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OBJECTIVES: In 2020, Brazil experienced two concurrent public health challenges related to respiratory disease: wildfires and increased mortality due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Smoke from these wildfires contributed to a variety of air pollutants, including fine particulate matter (PM2.5). The present study aims to investigate the effects of environmental and socio-economic factors on COVID-19 hospitalisation in the Pantanal. STUDY DESIGN: Ecological retrospective study. METHODS: We applied a multilevel negative binomial model to relate monthly hospitalisation data with environmental variables. RESULTS: We showed that monthly PM2.5 concentration levels had the greatest influence on the increase in hospitalisations by COVID-19 in the elderly (23 % increase). The Gini index, a coefficient that reflects income inequalities, also had a positive association with COVID-19 hospitalisations (18 % increase). Higher temperatures and humidity were protective factors, showing a 15 % and 14 % decrease in hospitalisations, respectively. The results of the present study suggest that high PM2.5 exposure contributed to the increase in COVID-19 hospitalisations, as did the social inequalities of each municipality. CONCLUSIONS: The present study highlights the importance of gathering evidence supported by multiple information sources to guide decision-making and identify populations needing better public health systems.

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Rupture of Achilles tendon is a common accident affecting professional and recreational athletes. Acute and chronic pain are symptoms commonly observed in patients with rupture. However, few studies have investigated whether Achilles tendon rupture is able to promote disorders in the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate nociceptive alterations and inflammatory response in the L5 lumbar segment of Balb/c mice spinal cord after Achilles tendon rupture. We found increased algesia in the paw of the ruptured group on the 7th and 14th days post-tenotomy compared with the control group. This phenomenon was accompanied by overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS-2) as well as hyperactivation of astrocytes and microglia in nociceptive areas of L5 spinal cord as evidenced by intense GFAP and IBA-1 immunostaining, respectively. Biochemical studies also demonstrated increased levels of nitrite in the L5 spinal cord of tenotomized animals compared with the control group. Thus, we have demonstrated for the first time that total rupture of the Achilles tendon induced inflammatory response and nitrergic and glial activation in the CNS in the L5 spinal cord region.

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Rupture of Achilles tendon is a common accident affecting professional and recreational athletes. Acute and chronic pain are symptoms commonly observed in patients with rupture. However, few studies have investigated whether Achilles tendon rupture is able to promote disorders in the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate nociceptive alterations and inflammatory response in the L5 lumbar segment of Balb/c mice spinal cord after Achilles tendon rupture. We found increased algesia in the paw of the ruptured group on the 7th and 14th days post-tenotomy compared with the control group. This phenomenon was accompanied by overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS-2) as well as hyperactivation of astrocytes and microglia in nociceptive areas of L5 spinal cord as evidenced by intense GFAP and IBA-1 immunostaining, respectively. Biochemical studies also demonstrated increased levels of nitrite in the L5 spinal cord of tenotomized animals compared with the control group. Thus, we have demonstrated for the first time that total rupture of the Achilles tendon induced inflammatory response and nitrergic and glial activation in the CNS in the L5 spinal cord region.

RESUMO

Resumo Ao longo de um estudo sobre as categorias governamentais criadas para abordar o fenômeno do confinamento no Brasil, um documento contendo um modelo de gestão da política prisional foi examinado. Com base em Bourdieu e Hertz, procurou-se desenvolver uma etnografia atenta às expressões para se referir a populações e estabelecimentos, de maneira que possam revelar mudanças e manutenções terminológicas em curso. Nota-se que a privação de liberdade é atravessada pelas políticas públicas e vice-versa, apontando os cárceres como "espaços intersetoriais" e os presos como "pessoas em privação de liberdade".

Abstract A document containing a prison policy management model was examined during a study of the governmental categories established to address confinement in Brazil. Based on Bourdieu and Hertz, an attempt was made to develop an ethnography attentive to the expressions used to refer to populations and institutions so that they could reveal ongoing terminological changes and maintenance. Deprivation of liberty is traversed by public policies and vice versa, pointing to prisons as "intersectoral spaces" and prisoners as "people deprived of liberty".

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A document containing a prison policy management model was examined during a study of the governmental categories established to address confinement in Brazil. Based on Bourdieu and Hertz, an attempt was made to develop an ethnography attentive to the expressions used to refer to populations and institutions so that they could reveal ongoing terminological changes and maintenance. Deprivation of liberty is traversed by public policies and vice versa, pointing to prisons as "intersectoral spaces" and prisoners as "people deprived of liberty".

Ao longo de um estudo sobre as categorias governamentais criadas para abordar o fenômeno do confinamento no Brasil, um documento contendo um modelo de gestão da política prisional foi examinado. Com base em Bourdieu e Hertz, procurou-se desenvolver uma etnografia atenta às expressões para se referir a populações e estabelecimentos, de maneira que possam revelar mudanças e manutenções terminológicas em curso. Nota-se que a privação de liberdade é atravessada pelas políticas públicas e vice-versa, apontando os cárceres como "espaços intersetoriais" e os presos como "pessoas em privação de liberdade".

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Este dossiê apresenta os resultados de estudos que debatem o direito à saúde, confinamento, comunicação e COVID-19 à luz das contribuições de seis áreas de conhecimento: Saúde Coletiva, Antropologia Social, Comunicação em Saúde, Psicologia Social, Bioética e Direito Sanitário. A partir desse olhar interdisciplinar, tais estudos abordam principalmente o Estado ­seja ele materializado em entes da federação, agentes governamentais e principalmente instituições ­ diante da pandemia de COVID-19 e versam sobre os direitos fundamentais, a legislação em saúde, as medidas de confinamento no combate ao coronavírus, a mídia e especialmente alguns segmentos populacionais em situação de vulnerabilidade. Espera-se que este dossiê indique novos caminhos para investigar as experiências de isolamento e confinamento no Brasil e contribua para outros debates e outras publicações sobre vulnerabilidade e Estado, que certamente se sucederão nos próximos anos.

This thematic issue presents the results of studies that debate the right to health, confinement, communication, and COVID-19 considering contributions from six areas of knowledge: Public Health, Social Anthropology, Health Communication, Social Psychology, Bioethics and Health Law. From this interdisciplinary perspective, the studies address the State, which is materialized as federation entities, government agents and institutions, whenfaced with the COVID-19 pandemic and dissert about fundamental rights, health legislation, confinement measures against coronavirus, the media and vulnerable population segments. We hope this thematic issue will highlight new ways to investigate the experiences of isolation and confinement in Brazil and contribute to other debates and publications about vulnerability and the State that will undoubtedlyfollow in the coming years.

Este dosier presenta los resultados de estudios que debaten sobre el Derecho a la Salud, el confinamiento, la comunicación y COVID-19, a la luz de los aportes de seis áreas de conocimiento: Salud Colectiva, Antropología Social, Comunicación en Salud, Psicología Social, Bioética y Derecho de la Salud. Desde esta perspectiva interdisciplinaria, tales estudios abordan principalmente al Estado ­sea materializado en entidades federativas, agentes gubernamentales y especialmente instituciones ­ frente a la pandemia de la COVID-19 y tratan sobre los derechos fundamentales;la legislación sanitaria; las medidas de confinamiento para el enfrentamiento del nuevo coronavirus;los medios de comunicación y en especial algunos segmentos de la población en situación de vulnerabilidad. Se espera que este dosier indique nuevas formas de investigar nuestras experiencias de aislamiento y confinamiento, contribuyendo también a otros debates y publicaciones sobre la vulnerabilidad y el Estado que seguramente seguirán en los próximos años.

RESUMO

Objetivo: descrever e analisar categorias para se referir a pessoas e estabelecimentos adotadas nos setores saúde e justiça do Poder Executivo Federal, acentuando assim a dimensão política do fenômeno do confinamento no Brasil. Metodologia: desenvolvemos uma perspectiva panorâmica dos resultados obtidos, destacando o número e a frequência dessas categorias. Nossa análise documental focalizou cartilhas e outros materiais educativos, identificados e caracterizados após consulta a quatro websites. Resultados: reunimos 147 documentos, a maioria deles com a finalidade de suscitar engajamento social e a minoria para definir normas. No setor justiça, localizamos 412 registros de expressões para se referir a populações e 274 para se referir a estabelecimentos, bem como 619 e 390 no setor saúde, de modo que se apresenta o público da política quase o dobro de vezes do que o serviço ofertado nesses materiais educativos. Conclusão: há mais categorias para se referir às populações-alvo das políticas sanitárias e penitenciárias do que aos espaços nos quais se recomenda que elas sejam alocadas. Em algumas áreas técnicas, quase cinco vezes mais, como se o processo de formulação dessas formas de ação estatal colaborasse para visibilizar indivíduos e ocultar instituições.

Objective: to describe and analyze categories to refer to people and establishments adopted in the health and justice sectors of the Federal Executive Branch thus accentuating the political dimension of the phenomenon of confinement in Brazil. Methods: we developed an overview of the results, highlighting the number and frequency of these categories. Our document analysis focused on primers and other educational materials identified and characterized after consulting four websites. Results: we gathered 147 documents, most of them with the purpose of raising social engagement, and a few defining norms. In the justice sectorwe found 412 records of expressions to refer to populations, and 274 to refer to establishments, as well as 619 and 390 in the health sector so that the policy target audience is presented almost twice as often as the service offered in these educational materials. Conclusion: there are more categories to refer to the target populations of health and penitentiary policies than to the spaces in which it is recommended that they be allocated. In some technical areas, almost five times more, as if the process of formulating these forms of state action collaborated to make individuals visible while hiding institutions.

Objetivo: describir y analizar categorías para referirnos a personas y establecimientos adoptados en los sectores de salud y justicia del Poder Ejecutivo Federal, acentuando así dimensión política del fenómeno del encierro carcelario en el Brasil. Metodología: Desarrollamos una perspectiva panorámica de los resultados obtenidos, destacando el número y frecuencia de estas categorías. Nuestro análisis documental se centró en folletos y otros materiales educativos, identificados y caracterizados después de consultar cuatro sitios web. Resultados: reunimos 147 documentos, la mayoría de estos con el propósito de crear compromiso social y en menor proporción para definir normas. En el sector justicia encontramos 412 registros de expresiones para referirse a poblaciones y 274 para referirse a los establecimientos, así como 619 y 390 en el sector salud, de este modo, es presentado el público de la política en casi el doble de veces que el servicio ofrecido en estos materiales educativos. Conclusión: hay más categorías para referirse a las poblaciones-alvo de políticas de salúd y penitenciarias, que a espacios en los cuales se recomienda que estas sean asignadas. En algunas áreas técnicas casi cinco veces más, como si el proceso de formulación de estas formas de acción estatal colaborara a hacer visibles a los individuos y ocultar las instituciones