RESUMO
SARS-CoV-2's rapid global spread caused the declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic in March 2020. Alongside humans, domestic dogs and cats are also susceptible to infection. However, limited reports on pet infections in Chile prompted a comprehensive study to address this knowledge gap. Between March 2021 and March 2023, the study assessed 65 pets (26 dogs and 39 cats) from 33 COVID-19+ households alongside 700 nasal swabs from animals in households with unknown COVID-19 status. Using RT-PCR, nasal, fecal, and environmental samples were analyzed for the virus. In COVID-19+ households, 6.06% tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, belonging to 3 dogs, indicating human-to-pet transmission. Pets from households with unknown COVID-19 status tested negative for the virus. We obtained 2 SARS-CoV-2 genomes from animals, that belonged to Omicron BA.4.1 variant, marking the first report of pets infected with this lineage globally. Phylogenetic analysis showed these sequences clustered with human sequences collected in Chile during the same period when the BA.4.1 variant was prevalent in the country. The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Chilean pets was relatively low, likely due to the country's high human vaccination rate. Our study highlights the importance of upholding and strengthening human vaccination strategies to mitigate the risk of interspecies transmission. It underscores the critical role of the One Health approach in addressing emerging zoonotic diseases, calling for further research on infection dynamics and risk factors for a comprehensive understanding.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Doenças do Gato , Doenças do Cão , Humanos , Animais , Gatos , Cães , Chile/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Filogenia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/veterinária , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Animais de EstimaçãoRESUMO
In prior work, congenic strains carrying the DBA/2Igb (D2) region of chromosome 2 (Chr2) for alcohol preference were bred onto a C57BL/6Ibg (B6) background and as predicted were found to reduce voluntary consumption. Subsequently, interval-specific congenic recombinant strains (ISCRS) were generated and also tested. These ISCRS strains reduced the quantitative trait loci (QTL) interval to a comparatively small 3.4 Mb region. Here, we have exploited an integrative approach using both murine and human populations to critically evaluate candidate genes within this region. First, we used bioinformatics tools to search for genes relevant to alcohol preference within the QTL region. Second, we searched for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within exons of every gene in this region. Third, we conducted follow-up microarray analyses to identify differentially expressed genes between the B6 and ISCRS strains in mice from each group. Fourth, we analyzed correlations between the expression level of candidate genes and phenotypes of alcohol preference in a large family of BXD recombinant inbred strains derived from B6 and D2. Finally, we evaluated SNP segregation in both BXD mouse strains and in humans who were heavy alcohol drinkers or non-drinkers. Among several potential candidate genes in this region, we identified activating transcription factor 2 (Atf2) as the most plausible gene that would influence alcohol preference. However, the candidacy of Atf2 was only weakly supported when we used a genetic network approach and by focused reanalysis of genome-wide association study data from European-American and African-American populations. Thus, we cannot conclude that Atf2 plays a role in the regulation of the QTL of mouse Chr2.
Assuntos
Fator 2 Ativador da Transcrição/genética , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/genética , Alcoolismo/genética , Fator 2 Ativador da Transcrição/metabolismo , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Cromossomos Humanos Par 2 , Estudos de Associação Genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Endogâmicos DBA , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Locos de Características Quantitativas , Análise de Sequência de DNA , TranscriptomaRESUMO
The mitochondrial ATP synthase, subunit c, isoform 3 gene (Atp5g3) encodes subunit 9, the subunit of the multisubunit enzyme that catalyzes ATP synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. According to the Ensembl database, Atp5g3 in mice is located on chromosome 2 between 73746504 and 73749383 bp, within the genomic regions of two sets of quantitative trait loci - alcohol preference and body weight. Both of those traits are more influenced by epigenetic factors than many other traits are. Using currently available phenotype and gene expression profiles from the GeneNetwork database, we obtained correlations between Atp5g3 and alcoholism- and obesity-relevant phenotypes. The correlation in expression levels between Atp5g3 and each of its 12 partner genes in the molecular interaction are different in various tissues and genes. Transcriptome mapping indicated that Atp5g3 is differentially regulated in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and liver. Owing to a lack of known polymorphisms of Atp5g3 among three relevant mouse strains, C57BL/6J (B6), DBA/2J (D2), and BALB/ cJ, the molecular mechanism for the connection between Atp5g3 and alcoholism and body weight requires further investigation.
