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ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify and compare the physical activity practices of children enrolled and non-enrolled on different days of week in a specific program offered at school. Seventy-eight children comprised two groups: children with extra physical activity (EPA; n=39; 15 females and 24 males; age: 9.2±0.8 years) and those with no involvement in extra physical activity (NPA; n=39; 21 females and 18 males; age: 9.0±0.4 years). To infer caloric expenditure, number of steps per day, and total distance traveled, children were monitored with pedometers during three nonconsecutive days: a day with a physical education class at school, a normal activity weekday, and a weekend day. Children enrolled in extra activities at school presented higher levels of caloric expenditure (EPA=132±61, NPA=61±25), performed more steps per day (EPA=7742±2473, NPA=5245±2306) and traveled longer distances (EPA=4201±1318, NPA=2799±1269), with boys (calories=154.1±91.6; steps=9763±3804; traveled distance=5114±2205) more active than girls (calories=94.4±46.7; steps=6691±2394; traveled distance=3726±1387). In the extracurricular physical activity day, children expended more calories (155.8±88.3), performed mores steps (10133±3724) and traveled longer distance (5442±2118) than in the physical education day (calories=127.2±79.3; steps=8409±3283; traveled distance=4478±1864) and in the weekend (calories=96.8±58.8; steps=6493±2687; traveled distance=3500±1466). Extracurricular physical activity at school leads to an increase of physical activity of boys and girls, even on days when the extracurricular activity is not offered.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar e comparar a prática de atividade física de crianças em diferentes dias da semana envolvidas e não envolvidas em um programa de atividade física extracurricular. Setenta e oito crianças formaram dois grupos: crianças com atividade física extracurricular (CAF; n=39; 15 meninas e 24 meninos; idade: 9,2±0,8 anos) e crianças sem atividade física extracurricular (NAF; n=39; 21 meninas e 18 meninos; idade: 9,0±0,4 anos). Foram estimados o dispêndio calórico, o número de passos por dia e a distância percorrida, por meio de pedômetros em dias não consecutivos: um dia com aula de educação física, um dia com atividades cotidianas e um dia de final de semana. Crianças envolvidas em atividades extracurriculares na escola apresentaram maior dispêndio calórico (CAF=132±61, NAF=61±25), número de passos (CAF=7742±2473, NAF=5245±2306) e distância percorrida (CAF=4201±1318, NAF=2799±1269), sendo ainda meninos (calorias=154,1±91,6; passos=9763±3804; distância=5114±2205) mais ativos que meninas (calorias=94,4±46,7; passos=6691±2394; distância=3726±1387). No dia de atividade extracurricular, crianças dispendem mais calorias (155,8±88,3), realizam mais passos (10133±3724) e percorrem maior distância (5442±2118) do que nos dias de educação física (calorias=127,2±79,3; passos=8409±3283; distância=4478±1864) e final de semana (calorias=96,8±58,8; passos=6493±2687; distância=3500±1466). Atividade física extracurricular na escola promove aumento de atividade física de meninos e meninas, mesmo nos dias em que a atividade física extracurricular não foi oferecida.

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BACKGROUND: Postural impairment is one of the most debilitating symptoms in people with Parkinson's disease (PD), which show faster and more variable oscillation during quiet stance than neurologically healthy individuals. Despite the center of pressure parameters can characterize PD's body sway, they are limited to uncover underlying mechanisms of postural stability and instability. RESEARCH QUESTION: Do a multiple domain analysis, including postural adaptability and rambling and trembling components, explain underlying postural stability and instability mechanisms in people with PD? METHOD: Twenty-four individuals (12 people with PD and 12 neurologically healthy peers) performed three 60-s trials of upright quiet standing on a force platform. Traditional and non-linear parameters (Detrended Fluctuation Analysis- DFA and Multiscale Entropy- MSE) and rambling and trembling trajectories were calculated for anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) directions. RESULTS: PDG's postural control was worse compared to CG, displaying longer displacement, higher velocity, and RMS. Univariate analyses revealed largely longer displacement and RMS only for the AP direction and largely higher velocity for both AP and ML directions. Also, PD individuals showed lower AP complexity, higher AP and ML DFA, and increased AP and ML displacement, velocity, and RMS of rambling and trembling components compared to neurologically healthy individuals. SIGNIFICANCE: Based upon these results, people with PD have a lower capacity to adapt posture and impaired both rambling and trembling components compared to neurologically healthy individuals. These findings provide new insights to explain the larger, faster, and more variable sway in people with PD.

