RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Genotyping and georeferencing in tuberculosis (TB) have been used to characterize the distribution of the disease and occurrence of transmission within specific groups and communities. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that diabetes mellitus (DM) and pulmonary TB may occur in spatial and molecular aggregations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of patients with pulmonary TB. The study area included 12 municipalities in the Sanitary Jurisdiction of Orizaba, Veracruz, México. Patients with acid-fast bacilli in sputum smears and/or Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum cultures were recruited from 1995 to 2010. Clinical (standardized questionnaire, physical examination, chest X-ray, blood glucose test and HIV test), microbiological, epidemiological, and molecular evaluations were carried out. Patients were considered "genotype-clustered" if two or more isolates from different patients were identified within 12 months of each other and had six or more IS6110 bands in an identical pattern, or < 6 bands with identical IS6110 RFLP patterns and spoligotype with the same spacer oligonucleotides. Residential and health care centers addresses were georeferenced. We used a Jeep hand GPS. The coordinates were transferred from the GPS files to ArcGIS using ArcMap 9.3. We evaluated global spatial aggregation of patients in IS6110-RFLP/ spoligotype clusters using global Moran´s I. Since global distribution was not random, we evaluated "hotspots" using Getis-Ord Gi* statistic. Using bivariate and multivariate analysis we analyzed sociodemographic, behavioral, clinic and bacteriological conditions associated with "hotspots". We used STATA® v13.1 for all statistical analysis. RESULTS: From 1995 to 2010, 1,370 patients >20 years were diagnosed with pulmonary TB; 33% had DM. The proportion of isolates that were genotyped was 80.7% (n = 1105), of which 31% (n = 342) were grouped in 91 genotype clusters with 2 to 23 patients each; 65.9% of total clusters were small (2 members) involving 35.08% of patients. Twenty three (22.7) percent of cases were classified as recent transmission. Moran`s I indicated that distribution of patients in IS6110-RFLP/spoligotype clusters was not random (Moran`s I = 0.035468, Z value = 7.0, p = 0.00). Local spatial analysis showed statistically significant spatial aggregation of patients in IS6110-RFLP/spoligotype clusters identifying "hotspots" and "coldspots". GI* statistic showed that the hotspot for spatial clustering was located in Camerino Z. Mendoza municipality; 14.6% (50/342) of patients in genotype clusters were located in a hotspot; of these, 60% (30/50) lived with DM. Using logistic regression the statistically significant variables associated with hotspots were: DM [adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) 7.04, 95% Confidence interval (CI) 3.03-16.38] and attending the health center in Camerino Z. Mendoza (aOR18.04, 95% CI 7.35-44.28). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of molecular and epidemiological information with geospatial data allowed us to identify the concurrence of molecular clustering and spatial aggregation of patients with DM and TB. This information may be highly useful for TB control programs.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Análise por Conglomerados , Estudos de Coortes , Diabetes Mellitus/genética , Feminino , Genótipo , Mapeamento Geográfico , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Epidemiologia Molecular , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/patogenicidade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Análise Espacial , Escarro/microbiologia , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/genéticaRESUMO
Se estudiaron diferentes tipos de muestras procedentes de una paciente de 27 años, diagnosticada como paciente SIDA luego de haber presentado un cuadro respiratorio agudo provocado por Pneumocistis carinii en 1997. A partir de ese momento la paciente siguió presentando cuadros respiratorios a repetición, hasta que ingresó en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical ôPedro Kouríö con cuadro diarreico crónico, pérdida de peso importante y anorexia extrema, acompañada de una constante tos húmeda, fiebre, etc. Se le realizaron los exámenes complementarios necesarios donde se resalta, un mantoux hiperérgico y niveles de células CD4 muy bajos (por debajo de 200 células/m3, conjuntamente se realizan estudios microbiológicos a partir de muestras de esputos, hemocultivos y líquido cefalorraquídeo, para descartar la presencia de bacilos ácido-alcohol resistentes. Como resultado de estos estudios se logró el aislamiento repetitivo en todos los tipos de muestras trabajadas de una cepa de crecimiento lento, cremosa no pigmentada, perteneciente al grupo III de Runyon, la cual fue clasificada como perteneciente al complejo Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. La paciente fue sometida a tratamiento con 4 drogas antibacilares, sin obtener resultado, pues a las 4 semanas de tratamiento falleció a causa de la diseminación total de esta infección. Se debe destacar que este ha sido el primer caso reportado y diagnosticado microbiológicamente de mycobacteriosis generalizada en paciente VIH+ por Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare