RESUMO
In 2010 serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus of the Mya98 lineage/SEA topotype spread into most East Asian countries. During 2010-2011 it was responsible for major outbreaks in the Republic of Korea where a monovalent O/Manisa vaccine (belonging to the ME-SA topotype) was applied to help control the outbreaks. Subsequently, all susceptible animals were vaccinated every 6â¯months with a vaccine containing the O/Manisa antigen. Despite vaccination, the disease re-occurred in 2014 and afterwards almost annually. This study focuses on the in vivo efficacy in pigs of a high quality monovalent commercial O1/Campos vaccine against heterologous challenge with a representative 2015 isolate from the Jincheon Province of the Republic of Korea. Initially, viral characterizations and r1 determinations were performed on six viruses recovered in that region during 2014-2015, centering on their relationship with the well characterized and widely available O1/Campos vaccine strain. Genetic and antigenic analysis indicated a close similarity among 2014-2015 Korean isolates and with the previous 2010 virus, with distinct differences with the O1/Campos strain. Virus neutralisation tests using O1/Campos cattle and pig post vaccination sera and recent Korean outbreak viruses predicted acceptable cross-protection after a single vaccination, as indicated by r1 values, and in pigs, by expectancy of protection. In agreement with the in vitro estimates, in vivo challenge with a selected field isolate indicated that O1/Campos primo vaccinated pigs were protected, resulting in a PD50 value of nearly 10. The results indicated that good quality oil vaccines containing the O1/Campos strain can successfully be used against isolates belonging to the O Mya98/SEA topotype.
Assuntos
Vírus da Febre Aftosa/imunologia , Febre Aftosa/prevenção & controle , Imunização , Doenças dos Suínos/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Linhagem Celular , Proteção Cruzada , Vírus da Febre Aftosa/classificação , Vírus da Febre Aftosa/genética , Variação Genética , Filogenia , República da Coreia , SuínosRESUMO
Identifying vaccine strains to control outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease virus that could spread to new regions is essential for contingency plans. This is the first report on the antigenic/immunogenic relationships of the South American O1/Campos vaccine strain with representative isolates of the three currently active Asian type O topotypes. Virus neutralization tests using O1/Campos post-vaccination sera derived from cattle and pigs predicted for both species acceptable cross-protection, even after single vaccination, established by r1 values and by expectancy of protection using monovalent or polyvalent vaccines. The results indicate that effective oil vaccines containing the O1/Campos strain can be used against Asian isolates, expanding the scope of O1/Campos strain included in vaccine banks to control emergencies caused by Asian viruses, even on single-dose vaccination, and to cover the need of effective vaccines in Asia during systematic vaccination.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Vírus da Febre Aftosa/imunologia , Febre Aftosa/virologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Proteção Cruzada , Reações Cruzadas , Camundongos , Testes de NeutralizaçãoRESUMO
The widespread perception of the effectiveness of applying tests based on the detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viral non-capsid proteins (NCPs) to assess virus circulation irrespective of vaccination triggered the demand for international standards to evaluate the comparative performance of the upcoming assays against the OIE Index test developed at the Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center, PAHO/WHO. To this end, a panel was developed composed of 34 cattle sera from animals with an unambiguous exposed/infected status, covering serotypes O, A and C, obtained either under experimental conditions or from the field in regions with different epidemiological situations. Reference values in the Index test and their reproducibility in other laboratories, data on stability as well as results in four other commercial kits and one in house test were obtained. The characteristics of the panel which comprise adequate preparation following international guidelines, a broad range of antibody reactivity, proper stability and the ability to assess comparative diagnostic sensitivity, make it suitable as a reference standard to evaluate if tests equivalent to the OIE Index method are used in support of FMD control programs and by trading partners, and also whether they maintain their standards of diagnostic performance.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Doenças dos Bovinos/imunologia , Vírus da Febre Aftosa/imunologia , Febre Aftosa/imunologia , Imunoensaio/normas , Imunoensaio/veterinária , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/imunologia , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Febre Aftosa/diagnóstico , Febre Aftosa/virologia , Vírus da Febre Aftosa/classificação , Kit de Reagentes para Diagnóstico , Padrões de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , VacinaçãoRESUMO
The use during the last decade of immuno-enzymatic tests based on the detection of antibodies to the non-capsid proteins (NCPs) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) to assess viral circulation, irrespective of vaccination, supported the incorporation into the OIE code of the 'free from FMDV with vaccination' category and opened the way to a 'vaccination to live' policy. Eradication programmes in South America include systematic vaccination accompanied by large serosurveys through NCP antibody testing to ensure the absence of residual viral activity. For correct interpretation of serosurveys, a major prerequisite is that vaccines made of semi-purified preparations of inactivated virions do not contain levels of NCPs, which upon proper presentation conditions, could induce an antibody response under the conditions for field immunization. This work describes the development of an inhibition ELISA to detect NCP polyprotein 3ABC in viral suspensions destined for vaccine production as an in-process control during vaccine manufacture. Antibody responses against NCP 3ABC in vaccinated and revaccinated cattle, induced by vaccines with different purification processes and formulations, are discussed.
