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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this case-control study was to investigate environmental factors, such as caffeine, folic acid, nutritional iron supplementation, multivitamin complexes, alcohol, and tobacco (second-hand smoking), which have been described as risk factors for the development of oral clefts. METHODS: This case-control study employed convenience sampling and included 409 mothers: 132 with children with oral clefts (cases) and 277 with children without oral clefts (controls). The age range of the children in both groups was 0 to 2 years. A questionnaire was administered to each mother to inquire about their habits and food consumption during the first trimester of pregnancy. RESULTS: Folic acid supplementation was observed in 116 (87.8%) of the case group (p < 0.001) and 271 (97.8%) of the control group. Regarding the use of ferrous sulfate, 114 (86.3%) of the case group and 271 (97.8%) of the control group reported using it. In the case group, 84 (63.6%) mothers reported being exposed to second-hand smoke, and 5 (3.7%) reported alcohol consumption (p = 0.797). In terms of caffeine consumption, 127 mothers (95.4%) in the case group consumed it (p = 0.13), while 247 (88.8%) reported consumption in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest a direct relationship between secondhand smoke, alcohol consumption, and the lack of maternal supplementation with oral clefts.

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Abstract Objective The aim of this case-control study was to investigate environmental factors, such as caffeine, folic acid, nutritional iron supplementation, multivitamin complexes, alcohol, and tobacco (second-hand smoking), which have been described as risk factors for the development of oral clefts. Methods This case-control study employed convenience sampling and included 409 mothers: 132 with children with oral clefts (cases) and 277 with children without oral clefts (controls). The age range of the children in both groups was 0 to 2 years. A questionnaire was administered to each mother to inquire about their habits and food consumption during the first trimester of pregnancy. Results Folic acid supplementation was observed in 116 (87.8%) of the case group (p< 0.001) and 271 (97.8%) of the control group. Regarding the use of ferrous sulfate, 114 (86.3%) of the case group and 271 (97.8%) of the control group reported using it. In the case group, 84 (63.6%) mothers reported being exposed to second-hand smoke, and 5 (3.7%) reported alcohol consumption (p= 0.797). In terms of caffeine consumption, 127 mothers (95.4%) in the case group consumed it (p= 0.13), while 247 (88.8%) reported consumption in the control group. Conclusions The results suggest a direct relationship between secondhand smoke, alcohol consumption, and the lack of maternal supplementation with oral clefts.

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Abstract Objectives: to investigate the prevalence of dental anomalies in complete deciduous dentition of children with NSCL/P. Methods: this study included 75 children with NSCL/P and 286 healthy control. In both groups the children had deciduous dentition with ages varying from 4 to 6 years. Clinical examination, panoramic and periapical radiographies were performed and dental anomalies of number and shape were considered. Results: there was a higher prevalence of dental anomalies in the case group, compared to the control group. In all, 42 dental anomalies were identified, 25.33% in the case group and 8.04% in control group (p<0.001). Therewas a higher frequency of dental anomalies in NSCL/P (47.36%), followed by non-syndromic cleft lip (31.57%) and non-syndromic cleft palate (21.05%). The occurrence of agenesis (p= 0.005) and twinning (p = 0.029) were higher in the case group. Conclusions: the occurrence of agenesis and dental twinning was more frequent in the case group and may contribute to the definition of oral cleft subphenotype.

Resumo Objetivos: investigar a prevalência de anomalias dentárias na dentição decídua completa de crianças com FL/PNS. Métodos: este estudo incluiu 75 crianças com FL/PNS e 286 controles saudáveis. Em ambos os grupos as crianças tinham dentição decídua com idade variando de 4 a 6 anos. Exame clínico, radiografias panorâmicas e periapicais foram realizadas e anomalias dentárias de número e forma foram consideradas. Resultados: houve maior prevalência de anomalias dentárias no grupo caso, comparado ao grupo controle. Ao todo 42 anomalias dentárias foram identificadas, 25,33% no grupo caso e 8,04% no grupo controle (p<0,001). Houve maior frequência de anomalias dentárias na FL/PNS (47,36%), seguida da fissura labial não sindrômica (31,57%) e da fissura palatina não sindrômica (21,05%). A ocorrência de agenesia (p= 0,005) e geminação (p=0,029) foram maiores no grupo caso. Conclusão: a ocorrência de agenesia e geminação dentária foram mais frequentes no grupo caso e pode contribuir para a definição de subfenótipos de fissuras orais.