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RESEARCH QUESTION: The present study aimed to compare the postural control of children and adolescents with and without Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). METHODS: A total of 32 children and adolescents (18 with HIV and 14 without) of both sexes, aged 6-18 years, were included in the present study. Participants in the HIV + group were infected through vertical transmission and received antiretroviral therapy. Participants maintained an erect, bipedal posture in the following conditions: with vision, without vision, and on a foam base. RESULTS: Concerning the evaluation of time variables, higher values ​​were observed in the HIV + group for mean anterior-posterior (AP) velocity, mean medial-lateral (ML) velocity, AP perimeter (p = 0.001), and ML perimeter (p = 0.001). Concerning the evaluation of conditions, a difference was observed in the mean AP mean sway amplitude (MSA) (p = 0.039), as the AP MSA was lower with vision than without vision or with foam. Concerning the evaluation of spectral domain variables, higher values ​​were observed in the HIV+ group for the predominant ML frequency (p = 0.04) and mean AP (p = 0.001) and ML frequencies (p = 0.001). Regarding the evaluation of conditions, a difference was found only in the predominant AP frequency (p = 0.001). Higher values ​​were found in the closed eye condition than in with foam (Δ = +103 %). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicated that children and adolescents living with HIV have poorer postural control performance than those without HIV.

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This study examined changes in postural control and gaze performance of faller and non-faller older adults under conditions of visual tasks and optical flow manipulations. Fifteen older non-fallers (69.8 years, ± 3.2) and fifteen older fallers (71.1 years, ± 6.4) stood on a force platform inside a moving room wearing an eye tracker. Four tasks were performed: gaze fixation; predictable saccades; unpredictable saccades; and free-viewing. The stimuli appeared at a frequency of 1.1 Hz during conditions of predictable and unpredictable saccades. Sixteen trials were divided into two blocks. In the first block, the room remained stationary. In the second block, the room oscillated, without the participant's awareness, with a 0.6 cm amplitude and 0.2 Hz frequency. Results showed postural sway attenuation in older fallers during the saccadic tasks compared to gaze fixation and free-viewing tasks, in both stationary and moving room conditions. Both groups showed increased center of pressure (CoP) magnitude during the moving room condition and CoP displacements strongly coupled to the room's movement. The influence of the moving room on the postural sway was reduced during the saccadic tasks for both older groups. Older fallers exhibited higher variability compared to older non-fallers. Gaze behavior differences between groups were dependent on the goals of the visual tasks. Therefore, CoP displacements of older adults are reduced during saccadic tasks regardless of their falling history. However, postural and gaze performance of older fallers suggests increased deterioration of postural and oculomotor control which may be used as a predictor of fall risk.

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Constraining knee flexion of non-disabled individuals could further our understanding regarding the importance of knee joint during gait, which is a common disturbance in individuals with gait impairment. In this study we investigated whether a mechanical constraint of knee flexion in non-disabled adults would lead to compensatory strategies. Eleven non-disabled male adults walked without and with an orthosis that permitted full extension and limited knee flexion up to either 45° or 30°. We analyzed the temporal organization of lower limb kinematics and electromyograms of the rectus femoris, vastus medialis and lateralis, tibialis anterior, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis. Non-disabled adults compensated for the reduced knee flexion by increasing hip and ankle joint excursions and ankle flexor activation amplitude. Also, these adults shortened pre-swing and lengthened swing duration in the constrained limb and increased the activity of bifunctional hip extensor and knee flexor muscles in the constrained limb in relation to the unconstrained limb. The use of an orthosis that limited knee flexion in non-disabled adults leaded to compensatory strategies in the temporal organization of joint excursions and muscle activations in the constrained limb. The compensatory effects were correlated with the extent of knee flexion constraint.

