CONCLUSION: Incidence of CIN varies according to the population. Diabetes mellitus, heart failure and renal failure were independent risk factors for the development of CT-associated CIN. Further studies are needed to better understand and treat CT-associated CIN.

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Introduction: Contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) is one of the complications of the use of intravascular contrast agents, being defined as a reduction of the glomerular filtration rate caused by the iodinated contrast. Most CIN data derive from the cardiovascular literature, which identified as the most consistent risk factors pre-existing chronic renal insufficiency and diabetes mellitus. However, these studies limit their conclusions to a more specific patient population. Computerized tomography as a cause of CIN has been studied less often. Objective: To report on the incidence of computerized tomography contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) in an inpatient population of a tertiary general hospital, identifying potentially avoidable risk factors. Methods: We performed a prospective cohort study with inpatients admitted at a tertiary hospital requiring contrast-induced CT. The primary outcome was the development of CIN, measure by the alteration of serum creatinine or glomerular filtration rate in 48 or 72 hours. Through clinical interview, we verified possible risk factors and preventive measures instituted by the medical team and their association with development of CIN. Results: Of a total of 410 patients, 35 (8.5%) developed CIN. There was a positive correlation between CIN and the presence of diabetes mellitus (OR = 2.15; 95%CI 1.35-4.06; p = 0.02), heart failure (OR = 2.23; 95%CI 1.18-8.8; p = 0.022), and renal failure (OR = 3.36; 95%CI 1.57- 7.17; p = 0.002) Conclusion: Incidence of CIN varies according to the population. Diabetes mellitus, heart failure and renal failure were independent risk factors for the development of CT-associated CIN. Further studies are needed to better understand and treat CT-associated CIN. .

Introdução: Nefropatia induzida por contraste (NIC) é consequência do uso de meios de contraste intravenoso, sendo definida como uma redução da taxa de filtração glomerular. A maioria dos dados de NIC são da literatura cardiovascular, que identificou como fatores de risco insuficiência renal crônica e diabetes. Entretanto, esses estudos limitam suas conclusões a uma população especifica de pacientes. Tomografia Computadorizada contrastada como causa de NIC foi menos estudada. Objetivo: Reportar incidência de NIC numa população de pacientes internados em hospital terciário submetidos à tomografia computadorizada com contraste, identificando possíveis fatores de risco evitáveis. Métodos: Realizamos um estudo de coorte prospectivo com pacientes internados em hospital terciário e que necessitaram de tomografia computadorizada com contraste. O desfecho primário foi desenvolvimento de NIC, verificado por meio da variação da creatinina sérica ou taxa de filtração glomerular em 48 ou 72 horas. Em entrevista clínica, verificamos possíveis fatores de risco, assim como medidas preventivas instituídas pela equipe médica e suas possíveis associações com desenvolvimento de NIC. Resultados: Do total de 410 pacientes, 35 (8,5%) desenvolveram NIC. Houve correlação positiva entre desenvolvimento de NIC e a presença de diabetes mellitus (OR = 2,15; 95%CI 1,35-4,06; p = 0,02), insuficiência cardíaca (OR = 2,23; 95%CI 1,18-8,8; p = 0,022), e insuficiência renal (OR = 3,36; 95%CI 1,57-7,17; p = 0,002). Conclusão: A incidência de NIC varia de acordo com a população. Diabetes, insuficiência cardíaca e insuficiência renal foram fatores de risco independentes para o desenvolvimento de NIC. Mais estudos são ...

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