Assuntos
Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Vírus da Febre Aftosa/imunologia , Poliproteínas/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/isolamento & purificação , Vacinas Virais , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Febre Aftosa/prevenção & controle , Vírus da Febre Aftosa/metabolismo , Imunização Secundária , Poliproteínas/metabolismo , Vacinação , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/metabolismoRESUMO
The threat of using biological material for ago-bioterrorist ends has risen in recent years, which means that research and diagnostic laboratories, biological agent banks and other institutions authorised to carry out scientific activities have had to implement biosafety and biosecurity measures to counter the threat, while carrying out activities to help prevent and monitor the accidental or intentional introduction of exotic animal diseases. This article briefly sets outthe basic components of biosafety and biosecurity, as well as recommendations on organisational strategies to consider in laboratories that support agro-bioterrorist surveillance and prevention programs.
Assuntos
Bioterrorismo/prevenção & controle , Laboratórios/normas , Segurança/normas , Medidas de Segurança/normas , Manejo de Espécimes/normas , Animais , Guerra Biológica/prevenção & controle , Planejamento em Desastres , Emergências , Humanos , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
The ability of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) to establish subclinical and even persistent infection, the so called carrier state, imposes the need to reliably demonstrate absence of viral circulation, to monitor the progress of control measures, either during eradication programs or after reintroduction of virus in free areas. This demonstration becomes critical in immunized populations, because of the concern that silent viral circulation could be hidden by immunization. This concern originates from the fact that vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) protects against clinical disease, but not necessarily against subclinical infection or establishment of the carrier state in cattle. A novel approach, developed and validated at PANAFTOSA during the 1990s, based on an immunoenzymatic system for detection of antibodies against non-capsid proteins (NCP) has proven valuable for monitoring viral circulation within and between herds, irrespective of the vaccination status. Antibodies against NCP are induced during infection but, in principle, not upon vaccination. The validation of this system led to its international recognition as the OIE index test. The fitness of this serosurvey tool to assess viral circulation in systematically vaccinated populations was demonstrated through its extensive application in most regions in South America. The experience attained in these regions supported the incorporation of the "free of FMD with vaccination" provisions into the OIE code. Likewise, it opened the way to alternatives to the "stamping out" policy. The results gave input to an old controversy related to the real epidemiological significance, if any, of carrier animals under the vaccination conditions in South America, and supported the development of recommendations and guidelines that are being implemented for serosurveys that go with control measures in vaccinated populations.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Febre Aftosa/virologia , Vacinação/normas , Vacinação/veterinária , Animais , Portador Sadio/virologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Febre Aftosa/imunologia , Febre Aftosa/prevenção & controle , Vírus da Febre Aftosa/genética , Vírus da Febre Aftosa/imunologia , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologiaRESUMO
Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) constitutes an important component of the policy for its control and eradication in South America. Considering that immunization may not impair subclinical infection, it became advisable to ally to vaccination campaigns a surveillance instrument to monitor silent viral circulation. Novel approaches for the evaluation of antibodies to FMD non-capsid proteins (NCPs), developed and validated at PANAFTOSA proved valuable for assessing viral circulation in immunized populations. The extensive and coordinated application in South America of vaccination together with this serosurvey tool indicated the effectiveness of systematic vaccination to prevent FMD spread and to restrain silent viral circulation intra- and inter- herds, and gave input to an old controversy related to the real epidemiological significance, if any, of carrier animals under the vaccination conditions in South America. The fitness of NCP tests to assess viral circulation in a population supported the incorporation into the OIE code of the "free of FMD with vaccination" category as a step prior to the recognition of the "free of FMD without vaccination" category. Likewise it released the path to allow animals, vaccinated for protective purposes during emergencies, to live for the term of their productive lives.
