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Abstract Introduction: Upper-body muscular endurance (UBME) and aerobic capacity (AC) are essential components of physical fitness. Low levels of these components are related to cardiovascular disease. Purpose: To assess the association between UBME and AC levels in college students of physical culture. Methodology: Analytical cross-sectional study carried out in 192 students (169 men, 23 women; median age 20 years). Every participant of the study signed written consent. UMBE was the dependent variable assessed by the push-up test, and AC was the main independent variable assessed using the 20 m shuttle run test. To analyze differences by sex, and academic semester, Fischer exact, Student's T, and U Mann-Whitney tests were applied. Descriptive, as well as bivariate and multivariate analysis, were realized using logistic regression models. Results: 82.29 % of participants had healthy levels of UBME. Respecting the academic semester, students had a higher probability of having healthy levels of UBME as semesters increased (OR: 1.23, 95 % CI: 1.06 to 1.44, p = 0.007). Concerning AC, 58.33 % of participants registered healthy levels. After adjusting by sex, age, socioeconomic level, and academic semester, maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), was associated with healthy levels of UBME (OR: 1.157, CI 95 %: 1.O71 - 1.249, p=<0.001). Conclusions: Students had a higher probability of presenting healthy levels of UBME as semesters of study increased, and those with a higheVO2max were more likely to have healthy levels of UBME.

Resumen Introducción: La fuerza resistencia de miembros superiores (FRMS) y la capacidad aeróbica (CA) son componentes esenciales de la condición física. Bajos niveles de estos componentes están relacionados con la enfermedad cardiovascular. Propósito: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre los niveles de FRMS y la CA en estudiantes universitarios de cultura física. Metodología: Estudio transversal analítico realizado en 192 estudiantes (169 hombres, 23 mujeres; mediana de edad, 20 años). Cada participante firmó el consentimiento informado. FRMS fue la variable dependiente y se valoró con la prueba de flexiones de brazo, y la CA fue la variable independiente y se evaluó usando la prueba de ida y vuelta de 20 m. Para analizar las diferencias por sexo y semestre académico, fueron utilizadas las pruebas exacta de Fischer, T de Student y U de Mann-Whitney. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, bivariados y múltiples, usando modelos de regresión logística. Resultados: El 82.29 % de los participantes registraron niveles saludables de FRMS. Respecto al semestre académico, se evidenció una probabilidad más alta de tener niveles saludables de FRMS al incrementarse los semestres de estudio (OR: 1.23, 95 % CI: 1.06 to 1.44, p = 0.007). En lo concerniente a la CA, el 58.33 % de los participantes registro niveles saludables. Después de realizar ajustes por sexo, edad, nivel socioeconómico y semestre académico, el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2máx), estuvo asociado con niveles saludables de FRMS (OR: 1.157, CI 95 % 1.O71 - 1.249, p=<0.001). Conclusiones: Los participantes presentaron una mayor probabilidad de tener niveles saludables de FRMS, a medida que incrementaron los semestres de estudio, y aquellos con niveles de VO2máx más alto, fueron más proclives a tener niveles saludables de FRMS.

Resumo Introdução: A resistência muscular do corpo superior (UBME) e a capacidade aeróbica (AC) são componentes essenciais da aptidão física. Baixos níveis desses componentes estão relacionados a doenças cardiovasculares. Propósito: Avaliar a associação entre os níveis de UBME e AC em estudantes universitários de cultura física. Metodologia: Estudo transversal analítico realizado com 192 estudantes (169 homens, 23 mulheres; idade média 20 anos). Todos os participantes do estudo assinaram consentimento por escrito. UBME foi a variável dependente avaliada pelo teste de flexão de braço, e AC foi a principal variável independente avaliada pelo teste de corrida de vaivém de 20 m. Para analisar diferenças por sexo e semestre acadêmico, foram aplicados testes exatos de Fischer, t de Student e U de MannWhitney. Análises descritivas, bivariadas e multivariadas foram realizadas usando modelos de regressão logística. Resultados: 82,29 % dos participantes apresentaram níveis saudáveis de UBME. Respeitando o semestre acadêmico, os estudantes tiveram uma probabilidade maior de ter níveis saudáveis de UBME conforme os semestres aumentavam (OR: 1,23, IC 95 %: 1,06 a 1,44, p = 0,007). Em relação à AC, 58,33 % dos participantes registraram níveis saudáveis. Após ajuste por sexo, idade, nível socioeconômico e semestre acadêmico, o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max) foi associado a níveis saudáveis de UBME (OR: 1,157, IC 95 %: 1,071 - 1,249, p <0,001). Conclusões: Os estudantes tiveram uma probabilidade maior de apresentar níveis saudáveis de UBME conforme os semestres de estudo aumentaram, e aqueles com um VO2max mais alto tiveram maior probabilidade de ter níveis saudáveis de UBME.

