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After parturition, a rapid transition occurs from the intrauterine to the extrauterine milieu, exposing neonates to physiological circumstances characterized by oxidative conditions that instigate the generation of reactive oxygen species. These free radicals play pivotal roles in physiological processes; however, an imbalance between their production and the removal of antioxidants can result in severe cellular damage. The main objective of this study was to compare the oxidative and antioxidant profiles in mule and horse neonates immediately post-parturition, as well as at subsequent time points (1, 6, 12, and 24 h, 7 and 30 days) during their extrauterine existence. The parameters assessed included the systemic concentrations of Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) and carbonyl groups; the activities of the antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx); and the levels of the total, indirect, and direct bilirubin. Our results showed no interaction effect between the neonatal groups and the assessed time points for the variables under investigation. Notably, the concentrations of TBARS, as a marker of lipid peroxidation, and bilirubin were consistently lower in the mules, whereas the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity exhibited higher levels in this group. The bilirubin levels were notably reduced in the mule neonates. The TBARS demonstrated a progressive decrease over the observation period in both groups, while the GPx activity remained relatively stable from birth to 7 days, with a substantial increase evident at the 30-day mark. Protein oxidation was not affected by the group and time, while for the SOD values, all times were statistically similar, except for the lower activity at T1h. Consequently, our findings lead us to the conclusion that neonatal mules and horses manifest distinct patterns of oxidative activity and antioxidant capacity during the initial month of their extrauterine existence, potentially indicative of different adaptation mechanisms to the extrauterine environment.

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BACKGROUND: Equid herpesvirus (EHV) commonly affects horses causing neurologic and respiratory symptoms beside spontaneous abortions, meaning huge economic losses for equine industry worldwide. In foals, the virus can facilitate secondary infections by Rhodococcus equi, important in morbidity and mortality in equines. A total of five genotypes of EHV were previously described in Brazil including EHV-1, EHV-2, EHV-3, EHV-4, and EHV-5. EHV-2 genotype had only been previously described in Brazil in asymptomatic animals. We report the investigation of the dead of 11 foals in Middle-west region of Brazil showing respiratory and neurological symptoms, as well as several abortions in mares from the same farm. METHODS: Clinical and laboratory exams were performed in this case study. Lung, whole blood, serum, and plasma samples were analyzed by necroscopic and histopathologic techniques followed by molecular assays (conventional and qPCR and Sanger sequencing). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Laboratory exams revealed neutrophilia leukocytosis. Necroscopic and histopathologic findings were suppurative bronchopneumonia and ulcerative enteritis. Molecular assays point to the absence of the bacteria Rhodococcus equi and other viruses (including other EHV). The presence of EHV-2 DNA was confirmed by sequencing in serum sample from one foal. This is the first confirmed outbreak of EHV-2 causing disease in Brazilian horses with confirmed presence of the virus, and which highlight the important role of EHV-2 in equine respiratory disease and spontaneous abortions in equid in Brazil.

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The project is based on a test of a thoracic vibration vest prototype, adapted to equines by the Expector® vest's company, on healthy animals. Ten (10) equines were used in the project, male or female, adults, healthy, belonging to FMVZ-USP or private owners. Each animal went through two phases: A and B. Phase A consisted of the placement of the vest without turning on the vibrators, evaluating the animal's acceptability, facility, adaptation to the animal's body, and discomfort due to the vest's use. Phase B included the placement of the vest and turning on the vibrators, evaluating the animal's acceptability, reaction to the vibrators, and, if present, to which velocity/type of vibration, and the presence of adverse effects. Both phases were done three times on separate days. The behavioral parameters: "placement facility" and "adaptation to the animal's body" were observed. In phase B, the response to the vibration was classified from 0 to 5. The answer was evaluated on low and high intensities for the four vibration types. The heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) were also evaluated at the beginning and end of each repetition. The animals' HR was kept on normal, except for one animal on one day of the test. Concerning the RR, most animals presented moments of tachypnea. On the experiment's first day, 100% of grade Great to "facility of placement" and "adaptation to the animal's body" was obtained, but on days 2 and 3 this value dropped to 90% due to alterations in one animal's responses. Regarding vibration's responses, 77.3% were evaluated as no discomfort (grade 0), 17.1% little discomfort (grade 1), 3.3% medium discomfort (grade 2), 0.4% great discomfort (grade 3), 0.21% extreme discomfort (grade 4), and 1.6% non-acceptance of the vest (grade 5). Some possible changes on the prototype were also verified to be suggested to the manufacturer, such as the change of the buckle and the use of wireless control. Vest use appears promising for equine respiratory physiotherapy, considering the acceptability was good, and its efficiency on the expectoration of diseased animals must be tested.

