RESUMO
In a benthic community on a continuous flat granite substrate in a third-order coastal forest stream, the dominant chironomid (Cricotopus) increased in number when shrimps (Macrobrachium olfersi and Potimirim glabra) and baetid ephemeropterans were excluded by electricity. The response appeared to be mediated by an increase in periphyton and sediments, rather than a reduction of direct predation or interference. Chironomids, periphyton and sediments decreased significantly compared to the control when shrimps only were excluded. Baetid ephemeropteran appeared to be the most important determinants of periphyton and sediment mass; the density of chironomids appeared to follow the quantity of periphyton and sediments.
Assuntos
Chironomidae/fisiologia , Ecossistema , Penaeidae/fisiologia , Comportamento Predatório/fisiologia , Animais , Brasil , Água Doce , Sedimentos Geológicos , Insetos/fisiologia , Densidade DemográficaRESUMO
In a benthic community on a continuous flat granite substrate in a third-order coastal forest stream, the dominant chironomid (Cricotopus) increased in number when shrimps (Macrobrachium olfersi and Potimirim glabra) and baetid ephemeropterans were excluded by electricity. The response appeared to be mediated by an increase in periphyton and sediments, rather than a reduction of direct predation or interference. Chironomids, periphyton and sediments decreased significantly compared to the control when shrimps only were excluded. Baetid ephemeropteran appeared to be the most important determinants of periphyton and sediment mass; the density of chironomids appeared to follow the quantity of periphyton and sediments.
Os quironomídeos dominantes (Cricotopus) de uma comunidade bentônica aumentaram em densidade quando camarões (Macrobrachium olfersi e Potimirim glabra) e efemerópteros betídeos foram excluídos por eletricidade de um substrato rochoso contínuo em um córrego de Mata Atlântica. Esta resposta parece ter sido mais influenciada por um aumento no perifíton do que pela redução da predação direta ou competição por interferência. Quando somente os camarões foram excluídos, os quironomídeos, perifíton e sedimentos sofreram redução significativa em comparação com os controles. Efemerópteros betídeos parecem ter sido os maiores determinantes da quantidade de sedimentos e perifíton; a densidade de quironomídeos parece seguir a quantidade de perifíton e sedimentos.
Assuntos
Animais , Chironomidae/fisiologia , Ecossistema , Penaeidae/fisiologia , Comportamento Predatório/fisiologia , Brasil , Água Doce , Sedimentos Geológicos , Insetos/fisiologia , Densidade DemográficaRESUMO
We have treated 10 patients suffering from kala-azar in Brazil with Amphocil (amphotericin B cholesterol dispersion) at a dose of 2 mg/kg/d for 5 d, following an earlier study in which this dosage for 7 d was found to cure all of 9 patients, with no relapse during 12 months. In the present study, all patients demonstrated initial resolution of disease. Parasites were absent upon bone marrow re-aspiration 2 weeks after therapy; no spleen extended beyond the costal margin 2 months after therapy; white blood cell counts, platelet counts, and serum levels of albumin rapidly returned to normal. Although one patient relapsed at 5 months, 8 of the other 9 patients had spleens of normal size (undetectable on deep palpation) at 12 months after therapy. Fever, sometimes accompanied by increased respiratory rate, occurred on the first day of drug infusion in 8 of 10 patients and was more severe in patients < 6 years old. Pre-medication with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (diclofenac potassium) before the next 4 infusions protected against this side effect in 5 of 6 patients. The results of this and our previous study suggest that the most appropriate regimen of Amphocil for kala-azar is 2 mg/kg/d for 7 d, with pre-medication each day, in patients aged > 5 years.