RESUMO

In this study, we evaluated the monitoring of tick fever (TF) in a Brazilian dairy farm in the Minas Gerais state, Brazil, from July 10 to August 4, 2018. We aimed to identify diagnostic and treatment flaws in the protocol adopted by the farm, and to establish a novel and accurate TF monitoring protocol based on precision dairy farming and rational use of antimicrobials and antiparasitic drugs, while evaluating the economic benefits of the proposed strategy. We monitored TF in 395 heifer calves aged between 3 and 14 mo. According to the farm's standard protocol, all calves with an increase of 0.5°C in rectal temperature compared with the previous week's measurement were treated for Anaplasma spp. and Babesia spp. Blood smears were collected from the tail tip of the treated calves. During the last week of the study, we prepared blood smears of all calves regardless of treatment indication. Economic analysis was performed. The results indicated that at least 56.86% (261/459) of the calves did not require treatment for TF, whereas only 23.09% (106/459) had treatment indications. Negative blood smears (45.97%; 211/459) indicated the possibility of calves being affected by another disease or a condition that was not being adequately treated or those not necessarily sick. These results demonstrate the excessive use of medications, representing a direct economic loss, in addition to potentially favoring the occurrence of resistance to antimicrobials. In contrast, 9.42% (26/276) of calves had no treatment indication based on rectal temperature but had treatment indications based on blood smears. Only 5.73% (42/735) of blood smears had co-infection with hemopathogens, and none had triple co-infection. Therefore, we proposed the monitoring of TF using rectal temperature and microscopic analysis. If implemented, this strategy would result in a direct annual savings of approximately $22,638.96 (77.99%) related to medication for the treatment of TF. Therefore, implementing the proposed protocol would be cheaper than treatment based only on rectal temperatures. The currently implemented TF protocols overestimate the occurrence of TF, resulting in overtreatment. Thus, implementing a TF monitoring protocol based on a microscopy tool is justified, with benefits including rational use of medication, potential to generate savings, and reduced morbidity and mortality rates, in addition to enabling other diagnoses.

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RESUMO

A Anaplasmose Granulocítica Equina (AGE) é causada pelo Anaplasma phagocytophilum, bactéria intracelular obrigatória, Gram-negativa, membro da família Anaplasmataceae incluída na ordem das Rickettsiales. Pouco se sabe sobre a doença, dinâmica de transmissão, cepa e prevalência da doença no território brasileiro. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar, por métodos diretos e sorológicos, a ocorrência de A. phagocytophilum em equinos no municípios de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Encontrou-se uma ocorrência ao exame da reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) de 53,57% (120/224). Ao exame de capa leucocitária foi encontrado um percentual de 3,14% (7/223) de animais positivos. A maioria das amostras (41,47%) apresentou uma diluição de 1:160, tais amostras foram então submetidas à titulação nas diluições de 1:320, 1:640 e 1:1280. Pode-se concluir que a infecção por A. phagocytophilum está presente em cavalos pertencentes ao Projeto Carroceiros no município de Belo Horizonte. Para que se entenda melhor qual a importância epidemiológica desta infecção para o município mais levantamentos sorológicos e moleculares, em equinos, devem ser realizados a fim de se entender melhor a dinâmica do agente na população equina.

Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis is caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, a gram negative, obligatory intracellular bacteria, member of Anaplasmataceae family, included in the Rickettsiales order. Little is known about the disease, transmission dynamics, strain and prevalence in Minas Gerais State. This work aimed to verify, using direct and serologic methods, the occurrence of A. phagocytophilum in equines of the municipality of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. It was found a positive reaction in the IFA in a frequency of 53.57% (120/124). In the buffy coat evaluation, it was found a percentage of 3.14% (7/223) of positive animals. Most of the samples reacted at a 1:160 dilution and were submitted to titration in the dilutions of 1:320, 1:640 and 1:1280. It is possible to conclude that A. phagocytophilum infection is present in horses of “Projeto Carroceiros” of the municipality of Belo Horizonte. In order to better understand the epidemiological importance of this infection more studies are needed to comprehend the dynamic of the agent in the equine population.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A Anaplasmose Granulocítica Equina (AGE) é causada pelo Anaplasma phagocytophilum, bactéria intracelular obrigatória, Gram-negativa, membro da família Anaplasmataceae incluída na ordem das Rickettsiales. Pouco se sabe sobre a doença, dinâmica de transmissão, cepa e prevalência da doença no território brasileiro. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar, por métodos diretos e sorológicos, a ocorrência de A. phagocytophilum em equinos no municípios de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Encontrou-se uma ocorrência ao exame da reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) de 53,57% (120/224). Ao exame de capa leucocitária foi encontrado um percentual de 3,14% (7/223) de animais positivos. A maioria das amostras (41,47%) apresentou uma diluição de 1:160, tais amostras foram então submetidas à titulação nas diluições de 1:320, 1:640 e 1:1280. Pode-se concluir que a infecção por A. phagocytophilum está presente em cavalos pertencentes ao Projeto Carroceiros no município de Belo Horizonte. Para que se entenda melhor qual a importância epidemiológica desta infecção para o município mais levantamentos sorológicos e moleculares, em equinos, devem ser realizados a fim de se entender melhor a dinâmica do agente na população equina.(AU)

Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis is caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, a gram negative, obligatory intracellular bacteria, member of Anaplasmataceae family, included in the Rickettsiales order. Little is known about the disease, transmission dynamics, strain and prevalence in Minas Gerais State. This work aimed to verify, using direct and serologic methods, the occurrence of A. phagocytophilum in equines of the municipality of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. It was found a positive reaction in the IFA in a frequency of 53.57% (120/124). In the buffy coat evaluation, it was found a percentage of 3.14% (7/223) of positive animals. Most of the samples reacted at a 1:160 dilution and were submitted to titration in the dilutions of 1:320, 1:640 and 1:1280. It is possible to conclude that A. phagocytophilum infection is present in horses of “Projeto Carroceiros” of the municipality of Belo Horizonte. In order to better understand the epidemiological importance of this infection more studies are needed to comprehend the dynamic of the agent in the equine population.(AU)

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RESUMO

This study investigated whether a low pathogenicity isolate of Anaplasma marginale with an appendage (UFMG1) could protect calves from infection with a pathogenic A. marginale isolate (UFMG2). Two groups of five Friesian calves were each inoculated with UFMG1 by intravenous injections of either A. marginale-infected tick cell cultures (group 1) or blood stabilates (group 2); a third (control) group was injected with saline. All animals were inoculated with a blood stabilate containing a high pathogenicity A. marginale isolate (UFMG2) 75 days after the UFMG1 inoculation. After infection with UFMG2, animals in groups 1 and 2 presented low rickettsaemia, but no clinical signs and no reduction in packed cell volume (PCV). Control animals became sick, with high rickettsaemia (16% infected erythrocytes) and a reduction in PCV (71%), resulting in 60% deaths. Up to 2 weeks after the UFMG2 inoculation, msp1α UFMG1 sequences were detected in groups 1 and 2. Four weeks after UFMG2 inoculation, UFMG2 sequences were detected in these animals, along with a new msp1α genotype sequence, closely related to that of the UFMG2 isolate. Control animals had UFMG2 msp1α sequences up to 4weeks after inoculation with UFMG2 and the new msp1α genotype sequence could be detected on the sixth week. The origin of the new A. marginale genotype was unknown, but may represent the first example of MSP1a antigenic variation in infected cattle. The results confirmed the low pathogenicity of the UFMG1 isolate, which provided clinical protection against the highly pathogenic A. marginale UFMG2. Infection with UFMG1 did not prevent the establishment of a second isolate, suggesting protection without infection-exclusion among A. marginale isolates.

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RESUMO

Anaplasma marginale is a tick-borne pathogen of cattle responsible for the disease anaplasmosis. Data suggest that Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and R. annulatus may be the major tick vectors of A. marginale in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In this work we demonstrated the first infection and propagation of a Brazilian isolate of A. marginale (UFMG1) in the BME26 cell line derived originally from embryos of R. (Boophilus) microplus. The establishment of A. marginale infection in a cell line derived from R. (Boophilus) microplus is relevant for studying the A. marginale/tick interface.

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The present study had the objective of defining the culture conditions, optimizing the maintenance and expansion of an IDE-8 cell line in Brazil, with the aim to propose its use as a model for in vitro infection and multiplication of Brazilian strains of rickettsia and other hemoparasites. The supplementation of IDE-8 cells with two distinct fetal bovine sera (a Brazilian and an imported) was evaluated. Culture media were changed weekly and subcultures were carried out every 15 days. The development of cultures and subcultures was evaluated by the percentage of viability and cellular morphology. The results indicate that the imported SFB can be replaced by the Brazilian SFB one, as no significant differences (P<0.05) were seen among culture viabilities.(AU)

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RESUMO

The present study had the objective of defining the culture conditions, optimizing the maintenance and expansion of an IDE-8 cell line in Brazil, with the aim to propose its use as a model for in vitro infection and multiplication of Brazilian strains of rickettsia and other hemoparasites. The supplementation of IDE-8 cells with two distinct fetal bovine sera (a Brazilian and an imported) was evaluated. Culture media were changed weekly and subcultures were carried out every 15 days. The development of cultures and subcultures was evaluated by the percentage of viability and cellular morphology. The results indicate that the imported SFB can be replaced by the Brazilian SFB one, as no significant differences (P<0.05) were seen among culture viabilities.