Assuntos
Febre Aftosa/diagnóstico , Febre Aftosa/prevenção & controle , Vacinação/veterinária , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Vigilância da População , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , América do Sul , Eliminação de Partículas ViraisRESUMO
Vaccination constitutes an important control policy for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in affected areas with advanced eradication programmes, as well as in free regions that decide to use immunization as a control measure after a recent introduction of the disease. However, considering that vaccinated animals exposed to FMD virus can establish sub-clinical infection and eventually remain persistently infected, availability of tools to identify sub-clinical infection and its silent transmission within and between herds, regardless of their vaccination state, is of utmost importance. In response to the need for new diagnostic tools to support the eradication campaigns implemented in 1988 in South America, during the past decade we have developed, validated and applied a highly sensitive and specific immuno-enzymatic system for recognition of persistence at a herd level. The system is based on the detection of antibodies against non-capsid proteins required for viral replication. These proteins, in principle, are removed from the viral suspensions destined for production of BEI inactivated vaccines. Within the validation steps, evaluation of potential induction of antibodies to non-capsid proteins caused by traces of these proteins eventually remaining in the vaccines was a major concern. This report presents a review on the experience gathered through the application of the system to various experimental and field immunization conditions. It was concluded that vaccination is not expected to induce antibody responses to non-capsid proteins that could lead to misinterpretation of serological investigations. Progress on the development of approaches towards vaccine certification to guarantee absence of interference will be discussed.
Assuntos
Febre Aftosa/diagnóstico , Febre Aftosa/imunologia , Vacinas Virais , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Certificação , Febre Aftosa/prevenção & controle , América do Sul , Vacinas Virais/normasRESUMO
Frequency distribution of reactivity levels of foot-and-mouth disease infection-specific antibodies in livestock populations was analysed. Specific antibody responses against non-capsid polyprotein 3ABC were assessed through a highly sensitive indirect enzyme-linked immonosorbent assay (I-ELISA 3ABC). A graphic display of data was designed based on three negative and three positive categories to illustrate reactivity patterns. The resulting patterns were correlated to the epidemiological status. On this basis, results of over 100,000 sera derived from cattle populations in regions with various well-documented epidemiological situations were compiled and are exemplified in this paper.Distinct distributions of antibody reactivity patterns reflecting the various epidemiological situations were attained. Whereas non-affected areas presented a rather homogenous negative pattern with very limited test-positive reactions, affected regions revealed quite heterogeneous profiles, including positive and negative categories, with distributions that varied according to the region. The use of graphic prints encompassing I-ELISA 3ABC antibody profile responses constituted an adequate epidemiological indicator of the risk of foot-and-mouth disease viral activity, providing immediate visualization for a rapid inference of the epidemiological situation of a region. Moreover, such profiles allowed for convenient follow-up of infection after a focus as a function of time and geographical spread.
Assuntos
Vírus da Febre Aftosa/imunologia , Vírus da Febre Aftosa/isolamento & purificação , Febre Aftosa/diagnóstico , Febre Aftosa/epidemiologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/análise , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/imunologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Febre Aftosa/virologia , Vigilância da População/métodos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Testes Sorológicos , América do Sul/epidemiologia , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/análise , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/imunologiaRESUMO
The contribution of the Panamerican Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Centre (PANAFTOSA), as an OIE (World organisation for animal health) regional reference laboratory for the diagnosis of FMD and vesicular stomatitis, and for the control of the FMD vaccine, has been of fundamental importance to the development, implementation and harmonisation of modern laboratory procedures in South America. The significance of the work conducted by PANAFTOSA is particularly obvious when one considers the two pillars on which eradication programmes are based, namely: a well-structured regional laboratory network, and the creation of a system which allows technology and new developments to be transferred to Member Countries as quickly and efficiently as possible. Over the past decade, PANAFTOSA has kept pace with the changing epidemiological situation on the continent, and with developments in the international political and economical situation. This has involved the strengthening of quality policies, and the elaboration and implementation of diagnostic tools that make for more thorough epidemiological analyses. The integration of PANAFTOSA into the network of national laboratories and its cooperation with technical and scientific institutes, universities and the private sector means that local needs can be met, thanks to the design and rapid implementation of methodological tools which are validated using internationally accepted criteria. This collaboration, which ensures harmonisation of laboratory tests and enhances the quality of national Veterinary Services, serves to promote greater equity, a prerequisite for regional eradication strategies and this in turn, helps to increase competitiveness in the region.