O projeto consistiu no teste de um protótipo de colete de vibração torácica, adaptado aos equinos pela empresa do colete Expector®, em animais saudáveis. Foram utilizados 10 equinos, machos ou fêmeas, adultos, saudáveis, pertencentes à FMVZ-USP e a proprietários particulares. Cada animal passou por duas fases: A e B. A Fase A consistiu na colocação do colete sem ligar os vibradores, avaliando-se a aceitabilidade do animal; facilidade; adaptação ao corpo do animal e incômodo do mesmo à sua presença. Já a Fase B contava com a colocação do colete e funcionamento dos vibradores, avaliando-se a aceitabilidade do animal; reação aos vibradores e, se presente, a qual velocidade/tipo de vibração; presença de reações ou efeitos adversos. As duas fases foram realizadas em triplicata em dias separados. Foram observados os parâmetros comportamentais "facilidade de colocação" e "adaptação ao corpo do animal". Na fase B, a resposta à vibração foi classificada de 0 a 5. A resposta foi avaliada nas intensidades baixa e alta para os quatro diferentes tipos de vibração. Foram avaliadas também as frequências cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (FR) no início e final de cada repetição. A FC dos animais se manteve dentro do intervalo de normalidade, com exceção de um animal em um dia de avaliação. Em relação à FR, a maioria apresentou momentos de taquipneia. No primeiro dia de experimento obteve-se 100% de avaliação Ótima para "facilidade de colocação" e "adaptação ao corpo do animal", mas nos dias 2 e 3 esse valor caiu para 90% devido à alteração na resposta de um animal. Em relação à resposta à vibração, 77,3% das respostas foram avaliadas como nenhum incômodo (nota 0), 17,1% pouco incômodo (nota 1), 3,3% médio incômodo (nota 2), 0,4% muito incômodo (nota 3), 0,21% incômodo extremo (nota 4) e 1,6% não aceitação do colete (nota 5). Foram também verificadas algumas possíveis mudanças no protótipo a serem sugeridas ao fabricante, como mudança do tipo de fivela e uso de controle sem fio. A utilização do colete parece ser muito promissora para a fisioterapia respiratória em equinos, visto que a aceitabilidade foi muito boa, devendo-se agora realizar a avaliação de sua eficácia na expectoração de animais enfermos.(AU)

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Copper toxicity is thought to be a rare condition in horses. However, the number of cases diagnosed in Brazil is growing. This article aims to describe cases of copper toxicity involving horses from different geographic locations and discuss findings of physical examinations, differential diagnoses and potential causes. Five cases referred from 4 different properties where at least 15 other horses were affected were described. Hemolytic anemia and hemoglobinuria, presence of Heinz bodies and elevated aspartate aminotransferase and gamaglutamil transferase levels were detected in all cases. The diagnosis was based on clinical history and signs, laboratory tests results, copper level determination in feed and/or soil and histopathological findings. Two horses progressed to acute death; remaining horses responded to clinical management with or without blood transfusion, depending on disease severity. However, one of these horses, after several returns to the veterinary hospital, was euthanized due to complications. One horse was treated with ammonium tetrathiomolybdate. Two horses had several recurring episodes over the course of several months, an uncommon presentation in ruminants suffering from copper toxicity. Excess copper was associated with soil fertilization with poultry litter or treatment of previous or neighbor crops with copper-containing products. It can be concluded that copper toxicity does occur in horses and may arise from several sources and/or be associated with predisposing dietary factors. Given the growing number of cases, the condition should be included in the differential diagnosis list and proper preventive dietary and pasture fertilization measures adopted.