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RESUMO

The present work describes a retrospective study of clinical cases of ehrlichiosis in dogs examined from March 1998 to September 2001. From the clinical records with laboratorial confirmation of Ehrlichia canis or E. platys infections, the following parameters were analyzed: demographic aspects (age, race, sex, period of the year and origin), clinical characteristics (body temperature, exposure to ticks and clinical signs), and hematological characteristics (blood cell counts and type of infected cell). A total of 194 clinical records were analyzed, from which 31 animals were infected with E. canis and 21 animals with E. platys. The number of cases of canine ehrlichiosis increased considerably from the year 2000 onwards, and 24.4% of the cases occurred in 13- to 24-month-old animals, in different urban and per-urban regions of the municipality of Belo Horizonte. The most frequent symptoms were fever, anorexia, apathy, abdominal pain, lymphadenopathy and dispnea. Regarding hematological alterations, 70.3% of the animals presented anemia, 50% presented thrombocytopenia and 30% leukopenia, and most E. canis morulae were seen in monocytes. The results point to the importance of canine ehrlichiosis, as 35.9% of the dogs with suspected hemoparasitic diseases were infected with Ehrlichia canis or E. platys.(AU)

O presente trabalho descreve um estudo retrospectivo da casuística clínica de erliquiose em cães atendidos entre março de 1998 e setembro de 2001. Foram analisadas 194 fichas clínicas de animais com suspeita de hemoparasitoses, nas quais 31 cães foram diagnosticados com Ehrlichia canis e 21 com Ehrlichia platys, por meio de exame parasitológico direto de esfregaços sangüíneos. Foram considerados alguns aspectos demográficos (idade, raça, sexo, época do ano e região de origem), características clínicas (temperatura corporal, presença e/ou histórico de carrapatos e sinais clínicos) e hematológicas (hemograma completo e célula parasitada). O número de diagnósticos de erliquiose aumentou consideravelmente a partir de 2000, sendo que 24,4% dos casos ocorreram em animais entre 13 e 24 meses de idade na cidade de Belo Horizonte e áreas peri-urbanas, verificando-se maior risco de infecção em animais que residiam em casas. Os sintomas mais freqüentes foram febre, anorexia, apatia, dor abdominal, linfadenopatia e dispnéia. Quanto às alterações hematológicas, 70,3% apresentaram anemia, 50% trombocitopenia e 30% leucopenia e a maioria das infecções por E. canis foi visualizada em monócitos. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de maior atenção por parte dos clínicos e técnicos para a erliquiose canina uma vez que 35,9% dos cães atendidos com suspeita de hemoparasitoses apresentavam infecções por E. canis ou E. platys.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The present work describes a retrospective study of clinical cases of ehrlichiosis in dogs examined from March 1998 to September 2001. From the clinical records with laboratorial confirmation of Ehrlichia canis or E. platys infections, the following parameters were analyzed: demographic aspects (age, race, sex, period of the year and origin), clinical characteristics (body temperature, exposure to ticks and clinical signs), and hematological characteristics (blood cell counts and type of infected cell). A total of 194 clinical records were analyzed, from which 31 animals were infected with E. canis and 21 animals with E. platys. The number of cases of canine ehrlichiosis increased considerably from the year 2000 onwards, and 24.4 percent of the cases occurred in 13- to 24-month-old animals, in different urban and per-urban regions of the municipality of Belo Horizonte. The most frequent symptoms were fever, anorexia, apathy, abdominal pain, lymphadenopathy and dispnea. Regarding hematological alterations, 70.3 percent of the animals presented anemia, 50 percent presented thrombocytopenia and 30 percent leukopenia, and most E. canis morulae were seen in monocytes. The results point to the importance of canine ehrlichiosis, as 35.9 percent of the dogs with suspected hemoparasitic diseases were infected with Ehrlichia canis or E. platys

Assuntos