Assuntos
Alcoolismo/genética , Epigênese Genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , ATPases Mitocondriais Próton-Translocadoras/genética , Obesidade/genética , Animais , Peso Corporal , Feminino , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Endogâmicos DBA , Fenótipo , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Locos de Características Quantitativas , TranscriptomaRESUMO
Reprinted with permission from Academic Medicine (Academic Medicine. 81(12):1098-1103, December 2006). The Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) Academy of Science has recommended that medical schools incorporate information on CAM (complementary and alternative medicine) into required medical school curricula so that graduates will be able to competently advise their patients in the use of CAM. The report states a need to study models of systems that integrate CAM and allopathic medicine. The authors present Cuba's health care system as one such model and describe how CAM (or natural and traditional medicine) is integrated into all levels of clinical care and medical education in Cuba. The authors examine the Cuban medical school curriculum in which students, residents, and practicing physicians are oriented in the two paradigms of CAM and allopathic medicine. Only health professionals are permitted to practice CAM in Cuba; therefore, Cuba's medical education curriculum incorporates not only teaching about CAM, but it also teaches basic CAM approaches and clinical skills. Both the theory and practice of CAM are integrated into courses throughout the six-year curriculum. Similarities and differences between the U.S. and Cuban approaches to CAM are examined, including issues of access and cost, and levels of acceptance by the medical profession and by the public at large in both countries. The authors conclude that there is potentially much to learn from the Cuban experience to inform U.S. medical educators and institutions in their endeavors to comply with the IOM recommendations and to incorporate CAM into medical school curricula. Acad Med. 2006; 81:1098-1103.
RESUMO
This study was done to assess the age-specific incidence of admission for acute myocardial infarction in Antigua and Barbuda from 1990 to 2001. A retrospective review of Intensive Care Unit admissions for possible acute myocardial infarction was performed. Data obtained included age, gender, country of residence, electrocardiogram, creatine kinase results and intensive care unit outcome. There were, 250 admissions, 194 (78%) having data available for review. Acute myocardial infarction was found in 107/194 (55.2%) patients, age 59.9 +/- 13.7 years, 28% female, 70% from Antigua and Barbuda, 90/107 (85%) were between 35 and 75 years old. The incidence would be 7.5 per year or 9.7 per year if the confirmation rate documented was similar for all admissions. With a yearly population of 9555 men age 35 to 75 years in Antigua and Barbuda, with men accounting for 72% of acute myocardial infarctions, the incidence rate was 0.57 (confirmed) to 0.73 (all admissions) per year per 1000 men. For women, the yearly population was 10822 age 35 to 75 years, and the incidence rate was 0.19 to 0.24 per year per 1000 women. The mortality rate was 12/107 (11.2%), with women being older (67 vs 57 years, p = 0.001) and dying more often (17% vs 9%) compared with men. The mortality rate in the Intensive Care Unit was 0.07 per year for men, 0.04 per year for women per 1000 aged 35 to 75 years. In the United States of America (USA), the admission rate is 4.1 for men and 1.8 for women per year per 1000 aged 35 to 75 years; the mortality rate is 1.0 for men and 0.5 for women per year per 1000 aged 35 to 75 years. Rates of admission to the Intensive Care Unit for acute myocardial infarction in Antigua and Barbuda are 20%, and mortality rates are 10% of those reported in the USA.
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Infarto do Miocárdio/epidemiologia , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/estatística & dados numéricos , Antígua e Barbuda/epidemiologia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/epidemiologia , Doença Aguda , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores Etários , Fatores de Risco , Incidência , Prevalência , Unidades de Terapia IntensivaRESUMO
This study was done to assess the age-specific incidence of admission for acute myocardial infarction in Antigua and Barbuda from 1990 to 2001. A retrospective review of Intensive Care Unit admissions for possible acute myocardial infarction was performed. Data obtained included age, gender, country of residence, electrocardiogram, creatine kinase results and intensive care unit outcome. There were, 250 admissions, 194 (78%) having data available for review. Acute myocardial infarction was found in 107/194 (55.2%) patients, age 59.9 +/- 13.7 years, 28% female, 70% from Antigua and Barbuda, 90/107 (85%) were between 35 and 75 years old. The incidence would be 7.5 per year or 9.7 per year if the confirmation rate documented was similar for all admissions. With a yearly population of 9555 men age 35 to 75 years in Antigua and Barbuda, with men accounting for 72% of acute myocardial infarctions, the incidence rate was 0.57 (confirmed) to 0.73 (all admissions) per year per 1000 men. For women, the yearly population was 10822 age 35 to 75 years, and the incidence rate was 0.19 to 0.24 per year per 1000 women. The mortality rate was 12/107 (11.2%), with women being older (67 vs 57 years, p = 0.001) and dying more often (17% vs 9%) compared with men. The mortality rate in the Intensive Care Unit was 0.07 per year for men, 0.04 per year for women per 1000 aged 35 to 75 years. In the United States of America (USA), the admission rate is 4.1 for men and 1.8 for women per year per 1000 aged 35 to 75 years; the mortality rate is 1.0 for men and 0.5 for women per year per 1000 aged 35 to 75 years. Rates of admission to the Intensive Care Unit for acute myocardial infarction in Antigua and Barbuda are 20%, and mortality rates are 10% of those reported in the USA.