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Background: Sinus neoplasms are reported as low frequency in horses. Its clinical characteristics are often nonspecific, depend on complementary methods for diagnosis, and when diagnosed, generally they are already advanced, limiting therapeutic possibilities. The objective of this case series was to detail clinical aspects and complementary exams for sinus neoplasms for early diagnosis, comparing them with the literature. Cases: Four horses were treated at the College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University of São Paulo, with different clinical signs and previous diagnoses, which when evaluated by respiratory endoscopy, radiography, oral cavity evaluation and histopathological exams, revealed the diagnosis of anaplastic carcinoma, poorly differentiated carcinoma, ossifying fibroma and lymphoma. Previous diagnosis, based mainly on clinical signs, were sinusitis secondary to apical infection, ethmoidal hematoma, sinus cyst and sinusitis secondary to periapical disease. The cases of anaplastic carcinoma (case 1) and lymphoma (case 4) presented with an advanced degree of the disease with involvement and destruction of paranasal structures and adjacent tissues, in addition to a poor general condition, which made surgical treatment impossible and led to euthanasia. In these cases, previous treatment was made to apical infection and periodontal disease with secondary sinusitis, but negative evolution led to suspicion of neoplasia, confirmed by histopathological exam of incisional biopsy of the mass in oral cavity. Benign ossifying fibroma (case 3) presented with progressive respiratory difficulty due to occlusion of the lumen of some nasal meatus and radiographic signs of invasion and deformation of the adjacent bones, it was submitted for surgical excision and there was no recurrence until hospital discharge. The poorly differentiated carcinoma (case 2) was a multilobulate neoformation in the ethmoidal region, similar to ethmoid hematoma in endoscopic and radiographic evaluation, it was submitted for excision and two sessions of electrochemotherapy with bleomycin, associated with administration of piroxicam, which obtained a good result until the period of 1 year after discharge. Discussion: It was found that many characteristics are common with these types of neoplasms, and the clinical signs, such as nasal secretions, airway obstruction, increased facial volume, severe alterations in oral cavity, although unspecific, suggest the differential diagnosis for neoplasms. It is important to differentiate from other diseases noting the evolution and growth of these tumors, like in cases 1 and 4, especially the growth to internal tissues, using complementary methods described here, like endoscopic and radiographic examination. Late identification or even manipulation of neoplasms, without proper diagnosis, leads to a few prognoses regarding life. When it is possible to perform surgical excision, complementary methods are important to guide the procedure, and definitive diagnosis is made through histopathologic exam and some need immunohistochemistry analysis. Cases 2 and 3 had surgical access, were submitted to excision and treatment with good results, both with close monitoring in first months and prolonged quality of life. These results highlight the importance of complementary methods for early diagnosis, correct intervention and monitoring of evolution.

