RESUMO
Two microcosm types -sediment-biota and biota-biota- were constructed to simulate different pathways of BDE-47 uptake, metabolism and oxidative stress effects in two key estuarine invertebrates (polychaete Laeonereis acuta and crab Cyrtograpsus angulatus). In the sediment-biota experiment, both species were exposed to spiked sediments; an environmentally reported and a high concentration of BDE-47 for 2 weeks. In the biota-biota experiment, crabs were fed with polychaetes pre-exposed to BDE-47 in the sediment-biota experiment. The sediment-biota experiment first revealed that polychaetes significantly accumulated BDE-47 (biota-sediment accumulation factor >2; p < 0.05) to a much greater extent than the crab organs (muscle, hepatopancreas, gills) at both sediment concentrations. For oxidative stress responses, polychaete and crab tissues exposed to spiked sediment showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) of only glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity with respect to controls in both BDE-47 concentrations. No lipid peroxidation (TBARS) or total antioxidant capacity (ACAP) changes were evident in the species or organs exposed to either BDE-47 sediment concentration. The biota-biota experiment showed that feeding crabs with pre-exposed polychaetes caused BDE-47 accumulation in organs as well as significant amounts of BDE-47 eliminated through feces (p < 0.05). Unlike the sediment-biota exposure, crabs fed with pre-exposed BDE-47 polychaetes showed the most conspicuous oxidative stress responses. Significant changes in GST and ACAP in both hepatopancreas and gills, in addition to enhanced TBARS levels in the hepatopancreas with respect to controls (p < 0.05), revealed that BDE-47 assimilated by invertebrates represents a potential source of toxicity to their predators. No methoxylated metabolites (MeO-PBDEs) were detected during BDE-47 metabolism in the invertebrates in either of the two different exposure types. In contrast, hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PBDEs) were detected in polychaetes and crab organs/feces in both experiments. Our results demonstrate that PBDE hydroxylation is one of the main biotransformation routes of BDE-47 in estuarine animals, which could be associated with the oxidative stress responses found.
Assuntos
Braquiúros/metabolismo , Éteres Difenil Halogenados/toxicidade , Poliquetos/metabolismo , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Argentina , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Monitoramento Ambiental , Estuários , Fezes/química , Cadeia Alimentar , Sedimentos Geológicos/análise , Éteres Difenil Halogenados/metabolismo , Oxidantes/metabolismo , Poluentes Químicos da Água/metabolismoRESUMO
We developed a model for evaluating the environmental risk of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to aquatic organisms. The model is based on fuzzy theory and uses information provided by international experts through a questionnaire. It has been tested in two case studies for a particular type of POPs: brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The first case study is related to the EU-funded AQUATERRA project, with sampling campaigns carried out in two Ebro tributaries in Spain (the Cinca and Vero Rivers). The second one, named the BROMACUA project, assessed different aquatic ecosystems in Chile (San Vicente Bay) and Colombia (Santa Marta Marsh). In both projects, the BFRs under study were polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). However, the model can be extrapolated to other POPs and to different aquatic ecosystems to provide useful results for decision-makers.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Modelos Químicos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluição Química da Água/estatística & dados numéricos , Chile , Colômbia , Ecossistema , Retardadores de Chama/análise , Lógica Fuzzy , Éteres Difenil Halogenados/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Bromados/análise , Medição de Risco/métodos , EspanhaRESUMO
Major objectives of the poultry industry are to increase meat production and to reduce carcass fatness, mainly abdominal fat. Information on growth performance and carcass composition are important for the selection of leaner meat chickens. To enhance our understanding of the genetic architecture underlying the chemical composition of chicken carcasses, an F(2) population developed from a broiler × layer cross was used to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting protein, fat, water and ash contents in chicken carcasses. Two genetic models were applied in the QTL analysis: the line-cross and the half-sib models, both using the regression interval mapping method. Six significant and five suggestive QTL were mapped in the line-cross analysis, and four significant and six suggestive QTL were mapped in the half-sib analysis. A total of eleven QTL were mapped for fat (ether extract), five for protein, four for ash and one for water contents in the carcass using both analyses. No study to date has reported QTL for carcass chemical composition in chickens. Some QTL mapped here for carcass fat content match, as expected, QTL regions previously associated with abdominal fat in the same or in different populations, and novel QTL for protein, ash and water contents in the carcass are presented here. The results described here also reinforce the need for fine mapping and to perform multi-trait analyses to better understand the genetic architecture of these traits.
Assuntos
Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Galinhas/genética , Carne/análise , Locos de Características Quantitativas , Animais , Composição Corporal , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Feminino , Masculino , FenótipoRESUMO
An F(2) population established by crossing a broiler male line and a layer line was used to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting abdominal fat weight, abdominal fat percentage and serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. Two genetic models, the line-cross and the half-sib, were applied in the QTL analysis, both using the regression interval method. Three significant QTL and four suggestive QTL were mapped in the line-cross analysis and four significant and four suggestive QTL were mapped in the half-sib analysis. A total of five QTL were mapped for abdominal fat weight, six for abdominal fat percentage and four for triglyceride concentration in both analyses. New QTL associated with serum triglyceride concentration were mapped on GGA5, GGA23 and GG27. QTL mapped between markers LEI0029 and ADL0371 on GGA3 for abdominal fat percentage and abdominal fat weight and a suggestive QTL on GGA12 for abdominal fat percentage showed significant parent-of-origin effects. Some QTL mapped here match QTL regions mapped in previous studies using different populations, suggesting good candidate regions for fine-mapping and candidate gene searches.