Assuntos
Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/estatística & dados numéricos , Infarto do Miocárdio/epidemiologia , Doença Aguda , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antígua e Barbuda/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) Academy of Science has recommended that medical schools incorporate information on CAM (complementary and alternative medicine) into required medical school curricula so that graduates will be able to competently advise their patients in the use of CAM. The report states a need to study models of systems that integrate CAM and allopathic medicine. The authors present Cuba's health care system as one such model and describe how CAM (or natural and traditional medicine) is integrated into all levels of clinical care and medical education in Cuba. The authors examine the Cuban medical school curriculum in which students, residents, and practicing physicians are oriented in the two paradigms of CAM and allopathic medicine. Only health professionals are permitted to practice CAM in Cuba; therefore, Cuba's medical education curriculum incorporates not only teaching about CAM, but it also teaches basic CAM approaches and clinical skills. Both the theory and practice of CAM are integrated into courses throughout the six-year curriculum. Similarities and differences between the U.S. and Cuban approaches to CAM are examined, including issues of access and cost, and levels of acceptance by the medical profession and by the public at large in both countries. The authors conclude that there is potentially much to learn from the Cuban experience to inform U.S. medical educators and institutions in their endeavors to comply with the IOM recommendations and to incorporate CAM into medical school curricula.
Assuntos
Terapias Complementares/estatística & dados numéricos , Educação Médica/métodos , Medicina Tradicional , Cuba , Currículo , Educação Médica Continuada , Educação de Pós-Graduação em Medicina , Educação de Graduação em Medicina , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Between January 1990 and May 1995, 117 patients were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit at Holberton Hospital, Antigua, for chest pain due to suspected acute myocardial infarction. 39 (45%) of 86 patients whose records were available for retrospective review had confirmed (27 patients) or probable (12 patients) acute myocardial infarction. Risk factors identified among the patients included hypertension, diabetes, tobacco smoking, hypercholesterolaemia and obesity. On admission, 82% were Killip class I and 18% were Killip class II. Medications in the Intensive Care Unit included nitrates, aspirin, calcium channel blockers, beta-adrenergic blockers, heparin and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (21%). No thrombolytic agents were available. The average hospital stay was 10 days and the in-hospital mortality rate was 13%. These data indicate that early mortality from acute myocardial infarction can be reduced in developing countries by early admission to an Intensive Care Unit and use of drugs known to be effective in its treatment.
Assuntos
Infarto do Miocárdio/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antígua e Barbuda/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infarto do Miocárdio/mortalidade , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Between January 1990 and May 1995, 117 patients were admitted to the Intentsive Care at Holberton Hospital, Antigua, for chest pain due to suspected acute myocardial infarction. 39 (45 percent) of 86 patients whose records were available for retrospective review had confirmed (27 patients) or probable (12 patients) acute myocardial infarction. Risk factors identified among the patients included hypertension, diabetes, tobacco smoking, hypercholesterolaemia and obesity. On admission, 82 percent were Killip class I and 18 percent were Killip class II. Medications in the Intensive Care Unit included nitrates, aspirin, calcium and channel blockers, beta-adrenergic blockers, heparin and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (21 percent). No thrombolytic agents were available. THe average hospital stay was 10 days and the in-hospital mortality rate was 13 percent. These data indicate that early mortality from acute myocardial infarction can be reduced in developing countries by early admission to an Intensive Care Unit and use of drugs known to be effective in its treatment.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Infarto do Miocárdio/epidemiologia , Dor no Peito/etiologia , Dor no Peito/terapia , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Antígua e Barbuda/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Between January 1990 and May 1995, 117 patients were admitted to the Intentsive Care at Holberton Hospital, Antigua, for chest pain due to suspected acute myocardial infarction. 39 (45 percent) of 86 patients whose records were available for retrospective review had confirmed (27 patients) or probable (12 patients) acute myocardial infarction. Risk factors identified among the patients included hypertension, diabetes, tobacco smoking, hypercholesterolaemia and obesity. On admission, 82 percent were Killip class I and 18 percent were Killip class II. Medications in the Intensive Care Unit included nitrates, aspirin, calcium and channel blockers, beta-adrenergic blockers, heparin and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (21 percent). No thrombolytic agents were available. THe average hospital stay was 10 days and the in-hospital mortality rate was 13 percent. These data indicate that early mortality from acute myocardial infarction can be reduced in developing countries by early admission to an Intensive Care Unit and use of drugs known to be effective in its treatment.(AU)