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NO2 is one of the main greenhouse gases, which is mainly generated by the combustion of fossil fuels. In addition to its contribution to global warming, this gas is also directly dangerous to humans. The present work reports the structural and gas sensing properties of the CaCu3Ti4O12 compound prepared by the sol-gel technique. Rietveld refinement confirmed the formation of the pseudo-cubic CaCu3Ti4O12 compound, with less than 4 wt% of the secondary phases. The microstructural and elemental composition analysis were carried out using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, respectively, while the elemental oxidation states of the samples were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The gas sensing response of the samples was performed for different concentrations of NO2, H2, CO, C2H2 and C2H4 at temperatures between 100 and 300 °C. The materials exhibited selectivity for NO2, showing a greater sensor signal at 250 °C, which was correlated with the highest concentration of nitrite and nitrate species on the CCTO surface using DRIFT spectroscopy.

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Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women with 85% of the mortality burden occurring in less-developed regions of the world. The Cervix Cancer Research Network (CCRN) was founded by the Gynecologic Cancer InterGroup (GCIG) with a mission to improve outcomes in cervix cancer by increasing access to high-quality clinical trials worldwide, with particular attention to less-developed, underrepresented sites. The CCRN held its second international educational symposium in Mexico City with ninety participants from fifteen Latin America countries in January 2017. The purpose of this symposium was to advance knowledge in cervix cancer therapy, promote recruitment to CCRN clinical trials, and to identify relevant future CCRN clinical trial concepts that could improve global care standards for women with cervical cancer.

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The objective of this article is to analyze the progress made in the Americas in the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) after its tenth anniversary of entry into force. At the time of the analysis, 30 of the 35 countries of the Americas are Parties to the FCTC. While progress has been made in implementing the measures contained in the FCTC, the level of implementation has not been homogeneous either across mandates or across countries. Forty percent of Parties to the Convention in the Americas are yet to implement any of the measures at their highest level of implementation according to the WHO classification. It is crucial that the countries of the Americas continue to progress towards the full implementation of the FCTC progressively. In these efforts, it is important to take into account that FCTC measures such as those related to smoke-free environments and adoption of effective health warnings are basic public health measures, which are almost entirely within the competence of health authorities and therefore susceptible to be implemented in a prompt fashion in all countries of the region.

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Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los avances ocurridos en las Américas en la aplicación del Convenio Marco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para el Control del Tabaco (CMCT), tras cumplirse el décimo aniversario de su entrada en vigencia internacional. Al momento del análisis, 30 de los 35 países de las Américas son Parte en el CMCT, y si bien se ha avanzado en la aplicación de las medidas contenidas en el CMCT, el nivel de aplicación no ha sido homogéneo ni entre las medidas ni entre los países; a su vez, 40% de los Estados Parte no han aplicado aún ninguna de las medidas consideradas en su nivel más alto de aplicación según la clasificación de la OMS. Es importante que los países sigan avanzando hacia la aplicación integral del CMCT en forma progresiva, pero teniendo en cuenta que las medidas básicas de salud pública que están dentro de las competencias de los ministerios de salud -como los ambientes libres de humo de tabaco y las advertencias sanitarias- deberían pronto cubrir toda la región.

