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ABSTRACT Objective To analyze trends in epidemiological risk of leprosy in Goiás state, Brazil, and its health macro-regions, between 2010 and 2021. Method This is a time series analysis of the composite leprosy epidemiological risk index in Goiás. We used cases held on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System for calculating indicators separately and risk, classified as high, medium, low and very low. Trends were analyzed using Prais-Winsten linear regression and risk maps were produced. Results Goiás showed high leprosy endemicity (24.8 cases/100,000 inhabitants) and medium epidemiological risk between 2019 and 2021 (0.58). A stationary trend was found (annual percentage change, 0.50; 95% confidence interval, -3.04; 4.16) for risk of leprosy in Goiás as a whole and in its Central-West and Central-Southeast macro-regions. Conclusion There is need for actions to reduce the epidemiological risk of leprosy, especially where its trend is stationary, this includes early screening for new cases and health education.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar la tendencia de riesgo epidemiológico de lepra en el estado de Goiás y macrorregiones sanitarias de 2010 a 2021. Método Análisis de serie temporal del indicador compuesto del índice de riesgo epidemiológico de lepra en Goiás. Se utilizaron los casos del Sistema de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria para calcular indicadores aislados y se clasificó el riesgo en alto, medio, bajo y muy bajo. La tendencia se analizó mediante regresión lineal de Prais-Winsten y se elaboraron mapas de riesgo. Resultados Goiás presentó alta endemicidad de lepra (24,8 casos/100 mil habitantes) y riesgo epidemiológico medio en 2019 y 2021 (0,58). Se observó una tendencia estacionaria (variación porcentual anual, 0,50; intervalo de confianza, -3,04; 4,16) del riesgo de lepra en Goiás y en las macrorregiones Centro-Oeste y Centro-Sureste. Conclusión Es necesario implementar acciones para reducir el riesgo epidemiológico de lepra, especialmente con una tendencia estacionaria, y esto incluye medidas de rastreo y diagnóstico precoz de nuevos casos y educación sanitaria.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a tendência do risco epidemiológico da hanseníase no estado de Goiás e macrorregiões de saúde de 2010 a 2021. Método Análise de série temporal do indicador composto do índice composto de risco epidemiológico de hanseníase em Goiás. Utilizaram-se casos do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação para cálculo dos indicadores isolados e o risco foi classificado em alto, médio, baixo e muito baixo. A tendência foi analisada pela regressão linear de Prais-Winsten e foram produzidos mapas de risco. Resultados Goiás apresentou alta endemicidade para hanseníase (24,8 casos/100 mil habitantes) e médio risco epidemiológico 2019 e 2021 (0,58). Observou-se tendência estacionária (variação percentual anual, 0,50; intervalo de confiança de 95%, -3,04; 4,16) para o risco da hanseníase em Goiás e macrorregiões Centro-Oeste e Centro-Sudeste. Conclusão Verifica-se a necessidade de ações para reduzir o risco epidemiológico da hanseníase, especialmente com tendência estacionária, e isso inclui medidas de rastreamento precoce de novos casos e educação em saúde.

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BACKGROUND: Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a legume whose grain can be stored for months, a common practice among Brazilian growers. Over time, seed coats become darker and harder to cook, traits that are undesirable to consumers, who associate darker-colored beans with greater age. Like commercial pinto and cranberry bean varieties, carioca beans that have darker seeds at harvest time and after storage are subject to decreased market values. RESULTS: The goal of our study was to identify the genetic control associated with lightness of seed coat color at harvest (HL) and with tolerance to post-harvest seed coat darkening (PHD) by a genome-wide association study. For that purpose, a carioca diversity panel previously validated for association mapping studies was used with 138 genotypes and 1,516 high-quality SNPs. The panel was evaluated in two environments using a colorimeter and the CIELAB scale. Shelf storage for 30 days had the most expressive results and the L* (luminosity) parameter led to the greatest discrimination of genotypes. Three QTL were identified for HL, two on chromosome Pv04 and one on Pv10. Regarding PHD, results showed that genetic control differs for L* after 30 days and for the ΔL* (final L*-initial L*); only ΔL* was able to properly express the PHD trait. Four phenotypic classes were proposed, and five QTL were identified through six significant SNPs. CONCLUSIONS: Lightness of seed coat color at harvest showed an oligogenic inheritance corroborated by moderate broad-sense heritability and high genotypic correlation among the experiments. Only three QTL were significant for this trait - two were mapped on Pv04 and one on Pv10. Considering the ΔL, six QTL were mapped on four different chromosomes for PHD. The same HL QTL at the beginning of Pv10 was also associated with ΔL* and could be used as a tool in marker-assisted selection. Several candidate genes were identified and may be useful to accelerate the genetic breeding process.