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This study set out to determine the impacts of a commercial equine enteral nutrition product on fecal pH, buffering capacity (BC) and physical examination variables. Eight healthy horses were randomly allocated to one of two simultaneous experimental groups in a 4×4 Latin square design. Horses were submitted to 12 hours of solid fasting, then fed increasing doses of the test product via nasogastric tube, as follows: 0% (pure water), 50%, 75% and 100% of the daily recommended dose. Test product doses were diluted in water (1:3) and delivered by bolus feeding. Fecal samples were taken directly from the rectal ampulla prior to (T0) and within 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours of product administration (T3, T6, T12, T24, T36 and T48 respectively). Within 24 to 36 hours of product administration, fecal pH was near 6 (p = 0.01). However, dose variation had no effect on pH. Product dose and sample collection time had a significant impact (p = 0.00) on buffering capacity at pH 6. The more dramatic drop in pH occurred within 24 to 36 hours of product administration, except in horses receiving the 0% dose (water). At pH 5, buffering capacity was affected by dose but not by sample collection time. Soft fecal consistency, increased intestinal motility and fat droplets in fecal samples were noted in most horses. Fecal pH and buffering capacity assessment are indirect tests. Still, results obtained from these tests were deemed useful for detection of intestinal changes, particularly when combined with physical examination. The product had an impact on faecal pH, buffering capacity and intestinal motility, therefore, it is recommended that the formulation be revised.(AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o desempenho de uma formulação comercial para nutrição enteral em equinos quanto aos aspectos de pH fecal, capacidade tamponante (CT) nas fezes e exame físico. Para tal, utilizaram-se 8 equinos hígidos, distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois Quadrados Latinos 4 X 4 simultâneos, que permaneceram em jejum alimentar 12 horas antes de receberem via sonda nasogástrica doses crescentes de 0% (somente água), 50%, 75% e 100% da quantidade total diária recomendada do produto, com a diluição estabelecida de três partes de água para cada parte de produto. Foram colhidas amostras de fezes diretamente da ampola retal antes da administração do produto (T0), 3 (T3), 6 (T6), 12 (T12), 24 (T24), 36 (36) e 48 (T48) horas após. Entre 24 a 36 horas após a administração do produto, o pH fecal estava próximo a 6 (p = 0,01). No entanto, a variação da dose não teve efeito sobre o pH. A dose do produto e o tempo de coleta da amostra tiveram um impacto significativo (p = 0,00) na capacidade tamponante das fezes em pH 6. A queda mais dramática no pH ocorreu dentro de 24 a 36 horas da administração do produto, exceto em cavalos que receberam a dose de 0% (água). Em pH 5, a capacidade tamponante das fezes foi afetada pela dose, mas não pelo tempo de coleta da amostra. Consistência fecal mole, aumento da motilidade intestinal e gotículas de gordura nas amostras fecais foram observados na maioria dos cavalos. A avaliação do pH fecal e da capacidade de tamponante são testes indiretos. Ainda assim, os resultados obtidos com essas análises foram considerados úteis para a detecção de alterações intestinais, principalmente quando combinados com o exame físico. O produto teve impacto no pH fecal, capacidade tamponante das fezes e motilidade intestinal, portanto, recomenda-se que a formulação seja revisada.(AU)

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Background: Rhinosporidiosis is considered an endemic disease in some countries and can affect several species of animals, among them, also equines. In this specie, although the nasal cavity is the most common site of infection, in some cases, it could also be spotted in the larynx region. The present study had as an objective to describe two cases of rhinosporidiosis in horses, one of them nasal and the other in the laryngeal area. Cases: Horse 1. A 12-year-old male Standardbred was sent to the veterinary hospital for the resection of the formation presented in the mucocutaneous junction of the left nostril. During the physical exam, a red mass of a moderately consistency, with an irregular, verrucous, pedunculated and ulcerated surface was observed, measuring approximately 2 cm in diameter. The surgical procedure for the resection of the mass was done through the use of the electrocautery technique, with the animal sedated with a romifidine dose of 0.08 mg/kg, a butorphanol dose of 0.04 mg/kg and a local anesthesia of 2% lidocaine. Eight months after the surgical procedure, the animal returned to the hospital and the presence of three new masses was noted in the same nostril, around the region where the extracted mass used to be found and they resembled the previous lesions. The horses owner didnt authorize a new surgery or a new histopathological exam of the lesions. Horse 2. The other case refers to an asymptomatic 15-year-old male mixed breed. During a routine gastroscopic exam, the presence of several reddish coloration nodular and polypoid formations of irregular surface was observed in the larynx. Only one formation in the dorsal portion of the pharynx was observed. During the...(AU)

