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The testicles are the primary sexual organs of male and their function is to produce sperm and sexual hormones. Disorders of the testicles are common in domestic cats. Therefore, detailed assessment of the testes is of great importance in veterinary medicine. Considering the recent advances in diagnostic imaging in companion animals, this review aims to describe the applicability elastography (qualitative and quantitative), Doppler, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and B-mode ultrasonography in testes evaluation in cats. B-mode ultrasonography of the testicles combined with haemodynamic analysis in real time by Doppler and contrast enhanced ultrasonography can assist as diagnostic tool in evaluating testicular abnormalities in sick cats. Furthermore, ARFI elastography is a new ultrasound method that evaluates tissue elasticity by elastogram and shear weave. Ultrasonographic study of the testes is a common diagnostic imaging procedure.

Los testículos son los principales órganos sexuales de los machos y su función es producir espermatozoides y hormonas sexuales. Los trastornos de estos órganos son comunes en gatos domésticos. La ultrasonografía convencional, combinada con el análisis hemodinámico en tiempo real por Doppler y ultrasonido contrastado son herramientas diagnósticas importantes para la evaluación de enfermedades testiculares en gatos. Además, La elastografía-ARFI es un método ecográfico actual que evalúa la elasticidad tisular por medio del elastograma y de la velocidad de propagación de las ondas de cizallamiento. El estudio ecográfico de los testículos es un procedimiento de diagnóstico por imágenes común.

RESUMO

Background: Cuniculus paca is the second largest neotropical rodent. It is not endangered, but your habitat has been destroyed and the specie has been hunted, because of its prized meat. In this context captive breeding is an alternative to reduce the hunt. Then, adult male vasectomy is an interesting alternative for Cuniculus paca since the animal does not lose libido and maintain cyclicity of females into the enclosure. This technique is a method of sterilization which the vas deferens is surgically clamped, cut, or otherwise sealed and thus prevents the release of sperm when a male ejaculates. The aim of this study was to describe the vasectomy technique on a male spotted paca kept in captive. Case: A captive adult male of Cuniculus paca, lived in Brazilian wild fauna breeding for scientific research. It was maintained on precinct with no other animal, ate fruits, vegetables, tubers and rodent chow and water offered ad libitum. It was submitted to bilateral vasectomy to maintain reproductive behavior on bevy, but not impregnate females. The anaesthesia was performed using ketamine hydrochloride (25 mg/kg IM) and midazolam (0.5 mg/kg IM) as premedication, and isoflurane in open system by facemask diluted in 100% O2 for induction and maintenance. Immediately after induction, was performed epidural anesthesia using 4 mg/kg of lidocaine hydrochloride without vasoconstrictor [...](AU)

Assuntos

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Background: Cuniculus paca is the second largest neotropical rodent. It is not endangered, but your habitat has been destroyed and the specie has been hunted, because of its prized meat. In this context captive breeding is an alternative to reduce the hunt. Then, adult male vasectomy is an interesting alternative for Cuniculus paca since the animal does not lose libido and maintain cyclicity of females into the enclosure. This technique is a method of sterilization which the vas deferens is surgically clamped, cut, or otherwise sealed and thus prevents the release of sperm when a male ejaculates. The aim of this study was to describe the vasectomy technique on a male spotted paca kept in captive. Case: A captive adult male of Cuniculus paca, lived in Brazilian wild fauna breeding for scientific research. It was maintained on precinct with no other animal, ate fruits, vegetables, tubers and rodent chow and water offered ad libitum. It was submitted to bilateral vasectomy to maintain reproductive behavior on bevy, but not impregnate females. The anaesthesia was performed using ketamine hydrochloride (25 mg/kg IM) and midazolam (0.5 mg/kg IM) as premedication, and isoflurane in open system by facemask diluted in 100% O2 for induction and maintenance. Immediately after induction, was performed epidural anesthesia using 4 mg/kg of lidocaine hydrochloride without vasoconstrictor [...]

Assuntos

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Background: Elastography is a promising ultrasound technique that evaluates tissue elasticity, characteristic related to the ability of a body or substance to return to its original size or shape after it is deformed by an external force. In veterinary, the research conducted for the standardization of elastography in tissue evaluation of the animals are recent and given the importance of this new ultrasound technique for studying the stiffness of various tissues and its recent application in veterinary medicine, the aims of this study were to describe the use of ARFI elastography for evaluating the testicular stroma in adults felines and to establish normal reference values for this tissue.Materials, Methods & Results: Forty five male cats were submitted to B-Mode ultrasonography and ARFI Elastography, by qualitative and quantitative analysis to describe baseline data for the study of domestic feline testes. The echotexture (homogeneous or heterogeneous) ecogenicity (hypo, hyperechoic or mixed), size (increased, decreased or normal) and contours and margins (regular or irregular) of the testes (right and left) were assessed and categorised via B-Mode ultrasound in longitudinal and transverse sections for research of structural changes, such as the presence of cystic areas or masses. Qualitative and quantitative elastography of the testes in felines was performed without difficulty and without sedation. Due to the location of the evaluated structures, there was no interference from movements that hindered the acquisition of the measurements. During qualitative elastography, the felines demonstrated a homogenous and not pliable testicular stroma. The rigidity observed in the testicles of felines was lower compared to the adjacent tissue.[...]