Abstract: The objective of this article is to analyze the progress made in the Americas in the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) after its tenth anniversary of entry into force. At the time of the analysis, 30 of the 35 countries of the Americas are Parties to the FCTC. While progress has been made in implementing the measures contained in the FCTC, the level of implementation has not been homogeneous either across mandates or across countries. Forty percent of Parties to the Convention in the Americas are yet to implement any of the measures at their highest level of implementation according to the WHO classification. It is crucial that the countries of the Americas continue to progress towards the full implementation of the FCTC progressively. In these efforts, it is important to take into account that FCTC measures such as those related to smoke-free environments and adoption of effective health warnings are basic public health measures, which are almost entirely within the competence of health authorities and therefore susceptible to be implemented in a prompt fashion in all countries of the region.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe cigarette labeling policies in Latin America and the Caribbean as of August 2010. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review of tobacco control legislation of all 33 countries of the region; analysis of British American Tobacco (BAT)'s corporate social reports; analysis of information from cigarette packages collected in 27 countries. RESULTS: In 2002, Brazil became the first country in the region to implement pictorial health warning labels on cigarette packages. Since then, six more countries adopted pictorial labels. The message content and the picture style vary across countries. Thirteen countries have banned brand descriptors and nine require a qualitative label with information on constituents and emissions. Tobacco companies are using strategies commonly used around the world to block the effective implementation of WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)'s Article 11. CONCLUSIONS: Since 2002, important progress has been achieved in the region. However, countries that have ratified the FCTC have not yet implemented all the recommendations of Article 11 Guidelines.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the status of implementing the following Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FTCT) mandates in the Americas: (1) Price and tax measures, (2) Protection from exposure to tobacco smoke, (3) Packaging and labeling, (4) Advertising, promotion and sponsorship, (5) Cessation, (6) Surveillance. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Progress is assessed based on the data published in the WHO Reports on the Global Tobacco Epidemic. The WHO Reports are based on national legislation collected at country level, analyzed by WHO and validated by corresponding national authorities. RESULTS: The essay concludes that FCTC implementation has been uneven throughout the Americas. CONCLUSION: A very small group of countries have been able to implement effective policies for at least two out of the six measures assessed, but the vast majority of countries, while having some existing legislation, have yet to meet the requirements laid out in the FCTC or be consistent with international best practices.

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Objetive. To describe cigarette labeling policies in Latin America and the Caribbean as of August 2010. Material and Methods. Review of tobacco control legislation of all 33 countries of the region; analysis of British American Tobacco (BAT)'s corporate social reports; analysis of information from cigarette packages collected in 27 countries. Results. In 2002, Brazil became the first country in the region to implement pictorial health warning labels on cigarette packages. Since then, six more countries adopted pictorial labels. The message content and the picture style vary across countries. Thirteen countries have banned brand descriptors and nine require a qualitative label with information on constituents and emissions. Tobacco companies are using strategies commonly used around the world to block the effective implementation of WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)'s Article 11. Conclusions. Since 2002, important progress has been achieved in the region. However, countries that have ratified the FCTC have not yet implemented all the recommendations of Article 11 Guidelines.

Objetivo. Describir las políticas de etiquetado de cigarrillos vigentes en América Latina y el Caribe en agosto de 2010. Material y métodos. Revisión de la legislación para el control del tabaco en vigencia en los 33 países de la región; análisis de reportes sociales corporativos del grupo BAT; análisis de información de paquetes de cigarrillos recolectados en 27 países. Resultados. En 2002, Brasil se convirtió en el primer país de la región en implementar etiquetas de advertencias sanitarias pictoriales en los paquetes de cigarrillos. Desde entonces, otros seis países adoptaron advertencias pictoriales. El contenido del mensaje y el estilo de la fotografía varía entre los países. Trece países prohibieron descriptores de marca y nueve requieren una advertencia cualitativa con información de constituyentes y emisiones. Las compañías tabacaleras están utilizando estrategias comúnmente usadas alrededor del mundo para bloquear la implementación efectiva del Artículo 11 del Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco (CMCT) de la OMS. Conclusiones. Desde 2002, se ha alcanzado un importante progreso en la región. Sin embargo, los países que han ratificado el CMCT aún no han implementado todas las recomendaciones de las directrices del Artículo 11.

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Objetivo. Evaluar el estado de implementación de los siguientes mandatos del Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco (CMCT) en las Américas: 1) precios e impuestos, 2) protección de la exposición al humo de tabaco ajeno, 3) empaquetado y etiquetado, 4) publicidad, promoción y patrocinio, 5) cesación y 6) vigilancia. Material y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un análisis descriptivo tomando como fuente el Informe Mundial de la OMS sobre la Epidemia de Tabaquismo. Dicho Informe se sustenta en información legislativa de cada país, la cual es analizada por la OMS y validada por las autoridades nacionales correspondientes. Resultados. La implementación del CMCT en la Región ha sido desigual. Sólo un grupo pequeño de países ha logrado implementar políticas efectivas en al menos dos de los seis mandatos analizados. Conclusión. Si bien la gran mayoría de los países analizados cuenta con legislación en la materia, aún no logra implementar estas medidas en la forma establecida por el CMCT y los estándares internacionales.