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Background: Rhinosporidiosis is considered an endemic disease in some countries and can affect several species of animals, among them, also equines. In this specie, although the nasal cavity is the most common site of infection, in some cases, it could also be spotted in the larynx region. The present study had as an objective to describe two cases of rhinosporidiosis in horses, one of them nasal and the other in the laryngeal area. Cases: Horse 1. A 12-year-old male Standardbred was sent to the veterinary hospital for the resection of the formation presented in the mucocutaneous junction of the left nostril. During the physical exam, a red mass of a moderately consistency, with an irregular, verrucous, pedunculated and ulcerated surface was observed, measuring approximately 2 cm in diameter. The surgical procedure for the resection of the mass was done through the use of the electrocautery technique, with the animal sedated with a romifidine dose of 0.08 mg/kg, a butorphanol dose of 0.04 mg/kg and a local anesthesia of 2% lidocaine. Eight months after the surgical procedure, the animal returned to the hospital and the presence of three new masses was noted in the same nostril, around the region where the extracted mass used to be found and they resembled the previous lesions. The horse’s owner didn’t authorize a new surgery or a new histopathological exam of the lesions. Horse 2. The other case refers to an asymptomatic 15-year-old male mixed breed. During a routine gastroscopic exam, the presence of several reddish coloration nodular and polypoid formations of irregular surface was observed in the larynx. Only one formation in the dorsal portion of the pharynx was observed. During the...

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Tilapia skin is being already use in humans and wild animals present burning wounds and showed a great result. The objective is to evaluate if tilapia skin used as an occlusive curative improves equine wound healing in two horses present chronic wound. Both animals are males, adults, both of breed Mangalarga Marchador South America. Every seven days wound we measured, photographed, biopsied for histopathological analysis, cleaned and tilapia curative was changed. Image J software was used to measure wound area. Tilapia skin as an occlusive biological factor seemed to improve healing process, wounds present an area reduction and clinical improvement during 35 days treatment, even though is still waiting for complete wound healing. In equine tilapia skin curative seemed to speed up healing process and allowed reduced curative change from every two days to once a week. This implies in decrease animal ́s stress, less pain and treatment cost reduction since we used less bandage amount. Beside that tilapia skin industrial waste. Furthermore, it allowed avoid using antibiotics, which reduces environment pollution and there ́s no antibiotic resistance issues.(AU)

A pele de tilápia está sendo utilizada em humanos e animais silvestres com feridas por queimadura demonstrando um excelente resultado. O objetivo do estudo é avaliar se a pele de tilápia utilizada como curativo oclusivo melhora o processo de cicatrização em dois equinos machos adultos da raça Mangalarga Machador, os quais apresentam feridas crônicas. A cada 7 dias as feridas eram medidas, fotografadas, biopsiadas para a análise histopatológica, limpas e o curativo de pele de tilápia trocado. O programa Image J foi utilizado para calcular a área da ferida. A pele de tilápia utilizada como curativo oclusivo parece ter um efeito positivo na cicatrização das feridas, a área diminuiu e a o aspecto clínico melhorou nos 35 dias avaliados, no entanto é necessário esperar pela cicatrização completa das feridas. Em equinos, a utilização de curativo de pele de tilápia parece diminuir o tempo de cicatrização e permite a redução do número de trocas de curativos de a cada dois dias para uma vez por semana. Isso implica em menos estresse e dor para o animal devido à menor manipulação e menor custo de tratamento, pois há menor quantidade de material de curativo sendo utilizado. Além disso, permite evitar a utilização de antibióticos, o que diminui o impacto ambiental e não gera resistência.(AU)

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