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Background: Breastfeeding is recommended globally for most infants, especially during and after natural disasters when risk of adverse outcomes increases because of unsanitary conditions and lack of potable water. Materials and Methods: Using 2017-2019 data from Puerto Rico's Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System for 2,448 respondents with a recent live birth, we classified respondents into 4 hurricane exposure time periods based on infant birth month and year relative to when Hurricanes Irma and Maria occurred: (1) prehurricane; (2) acute hurricane; (3) posthurricane, early recovery; and (4) posthurricane, long-term recovery. We examined the association between maternity care practices during delivery hospitalization and exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months overall and stratified by time period. We also examined the associations between each maternity care practice and exclusive breastfeeding separately by time period. Results: Exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months was higher during the acute hurricane time period (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]: 1.43, 95% confidence interval: 1.09-1.87) than the prehurricane time period. Supportive maternity care practices were positively associated with exclusively breastfeeding, and practices that are risk factors for discontinuing breastfeeding were negatively associated with exclusive breastfeeding. Breastfeeding in the first hour (aPR range: 1.51-1.92) and rooming-in (aPR range: 1.50-2.58) were positively associated with exclusive breastfeeding across all time periods, except the prehurricane time period. Receipt of a gift pack with formula was negatively associated with exclusive breastfeeding (aPR range: 0.22-0.54) across all time periods. Conclusions: Maternity care practices during delivery hospitalization may influence breastfeeding behaviors and can improve breastfeeding during and after natural disasters. Strategies to maintain and improve these practices can be further supported during and after natural disasters.

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OBJECTIVE: Exposure to natural disasters during and after pregnancy may increase adverse mental health outcomes. Hurricanes Irma and Maria struck Puerto Rico in September 2017. Our objectives were to understand hurricane-related experiences, maternal health concerns, and the impact of hurricane experiences on postpartum depressive symptoms (PDS). METHODS: We used data from the 2018 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System to describe differences in maternal hurricane experiences among women who were pregnant during and after the 2017 hurricanes. We assessed maternal concerns and PDS. We estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) and 95% CIs for the associations between hurricane experiences and PDS. RESULTS: The most frequently reported hurricane experiences were losing power for ≥1 week (97%) and feeling unsafe due to lack of order/security (70%). Almost 30% of women who were pregnant during the hurricanes reported missing prenatal care. PDS were reported by 13% of women. Most hurricane experiences were associated with an increased prevalence of PDS. Feeling unsafe (aPR = 2.4; 95% CI, 1.2-4.9) and having difficulty getting food (aPR = 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1-4.1) had the strongest associations. CONCLUSIONS: Most women who were pregnant during or after hurricanes Irma and Maria struck Puerto Rico reported negative hurricane experiences, and most experiences were associated with an increased prevalence of PDS. Understanding the experiences of pregnant women during and after disasters and identifying risks for adverse mental health outcomes after pregnancy are important to inform emergency preparedness and prenatal and postpartum care.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the receipt of health care services among live-born infants of women with and without evidence of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection while pregnant during the 2016-2017 ZIKV outbreak in Puerto Rico. METHODS: We used data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System-Zika Postpartum Emergency Response study telephone surveys to examine maternal reports of the receipt of health care services by infants born in Puerto Rico from August through December 2016 and November through December 2017. Evidence of ZIKV infection was ascertained from the infant's birth certificate or was self-reported in the survey. RESULTS: Fourteen percent of women in 2016 and 9% in 2017 had evidence of ZIKV infection during pregnancy. Most infants of women with evidence of ZIKV received the recommended health care services in 2016 and 2017, respectively, including a hearing test (91% vs. 92%), developmental assessment (90% vs. 92%), and an eye exam (74% vs. 70%); fewer received a head scan (45% vs. 36%) and evaluation for physical therapy (17% vs. 10%). From 2016 to 2017, the proportion of infants having a personal doctor increased for all infants; for infants of women without evidence of ZIKV infection, receiving hearing, developmental, and eye assessments increased. CONCLUSION: Most infants of women with evidence of ZIKV infection during pregnancy received the recommended hearing and developmental assessments during the ZIKV outbreak. Experiences with increasing service capacity during the ZIKV outbreak can be evaluated to inform the response to future emergencies that affect maternal and child health.