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OBJECTIVE: Sensory information is crucial when performing daily activities, and Parkinson's disease may diminish sensitivity to sensory cues. This study aimed to examine the detection threshold of passive motion of knee and ankle joints in individuals with Parkinson's disease. METHODS: Eighteen individuals in the early stages of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (age: 62.7 ±â€¯7.3 years) and 18 healthy matched controls (age: 62.5 ±â€¯7.1 years) first performed a simple reaction time test. Participants were asked to perform ten trials, during which they had to watch a square on a screen and press a button as quickly as possible when the square lit up. Thereafter, the participants were tested for their detection threshold of passive motion of their lower limb joints. Participants were seated in a specially designed chair and their knee or ankle joint was passively moved at a velocity of 0.5º/s. Participants kept their eyes closed and were instructed to press a button as quickly as possible when any joint motion was detected. RESULTS: Individuals with Parkinson's disease needed more time to perform the reaction time test than did the control participants. Individuals with Parkinson's disease also needed larger angular displacement, even when reaction time was used as a covariate measure, to detect any passive motion, in both knee (0.70ºâ€¯±â€¯0.20º) and ankle (1.03ºâ€¯±â€¯0.23º) joints than did the control participants [(0.57ºâ€¯±â€¯0.20º) and (0.84ºâ€¯±â€¯0.27º), respectively]. CONCLUSION: Impaired joint proprioception can be observed in the early stages of Parkinson's disease, which may compromise the use of proprioception cues from lower limbs.

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This study aimed at determining the effect of kinesio-taping (KT) on muscle performance and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) after exercise induced muscle damaged. Sixty-six healthy men volunteered to participate (age:18-25 y/o), who performed 200 isokinetic lengthening contractions of the dominant quadriceps. Then subjects were randomized to either control (no treatment), sham (no tape tension), or KT (10% tape tension) groups. Muscle performance was assessed by peak torque and muscular work during maximal isometric and concentric isokinetic contractions. DOMS intensity was assessed using a visual analog scale. Measurements were taken pre-exercise (Pre), 48 h and 96 h post-exercise. Repeated measures ANOVA was used for comparisons within group, and ANCOVA for comparisons among groups. Muscle damage was confirmed in all participants by an increase in CK activity level (p<0.01). Decrease in isometric and isokinetic peak torque was detected at 48 h in the control and sham groups (p<0.01). Muscular work decreased in all groups at 48 h (p<0.01). No differences between groups were detected in muscular performance variables. Increase in DOMS intensity was determined in all groups at 48 h. Comparisons between groups showed lower DOMS intensity in the KT group at 48 h. KT decreased DOMS intensity perception after exercise-induced muscle damage; however, it did not impact muscular performance.

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The study involved investigating dyslexic children's postural control responses when visual and somatosensory cues were separately manipulated. Twenty dyslexic and 19 nondyslexic children performed a trial by standing upright inside a moving room and another by lightly touching a moving bar. Both trials lasted 240 s with the following three different stimulus characteristics: low (pretransition), high (transition), and low amplitude (posttransition). Body sway magnitude and the relationship between the movement of the room/bar surface and body sway were examined. When compared to nondyslexic children, dyslexic children oscillated with higher magnitude in the transition and posttransition under visual and somatosensory manipulation; their sway was more influenced by visual manipulation in the transition and posttransition, and they used higher applied force levels in the somatosensory modality in all conditions. The results suggest that dyslexic children could not efficiently reweight visual cues when compared to nondyslexic children. The same was not observed in the somatosensory cues when dyslexic children reduced the influence of the somatosensory stimulus. The proper use of somatosensory information was related to stronger acquired cues and higher applied forces as observed for dyslexic children. Dyslexic children experience difficulties in dynamically reweighting sensory cues although these types of difficulties are overcome when more informative sensory cues are provided.