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Comparar a ocorrência de doença periodontal, cárie e perda dentária em tabagistas de ambos os gêneros, adultos, admitidos para tratamento odontoló- gico integrado em uma escola de odontologia, comparados a um grupo-controle não tabagista. Métodos: foram avaliados exames clínicos dentários e periodontais em prontuários de 31 pacientes fumantes e de 46 não fumantes, quanto à ocorrência de: sangramento e/ ou supuração gengival; perda de suporte periodontal por bolsa ou retração gengival; hipermobilidade dentária; dentes cariados, restaurados e dentes perdidos. Para comparar as médias entre os grupos, foi utilizado o teste t de Student (p≤ 0,005) e a correlação entre as variáveis foi obtida por análise multivariada. Resultados: os tabagistas relataram fumar, em média, 11,32 ± 8,599 cigarros/dia, sendo que 54,83% deles fumavam mais de 10 cigarros/dia. Observou-se que as variáveis: número de dentes com perda de inserção, bolsa periodontal, retração gengival, hipermobilidade, sangramento/supuração, perda média de inserção (em mm) e idade estão altamente correlacionadas e são diretamente proporcionais. O número de dentes hígidos foi inversamente proporcional à idade e o índice de placa correlacionou-se com o número de dentes cariados, perdidos e com cálculo. Entretanto, não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos para nenhum parâmetro, exceto quanto à perda dentária, com os fumantes apresentando, em média, mais dentes perdidos do que os não fumantes (p=0,0171). Conclusão: o tabagismo não influenciou significativamente na ocorrência de cárie ou de doença periodontal na população estudada, porém os fumantes têm maior perda dentária do que os não fumantes, e deveriam ser aconselhados a abandonar o tabaco.

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ABSTRACT The current study aimed to analyze through a literature review evidence of association between ocular changes and non-syndromic cleft lip and/or palate (NSCL/P). A literature review was carried out in accordance with the Cochrane Collaboration Group protocol. PubMed, Scopus, Academic Google and ISI Web of Science databases were systematically searched. A total of 16 studies were accessed, and three made up the final sample.All three studied ocular abnormalities in patients with NSCL/P.The articles found ocular abnormalities in 6.21%, 17.54% and 1.03% of patients respectively.The presence of ocular abnormalities in patients with NSCL/P was significant in this systematic review, but the articles all agreed that future studies should explore the possibility of a greater occurrence of ocular changes in individuals with NSCL/P.

RESUMO O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar evidências de associação entre as alterações oculares e fissuras lábio palatinas não sindrômicas (FL/PNS), através de uma revisão da literatura. Foi realizada a revisão da literatura com pesquisa sistemática, observando o protocolo de colaboração com o Grupo Cochrane. PubMed, Scopus, Google Acadêmico e ISI-Web of Science. A partir de16 estudos acessados, 3 compuseram a amostra final. Todos os trabalhos da amostra final relataram alterações oculares em pacientes com FL/PNS. Os artigos relataram respectivamente alterações oculares em 6,21%, 17,54% e 1,03% dos pacientes. A presença de alterações oculares em pacientes com FL /PNS foi significativa nesta revisão sistemática, mas todos os três artigos sugerem que futuros estudos deverão explorar a possibilidade de que haja um aumento de alterações oculares em indivíduos com FL/PNS.

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OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of taurodontism in patients with nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP) within a Brazilian population. STUDY DESIGN: The study was designed as an epidemiologic case-control single-center study. Three hundred eighty-eight patients were included: 88 had NSCLP, and 300 comprised the control group. The first and second permanent mandibular molars were included in this study. By using panoramic radiographs, taurodontism was categorized as mesotaurodontism, hypotaurodontism, and hypertaurodontism. RESULTS: Seventy patients (23.3%) from the control group and 36 patients (40.9%) from the case group presented taurodontism (P < .001). In the control group, 108 (9%) teeth showed taurodontism, whereas in the case group with cleft lip and palate (CLP), 64 (18.2%) teeth showed dental anomalies (P < .001). In both groups, most taurodontic teeth presented hypotaurodontism, followed by mesotaurodontism, while hypertaurodontism was found in only two teeth. The probability of taurodontism in patients with cleft lip (CL) was 2.36 (P = .010) times higher compared with those with CLP, whereas the occurrence of taurodontism in patients with cleft palate (CP) was 3.15 (P = .002) times greater than in patients with CLP. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study indicate a close relationship between taurodontism and NSCLP and the possibility of different cleft subphenotypes.