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Current climate change is generating accelerated increase in extreme heat events and organismal plastic adjustments in upper thermal tolerances, (critical thermal maximum -CTmax ) are recognized as the quicker mitigating mechanisms. However, current research casts doubt on the actual mitigating role of thermal acclimation to face heat impacts, due to its low magnitude and weak environmental signal. Here, we examined these drawbacks by first estimating maximum extent of thermal acclimation by examining known sources of variation affecting CTmax expression, such as daily thermal fluctuation and heating rates. Second, we examined whether the magnitude and pattern of CTmax plasticity is dependent of the thermal environment by comparing the acclimation responses of six species of tropical amphibian tadpoles inhabiting thermally contrasting open and shade habitats and, finally, estimating their warming tolerances (WT = CTmax - maximum temperatures) as estimator of heating risk. We found that plastic CTmax responses are improved in tadpoles exposed to fluctuating daily regimens. Slow heating rates implying longer duration assays determined a contrasting pattern in CTmax plastic expression, depending on species environment. Shade habitat species suffer a decline in CTmax whereas open habitat tadpoles greatly increase it, suggesting an adaptive differential ability of hot exposed species to quick hardening adjustments. Open habitat tadpoles although overall acclimate more than shade habitat species, cannot capitalize this beneficial increase in CTmax, because the maximum ambient temperatures are very close to their critical limits, and this increase may not be large enough to reduce acute heat stress under the ongoing global warming.

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The Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System-Zika Postpartum Emergency Response study, implemented in Puerto Rico during the Zika virus outbreak (2016-2017) and after Hurricanes Irma and María (2017-2018), collected pregnancy-related data using postpartum hospital-based surveys and telephone follow-up surveys. Response rates of 75% or more were observed across five study surveys. The study informed programs, increased the Puerto Rico Department of Health's capacity to conduct maternal‒infant health surveillance, and demonstrated the effectiveness of this methodology for collecting data during public health emergencies. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(4):574-578. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306687).

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Understanding how geographic and environmental heterogeneity drive local patterns of genetic variation is a major goal of ecological genomics and a key question in evolutionary biology. The tropical Andes and inter-Andean valleys are shaped by markedly heterogeneous landscapes, where species experience strong selective processes. We examined genome-wide SNP data together with behavioural and ecological traits (mating calls and body size) known to contribute to genetic isolation in anurans in the banana tree-dwelling frog, Boana platanera, distributed across an environmental gradient in Central Colombia (northern South America). Here, we analysed the relationships between environmentally (temperature and precipitation) associated genetic and phenotypic differentiation and the potential drivers of isolation by environment along an elevation gradient. We identified candidate SNPs associated with temperature and body size, which follow a clinal pattern of genome-wide differentiation tightly coupled with phenotypic variation: as elevation increases, B. platanera exhibits larger body size and longer call duration with more pulses but lower pulse rate and frequency. Thus, the environmental landscape has rendered a scenario where isolation by environment and candidate loci show concordance with phenotypic divergence in this tropical frog along an elevation gradient in the Colombian Andes. Our study sets the basis for evaluating the role of temperature in the genetic structure and local adaptation in tropical treefrogs and its putative effect on life cycle (embryos, tadpoles, adults) along elevation gradients.

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Decreased use of health care services (1), increased exposure to occupational hazards, and higher rates of substance use (2) might contribute to men's poorer health outcomes when compared with such outcomes for women (3). During the transition to fatherhood, paternal health and involvement during pregnancy might have an impact on maternal and infant outcomes (4-6). To assess men's health-related behaviors and participation in fatherhood-related activities surrounding pregnancy, the Puerto Rico Department of Health and CDC analyzed data from the paternal survey of the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System-Zika Postpartum Emergency Response (PRAMS-ZPER)* study. Fewer than one half (48.3%) of men attended a health care visit for themselves in the 12 months before their newborn's birth. However, most fathers attended one or more prenatal care visits (87.2%), were present at the birth (83.1%), and helped prepare for the newborn's arrival (e.g., by preparing the home [92.4%] or purchasing supplies [93.9%]). These findings suggest that opportunities are available for public health messaging directed toward fathers during the perinatal period to increase attention to their own health and health behaviors, and to emphasize the role they can play in supporting their families' overall health and well-being.

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Anuran calls are conspicuous, diverse and subject to sexual selection. Many types of calls are described, but the most commonly studied is the advertisement call (Wells 2007; Toledo et al. 2014). Advertisement calls in anurans are emitted by males and some females (Toledo et al. 2014), and have the function of attracting conspecific mates and repelling male competitors. Because the advertisement calls of many species differ by such a magnitude that they serve as premating species (Heyer et al. 1996), it has been demonstrated that advertisement calls play an important role in species recognition, reproductive isolation, and may reflect evolutionary relations among taxa (Wells 2007; Escalona et al. 2018).

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We examined pregnant women's use of personal protective measures to prevent mosquito bites during the 2016-2017 Zika outbreak in Puerto Rico. Healthcare provider counseling on recommended measures was associated with increased use of insect repellent among pregnant women but not with wearing protective clothing.

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