Objective. To assess the status of implementing the following Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FTCT) mandates in the Americas: (1) Price and tax measures, (2) Protection from exposure to tobacco smoke, (3) Packaging and labeling, (4) Advertising, promotion and sponsorship, (5) Cessation, (6) Surveillance. Material and Methods. Progress is assessed based on the data published in the WHO Reports on the Global Tobacco Epidemic. The WHO Reports are based on national legislation collected at country level, analyzed by WHO and validated by corresponding national authorities. Results. The essay concludes that FCTC implementation has been uneven throughout the Americas. Conclusion. A very small group of countries have been able to implement effective policies for at least two out of the six measures assessed, but the vast majority of countries, while having some existing legislation, have yet to meet the requirements laid out in the FCTC or be consistent with international best practices.

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Desde hace veinte años en el Hospital Materno Infantil Ramón Sardá funciona un equipo de trabajo interdisciplinario para la atención de la embarazada adolescente y sus hijos, al que se denominó PROAMA (Programa asistencial para las madres adolescentes). La propuesta fue y es la atención y el acompañamiento vincular de estas jóvenes y su entorno, demostrando que la información, sin otro tipo de acercamiento, resulta ineficaz. Tiene como objetivo un cambio de actitud en los roles familiares, como organizador de la estructura familiar, eje fundamental de esta problemática. Objetivos. Analizar el crecimiento y desarrollo de los hijos de madres adolescentes de 16 años o menos, alimentados a pecho, seguidos por PROAMA hasta el año de edad. Describir las características socio-económicas y culturales de estas familias. Material y métodos. Diseño descriptivo, prospectivo. Fueron incluidas en este trabajo todas las adolescentes de 16 años o menos y sus hijos, ingresadas durante el período comprendido entre el 01/06/02 al 30/05/03, que reunían los criterios de inclusión fijados por PROAMA. Enfermeras integrantes del equipo de lactancia intervinieron durante el embarazo y luego del parto desde distintas áreas del hospital para prevenir dificultades en el amamantamiento. El crecimiento y desarrollo de sus hijos fueron evaluados por la escala de Lejarraga y col. Resultados. Ingresaron al estudio 102 niños. Media (DS) de edad gestacional: 38,8 semanas ± 1,44. Pretérminos: 5,6 por ciento. Sin depresión neonatal al primer y quinto minuto. Media (DS) del peso al nacer: 3.148 g ± 476. Media de la talla al nacer: 48,93 cm ± 1.81. Media del peso al año de vida: 9.894,7 g ± 1.056. Media de la talla al año de vida 74,28 cm ± 2,68...

An interdisciplinary team called PROAMA has been taking care of the pregnant teenagers and their children in the Sardá Maternity and Children Hospital for the last 20 years. The proposal of this program was and is to take care and to support the link between these young people and their environment, demostrating that information without any other type of approach is ineffective, having as objective a change of attitude in family roles as an organizer of family structure, cornerstone of this problern. During 2002 and 2003 the work of PROAMA with 100 adolescent mothers and their babies showed good result in terms of growth and development of the children, and a successful breastfeeding, despite socio-economical disparities. Objectives. To inform the growth and development of the breast fed children of teenager mothers aged 16 or less, followed up by PROAMA (Assistance Program for Adolescent Mothers). To describe certain characteristics of these families. Materials and methods. Descriptive and prospective design. Methodology. Early and personalized care of the teenager family from pregnancy, with 10 or more obstetric consultations, a course of preparation for parenting, prevention workshops exclusively for this population, companion in labor ward, monitoring of the child and his family on a monthly basis during the first year of life and then every 3 months to 3 years. The monitoring of breastfeeding was conducted with the assistance of the hospital nurses, trained members of the nursing program. Specialized follow-up of mothers and their children, exclusively breastfed till 6 months of age. Results. The characteristics of newborns showed that the average weight was 3.148 g ± 476 in both sexes and 94.4 per cent had more than 36 weeks gestational age, without any depression at the first and fifth minute of life. At one year of age the average height and weight were 9.894,7 kg (DS 1,056) and 74,28 cm (DS 2,68) respectively...