Assuntos
Adiposidade/genética , Galinhas/genética , Fenótipo , Locos de Características Quantitativas/genética , Abdome/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Mapeamento Cromossômico/veterinária , Cruzamentos Genéticos , Genótipo , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
Antecedentes. El carcinoma cutáneo no melanoma del tipo basocelular (CBC) y escamocelular (CEC), tiene tasas de incidencia cercanas al 13 por ciento y es el más prevalente en la población blanca. Trae elevada morbilidad para el paciente y altos costos para el sistema de salud, y aunque es la neoplasia maligna mas frecuentemente diagnosticada, en Colombia sólo se tienen estadísticas en instituciones oncológicas, haciendo énfasis principalmente en melanomas. Entre los principales factores de riesgo se encuentra la exposición a los RUVB, tipo de piel, la radiación, el virus del papiloma humano (HPV) y su tratamiento incluye medicación tópica, crioterapia, electrofulguración y cirugía.Objetivo. Analizar algunas características epidemiológicas del cáncer cutáneo (CBC - CEC) en nuestro medio, estableciendo similitudes y diferencias respecto a la literatura actual.Material y métodos. En la clínica San Pedro Claver se revisaron 202 historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de CBC O CEC de 2004 a 2006 en un estudio retrospectivo de serie de casos y se analizaron las variables más comunes como el tipo de lesión, su ubicación, tamaño, patrón histológico y tratamiento.Resultados. Ingresaron en el estudio 112 pacientes, de los cuales cerca del 60 por ciento eran hombres, con una edad media de 69.5 años. El 90 por ciento de las lesiones se localizaban en cara (mejillas, párpados, nariz). Del 70 por ciento de las lesiones que correspondían a CBC el tipo histológico más frecuente fue sólido nodular y del 22 por ciento de lesiones que correspondían a CEC, el moderadamente diferenciado de célula grande fue el más común. Conclusiones. En Colombia las estadísticas del carcinoma cutáneo (CBC y CEC) tienen un patrón de comportamiento similar a los reportados en la literatura y el pronóstico depende de un adecuado diagnóstico y tratamiento, así como de una intervención oportuna en los factores de riesgo.
Assuntos
Humanos , Carcinoma Basocelular , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias Cutâneas , MorbidadeRESUMO
An F(2) resource population, derived from a broiler x layer cross, was used to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for body weights at days 1, 35 and 41, weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency from 35 to 41 days and intestinal length. Up to 577 F(2) chickens were genotyped with 103 genetic markers covering 21 linkage groups. A preliminary QTL mapping report using this same population focused exclusively on GGA1. Regression methods were applied to line-cross and half-sib models for QTL interval mapping. Under the line-cross model, eight QTL were detected for body weight at 35 days (GGA2, 3 and 4), body weight at 41 days (GGA2, 3, 4 and 10) and intestine length (GGA4). Under the half-sib model, using sire as common parent, five QTL were detected for body weight at day 1 (GGA3 and 18), body weight at 35 days (GGA2 and 3) and body weight at 41 days (GGA3). When dam was used as common parent, seven QTL were mapped for body weight at day 1 (GGA2), body weight at day 35 (GGA2, 3 and 4) and body weight at day 41 (GGA2, 3 and 4). Growth differences in chicken lines appear to be controlled by a chronological change in a limited number of chromosomal regions.
Assuntos
Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Galinhas/genética , Ração Animal , Animais , Peso Corporal/genética , Galinhas/anatomia & histologia , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Ingestão de Alimentos/genética , Feminino , Genótipo , Hibridização Genética , Intestinos/anatomia & histologia , Masculino , Locos de Características Quantitativas , Aumento de Peso/genéticaRESUMO
With the objective of mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for performance and carcass traits, an F2 chicken population was developed by crossing broiler and layer lines. A total of 2063 F2 chicks in 21 full-sib families were reared as broilers and slaughtered at 42 days of age. Seventeen performance and carcass traits were measured. Parental F(0) and F1 individuals were genotyped with 80 microsatellites from chicken chromosome 1 to select informative markers. Thirty-three informative markers were used for selective genotyping of F2 individuals with extreme phenotypes for body weight at 42 days of age (BW42). Based on the regions identified by selective genotyping, seven full-sib families (649 F2 chicks) were genotyped with 26 markers. Quantitative trait loci affecting body weight, feed intake, carcass weight, drums and thighs weight and abdominal fat weight were mapped to regions already identified in other populations. Quantitative trait loci for weights of gizzard, liver, lungs, heart and feet, as well as length of intestine, not previously described in the literature were mapped on chromosome 1. This F2 population can be used to identify novel QTLs and constitutes a new resource for studies of genes related to growth and carcass traits in poultry.