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Abstract Introduction: Considered the second leading cause of death worldwide, stroke leads to several consequences resulting from the injury in regions responsible for the processing of sensorimotor information, leading to deficits in the maintenance and performance of postural control. Objective: To relate the performance of postural control during upright stance and a virtual reality task in post-stroke individuals. Method: Nine post-stroke individuals, aged 30 to 76 years, characterized by the Berg balance scale, Fugl - Meyer scale and Mini Mental State Examination participated in this study. Postural performance was measured by the center of pressure under bipedal conditions, in anteroposterior and mediolateral directions and unipedal with the affected and unaffected sides, using a force platform. Virtual reality performance was measured by distance and time required to perform a task in the Nintendo Wii®. Results: Revealed significant correlations between distance and displacement time of the affected side (distance x disc_affected = 0.667 - p = 0.025; time x disc_affected = 0.683 - p = 0.021) and between variables time and mean amplitude of mediolateral oscillation (time x amo_ml = -0.733 - p = 0.012), time and mediolateral and anteroposterior mean velocity (time x vm_ml = -0.617 - p = 0.038; time x vm_ap = -0.833 - p = 0.003) and between time and area (time x area = -0.633 - p = 0.034). Conclusion: the performance of standing postural control in post-stroke individuals, represented by measures of weight discharge and variables of postural control, presented a significant relation with the variables of virtual reality.

Resumo Introdução: Tido como a segunda maior causa de morte no mundo, o Acidente Vascular Cerebral tem suas consequências resultantes da lesão em regiões responsáveis pelo processamento das informações sensório-motoras, acarretando déficits na manutenção e desempenho do Controle Postural. Objetivo: Relacionar o desempenho do controle postural em pé e uma tarefa em realidade virtual em indivíduos pós-AVC. Método: Participaram 9 indivíduos em condição de pós-AVC com idades entre 30 a 76 anos, caracterizados por meio da escala de equilíbrio de Berg, Escala de Fugl-Meyer e Mini-Exame de Estado Mental. O desempenho postural foi medido através do deslocamento do centro de pressão nas condições bipodal, nas direções ântero-posterior e médio-lateral, e unipodal, com o lado afetado e não afetado, por meio de uma plataforma de força. O desempenho em realidade virtual, medido por distância e tempo, foi realizado por meio do console Nintendo Wii®. Resultados: Revelaram correlações significativas entre as variáveis distância e tempo de deslocamento do lado afetado (distância x desc_afetado=0,667 - p=0,025; tempo x desc_afetado=0,683 - p=0,021) e entre as variáveis tempo e amplitude média de oscilação médio-lateral (tempo x amo_ml= -0,733 - p=0,012), tempo e velocidade média médio-lateral e ântero-posterior (tempo x vm_ml= -0,617 - p=0,038; tempo x vm_ap= -0,833 - p=0,003) e entre tempo e área (tempo x área= -0,633 - p=0,034). Conclusão: Há relação entre o desempenho do controle postural, mensurado quantitativamente a partir de uma plataforma de força, e o desempenho em tarefa virtual pé em indivíduos pós-AVC.

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INTRODUCTION: Eccentric training and jump tests are widely used to recover and measure deficits in knee strength and functionality after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. OBJECTIVE: To correlate knee extension and flexion torque generated by eccentric isokinetic training, with functional jump tests in subjects with reconstructed ACL. METHOD: Sixteen men with unilateral ACL reconstruction were assessed before and after 12 weeks of eccentric isokinetic training of knee flexors and extensors (3×10 MVC, 2x/week) at 30°/s for extension and flexion torque (isometric; concentric and eccentric at 30 and 120°/s) and functional jump tests (single, triple, cross and figure of 8). Inter- and intra-limb pre- and post-training mean peak torque (MPT), distance and jump test times were compared along with the correlations between these variables, considering P<0.05. RESULTS: The affected limb (AL) showed significant gain of extension and flexion torque (P<0.01) in the different test categories and velocities evaluated. In the non-affected limb (NAL), this only occurred in the eccentric category (30 and 120°/s), in the extension (P<0.01) and flexion (P<0.05 and P<0.01) torques, respectively. In the jumps, there was an increase in distance (single and triple; P<0.05) and a decrease in time (crossed and figure of 8; P<0.01), however, MPT x Jump correlations were weak (r<0.3) in the pre and post-training period in both limbs. CONCLUSION: Despite the gain in knee extension and flexion torque and jumping performance, the expected correlation was not satisfactory, suggesting that knee functionality involves other variables inherent to motor control. Level of Evidence IV; Type of study: Case series.