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Brazil is the largest consumer of dry edible beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the world, 70% of consumption is of the carioca variety. Although the variety has high yield, it is susceptible to several diseases, among them, anthracnose (ANT) can lead to losses of up to 100% of production. The most effective strategy to overcome ANT, a disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, is the development of resistant cultivars. For that reason, the selection of carioca genotypes resistant to multiple ANT races and the identification of loci/markers associated with genetic resistance are extremely important for the genetic breeding process. Using a carioca diversity panel (CDP) with 125 genotypes and genotyped by BeadChip BARCBean6K_3 and a carioca segregating population AM (AND-277 × IAC-Milênio) genotyped by sequencing (GBS). Multiple interval mapping (MIM) and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were used as mapping tools for the resistance genes to the major ANT physiological races present in the country. In general, 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showed high significance for resistance by GWAS, and loci associated with multiple races were also identified, as the Co-3 locus. The SNPs ss715642306 and ss715649427 in linkage disequilibrium (LD) at the beginning of chromosome Pv04 were associated with all the races used, and 16 genes known to be related to plant immunity were identified in this region. Using the resistant cultivars and the markers associated with significant quantitative resistance loci (QRL), discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) was performed considering the allelic contribution to resistance. Through the DAPC clustering, cultivar sources with high potential for durable anthracnose resistance were recommended. The MIM confirmed the presence of the Co-14 locus in the AND-277 cultivar which revealed that it was the only one associated with resistance to ANT race 81. Three other loci were associated with race 81 on chromosomes Pv03, Pv10, and Pv11. This is the first study to identify new resistance loci in the AND-277 cultivar. Finally, the same Co-14 locus was also significant for the CDP at the end of Pv01. The new SNPs identified, especially those associated with more than one race, present great potential for use in marker-assisted and early selection of inbred lines.

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Silymarin is a phytotherapeutic agent derived from the species Silybum marianum (Asteraceae), commonly is known as milk thistle, and traditionally used as a hepatoprotective; however, recent studies have proposed its use in order to promote lactogenesis, but there are few reports of its effects on the development of offspring. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of silymarin treatment during pregnancy and breastfeeding on the sensory-somatic-motor development and adult behavior of F1-generation Swiss mice. The pregnant females of the parental generation were distributed in four experimental groups and treated orally with doses of 100, 200 or 300 mg/kg of silymarin, with a control group receiving vehicle - vegetable oil (VEH), to obtain the F1-generation. At the end of lactation, the parental generation were submitted to euthanasia. Body mass evolution was determined in both generations. The sensory-motor development of the offspring (F1-generation) was evaluated, and one male pup from each litter was followed up for an analysis of adult behavior. In the F1 analysis, no differences between the groups were observed in initial development from the sensory-somatic-motor analysis performed during the 1st to 21st postnatal days. In the behavioral evaluation of adults from the F1 generation, all the groups from dams treated with silymarin in open field (OF) analysis showed a decrease in the time spent in the periphery and an increase in the time spent in the center, but the ambulation observed by the number of quadrant crossed showed no difference. In addition, during OF, the 100 and 200 mg/kg groups presented an increase in fecal bolus compared with the VEH group. There was a decrease in immobility time in the forced swimming test in the 300 mg/kg group compared to the VEH group. Regarding the memory and learning test, the groups did not differ in their recognition scores. The results of this study using an animal model indicate that treatment with silymarin during pregnancy and breastfeeding does not promote significant morpho-functional changes in the offspring in their initial development and adult behavior, indicating the safety of its use during gestation and lactation.

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