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Desde hace veinte años en el Hospital Materno Infantil Ramón Sardá funciona un equipo de trabajo interdisciplinario para la atención de la embarazada adolescente y sus hijos, al que se denominó PROAMA (Programa asistencial para las madres adolescentes). La propuesta fue y es la atención y el acompañamiento vincular de estas jóvenes y su entorno, demostrando que la información, sin otro tipo de acercamiento, resulta ineficaz. Tiene como objetivo un cambio de actitud en los roles familiares, como organizador de la estructura familiar, eje fundamental de esta problemática. Objetivos. Analizar el crecimiento y desarrollo de los hijos de madres adolescentes de 16 años o menos, alimentados a pecho, seguidos por PROAMA hasta el año de edad. Describir las características socio-económicas y culturales de estas familias. Material y métodos. Diseño descriptivo, prospectivo. Fueron incluidas en este trabajo todas las adolescentes de 16 años o menos y sus hijos, ingresadas durante el período comprendido entre el 01/06/02 al 30/05/03, que reunían los criterios de inclusión fijados por PROAMA. Enfermeras integrantes del equipo de lactancia intervinieron durante el embarazo y luego del parto desde distintas áreas del hospital para prevenir dificultades en el amamantamiento. El crecimiento y desarrollo de sus hijos fueron evaluados por la escala de Lejarraga y col. Resultados. Ingresaron al estudio 102 niños. Media (DS) de edad gestacional: 38,8 semanas ± 1,44. Pretérminos: 5,6 por ciento. Sin depresión neonatal al primer y quinto minuto. Media (DS) del peso al nacer: 3.148 g ± 476. Media de la talla al nacer: 48,93 cm ± 1.81. Media del peso al año de vida: 9.894,7 g ± 1.056. Media de la talla al año de vida 74,28 cm ± 2,68...(AU)

An interdisciplinary team called PROAMA has been taking care of the pregnant teenagers and their children in the Sardá Maternity and Children Hospital for the last 20 years. The proposal of this program was and is to take care and to support the link between these young people and their environment, demostrating that information without any other type of approach is ineffective, having as objective a change of attitude in family roles as an organizer of family structure, cornerstone of this problern. During 2002 and 2003 the work of PROAMA with 100 adolescent mothers and their babies showed good result in terms of growth and development of the children, and a successful breastfeeding, despite socio-economical disparities. Objectives. To inform the growth and development of the breast fed children of teenager mothers aged 16 or less, followed up by PROAMA (Assistance Program for Adolescent Mothers). To describe certain characteristics of these families. Materials and methods. Descriptive and prospective design. Methodology. Early and personalized care of the teenager family from pregnancy, with 10 or more obstetric consultations, a course of preparation for parenting, prevention workshops exclusively for this population, companion in labor ward, monitoring of the child and his family on a monthly basis during the first year of life and then every 3 months to 3 years. The monitoring of breastfeeding was conducted with the assistance of the hospital nurses, trained members of the nursing program. Specialized follow-up of mothers and their children, exclusively breastfed till 6 months of age. Results. The characteristics of newborns showed that the average weight was 3.148 g ± 476 in both sexes and 94.4 per cent had more than 36 weeks gestational age, without any depression at the first and fifth minute of life. At one year of age the average height and weight were 9.894,7 kg (DS 1,056) and 74,28 cm (DS 2,68) respectively...(AU)

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