INTRODUÇÃO: O treino excêntrico e testes de saltos são muito utilizados para recuperar e aferir déficits de força e funcionalidade do joelho, após reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA). OBJETIVO: Correlacionar o torque extensor e flexor do joelho, gerados pelo treino isocinético excêntrico, com testes funcionais de saltos em sujeitos com LCA reconstruído. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 16 homens, com reconstrução unilateral do LCA, antes e depois de 12 semanas de treino isocinético excêntrico de extensores e flexores do joelho (3 × 10 CEVM, 2x/semana) a 30°/s, quanto ao torque extensor e flexor (isométrico; concêntrico e excêntrico a 30°/s e 120°/s) e aos testes funcionais de saltos (simples, triplo, cruzado e figura em 8). As médias dos picos de torque (MPT), a distância e os tempos dos testes de salto inter e intramembros, pré e pós-treino foram comparados, além das correlações entre essas variáveis, considerando P< 0,05. RESULTADOS: O membro acometido (MA) mostrou ganho significativo de torque extensor e flexor (P< 0,01) nos modos e velocidades avaliados. No membro não acometido (MNA), isso ocorreu apenas para o modo excêntrico (30°/s e 120°/s), do torque extensor (P< 0,01) e flexor (P< 0,05 e P<0,01), respectivamente. Nos saltos, houve aumento da distância (simples e triplo; P< 0,05) e diminuição do tempo (cruzado e figura em 8; P< 0,01), porém, as correlações entre MPT e saltos mostraram-se fracas nos dois membros (r< 0,3) antes e depois do treino. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar do ganho no torque extensor e flexor do joelho e no rendimento dos saltos, a correlação esperada não foi satisfatória, sugerindo que a funcionalidade do joelho envolve outras variáveis inerentes ao controle motor. Nível de evidência IV; Tipo de estudo: Série de casos.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El entrenamiento excéntrico y las pruebas de saltos son muy utilizados para recuperar y medir los déficits de fuerza y funcionalidad de la rodilla, después de la reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA). OBJETIVO: Correlacionar el torque extensor y flexor de la rodilla, generados por el entrenamiento isocinético excéntrico, con pruebas funcionales de saltos en sujetos con LCA reconstruido. MÉTODO: Fueron evaluados 16 hombres, con reconstrucción unilateral del LCA, antes y después de 12 semanas de entrenamiento isocinético excéntrico de extensores y flexores de la rodilla (3x10 CEVM, 2x/semana) a 30°/s, cuanto al torque extensor y flexor (isométrico, concéntrico y excéntrico a 30 y 120°/s) y a las pruebas funcionales de saltos (simple, triple, cruzado y figura en 8). Se compararon promedios de los picos de torque (MPT), distancia y tiempos de las pruebas de salto, inter e intra-miembros, pre y post-entrenamiento, además de las correlaciones entre estas variables, considerando P<0,05. RESULTADOS: El miembro acometido (MA) mostró aumento significativo del torque extensor y flexor (P<0,01) en los modos y velocidades evaluados. En el miembro no acometido (MNA), eso ocurrió sólo para el modo excéntrico (30 y 120°/s), del torque extensor (P<0,01) y flexor (P<0,05 y P<0,01), respectivamente. En los saltos, hubo aumento en la distancia (simple y triple; P<0,05) y disminución del tiempo (cruzado y figura en 8; P<0,01), sin embargo, las correlaciones MPT x saltos se mostraron débiles (r<0,3) en el pre y post-entrenamiento, en los dos miembros. CONCLUSIÓN: A pesar del aumento en el torque extensor y flexor de la rodilla y en el rendimiento de los saltos, la correlación esperada no fue satisfactoria, sugiriendo que la funcionalidad de la rodilla involucra otras variables inherentes al control motor. Nivel de evidencia IV; Tipo de estudio: Serie de casos

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