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Objective : To compare the caries experience of adolescents and young adults with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) with a noncleft control group. Design : Thirty CL/P subjects and 30 controls were clinically examined to obtain the decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) and the decayed, missing and filled surfaces (DMFS) indices, gingival bleeding index, plaque index, and active caries lesions. Data concerning oral hygiene, access to fluoridated water, mother's education level, and family income were also collected. Setting : Pro-Smile Center, a reference center for the treatment of facial deformities, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Subjects : Subjects aged 12 to 21 years with CL/P and without associated syndromes were matched to noncleft controls by sex, age, living habits, and use of orthodontic devices. Null Hypothesis Formulated Prior to Data Collection : Caries experience in CL/P adolescents and young adults is similar to that observed in noncleft controls. Statistical Analysis : Data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0 software for Windows Data Editor. The CL/P and control groups were compared using the McNemar test, paired t test and Wilcoxon test. A significance level of 5% was adopted for all tests. Results : There were no significant differences between the groups for oral hygiene and contact with fluoride. Significant differences were found in per capita income, presence of active caries, decayed surfaces, plaque index, and gingival bleeding. Conclusions : The caries experience of CL/P subjects was higher than that of the noncleft individuals.

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Objective : Many studies have demonstrated a high frequency of dental anomalies in patients with cleft lip and/or palate. Because dental anomalies may complicate dental treatment, we investigated the prevalence of dental anomalies in a group of Brazilian patients with nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate. Design, Participants, Setting : Retrospective analysis was performed using clinical records of 296 patients aged between 12 and 30 years with repaired nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate without history of tooth extraction and orthodontic treatment. Associations between oral clefts and presence of dental anomalies outside the cleft area were investigated. Results : Dental anomalies were identified in 39.9% of the nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate patients, and tooth agenesis (47.5%), impacted tooth (13.1%), and microdontia (12.7%) were the most common anomalies. Cleft lip patients were less affected by dental anomalies compared with cleft palate or cleft lip and palate patients (p  =  .057). Specifically, patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate were significantly more affected by dental anomalies than those with bilateral cleft lip and palate (p  =  .00002), and individuals with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (p  =  .002) and complete cleft palate (p  =  .01) were significantly more affected by tooth agenesis than other cleft types. Agenesis of the premolars (p  =  .043) and maxillary lateral incisors (p  =  .03) were significantly more frequent in patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate. Conclusions : The present study revealed a high frequency of dental anomalies in nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate patients and further demonstrated that patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate were frequently more affected by dental anomalies than those with bilateral cleft lip and palate. Moreover, our results demonstrate that dental anomalies should be considered during dental treatment planning for individuals affected by nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate.

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Introdução: Fissuras do lábio e/ou palato representam as anomalias congênitas mais comuns da face e, em 70% dos casos, tais anomalias congênitas ocorrem de forma não-sindrômica. Objetivo: Conduzir um estudo caso-controle para detectar fatores de risco associados às fissuras labiais e/ou palatinas não sindrômicas em um grupo de pacientes brasileiros. Material e método: Um questionário foi respondido por 60 mães com filhos apresentando fissuras labiais e/ou palatinas não sindrômicas (grupo caso) e por 51 mães com crianças saudáveis (grupo controle). As seguintes variáveis foram avaliadas: idade materna e paterna, distúrbios maternos, tabagismo e consumo de álcool durante a gravidez, história reprodutiva (aborto espontâneo, gravidez ectópica e natimorto), e uso de medicamentos e de multivitaminas durante a gravidez. Os resultados foram analisados em relação ao risco relativo de cada variável para estimar o odds ratio, com intervalo de confiança de 95%, e em seguida as análises bivariada e multivariada foram realizadas. Resultado: As análises revelaram que o único fator de risco mais relacionado às fissuras labiais e/ou palatinas não sindrômicas foi a variável história de natimorto, com odds ratio = 7,67 (p = 0,05). O uso de drogas lícitas não se correlacionou com as fissuras labiais e/ou palatinas não sindrômicas. Conclusão: Dos principais fatores de risco associados às fissuras labiais e/ou palatinas não sindrômicas descritas na literatura, apenas a história de natimorto mostrou significância estatística na população avaliada.

Background: Cleft lip and/or palate are the most common congenital anomalies of the face. In 70% of cases, such congenital anomalies occur in a nonsyndromic form. Purpose: To conduct a case-control study in order to detect possible risk factors for nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or cleft palate in a group of Brazilian patients. Material and method: A questionnaire was answered by 60 mothers of children with nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or cleft palate (case group), and by 51 mothers of healthy children (control group). The following variables were assessed: maternal and paternal ages, maternal disorders, smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy, reproductive history (miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy and stillbirth), medication and multivitamin usage during pregnancy. The results were analyzed in relation to the relative risk of each variable in order to estimate the odds ratio with a confidence interval of 95%. This was followed by bivariate and multivariate analysis. Result: The analyses revealed that the only significantly increased risk factor was a history of stillbirth, with an odds ratio = 7.67 (p = 0.05). The use of licit drugs was not correlated with nonsyndromic oral clefts. Conclusion: Of the main risk factors associated with nonsyndromic oral clefts described in the literature, only a history of stillbirth showed a statistical significance in the population studied.

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