Assuntos

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Background: Elastography is a promising ultrasound technique that evaluates tissue elasticity, characteristic related to the ability of a body or substance to return to its original size or shape after it is deformed by an external force. In veterinary, the research conducted for the standardization of elastography in tissue evaluation of the animals are recent and given the importance of this new ultrasound technique for studying the stiffness of various tissues and its recent application in veterinary medicine, the aims of this study were to describe the use of ARFI elastography for evaluating the testicular stroma in adults felines and to establish normal reference values for this tissue.Materials, Methods & Results: Forty five male cats were submitted to B-Mode ultrasonography and ARFI Elastography, by qualitative and quantitative analysis to describe baseline data for the study of domestic feline testes. The echotexture (homogeneous or heterogeneous) ecogenicity (hypo, hyperechoic or mixed), size (increased, decreased or normal) and contours and margins (regular or irregular) of the testes (right and left) were assessed and categorised via B-Mode ultrasound in longitudinal and transverse sections for research of structural changes, such as the presence of cystic areas or masses. Qualitative and quantitative elastography of the testes in felines was performed without difficulty and without sedation. Due to the location of the evaluated structures, there was no interference from movements that hindered the acquisition of the measurements. During qualitative elastography, the felines demonstrated a homogenous and not pliable testicular stroma. The rigidity observed in the testicles of felines was lower compared to the adjacent tissue.[...](AU)

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Background: The first report of ultrasound evaluation in pacas was for gestational diagnosis and monitoring. However,there are no reports of the use of this technique for the evaluation of abdominal structure in pacas. Elucidating the biologyof wild species is important for preservation and potential use as experimental models for human and animal research. Assuch, this study aimed to describe an ultrasonographic view of major abdominal organs and determine the vascular indicesof abdominal aorta and renal arteries in pacas (Cuniculus paca) by Doppler mode.Materials, Methods & Results: Fifteen adult females with a mean weight of nine kilograms were positioned into dorsal orlateral recumbency. A specific gel was applied, and transabdominal ultrasound examination was performed by a single experienced evaluator using MyLab 30 VET ultrasound equipment (ESAOTE, Italy) with 7.5 and 10.0 MHz linear transducers.Anatomy, biometry and ultrasonographic findings, such as ecogenicity, echotexture and wall thickness of main abdominalorgans (bladder, kidneys, adrenals, spleen, liver, digestive system and ovaries), were assessed during the ultrasound scan.Doppler ultrasound was used to determine the peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), resistance index (RI = [PSV - EDV]/PSV) and pulsatility index (PI = [PSV - EDV]/mean velocity) of the abdominal aorta and renalarteries. The animals were healthy based on physical examination, hemogram and biochemical profile. Furthermore, wedetermined that the ultrasound technique for abdominal evaluation of these animals was feasible. Major abdominal organswere accessed using conventional ultrasonography biometric values and sonographic characteristics. Doppler examinationwas used to determine mean vascular indices of the abdominal aorta and the left and right renal arteries...

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Background: The first report of ultrasound evaluation in pacas was for gestational diagnosis and monitoring. However,there are no reports of the use of this technique for the evaluation of abdominal structure in pacas. Elucidating the biologyof wild species is important for preservation and potential use as experimental models for human and animal research. Assuch, this study aimed to describe an ultrasonographic view of major abdominal organs and determine the vascular indicesof abdominal aorta and renal arteries in pacas (Cuniculus paca) by Doppler mode.Materials, Methods & Results: Fifteen adult females with a mean weight of nine kilograms were positioned into dorsal orlateral recumbency. A specific gel was applied, and transabdominal ultrasound examination was performed by a single experienced evaluator using MyLab 30 VET ultrasound equipment (ESAOTE, Italy) with 7.5 and 10.0 MHz linear transducers.Anatomy, biometry and ultrasonographic findings, such as ecogenicity, echotexture and wall thickness of main abdominalorgans (bladder, kidneys, adrenals, spleen, liver, digestive system and ovaries), were assessed during the ultrasound scan.Doppler ultrasound was used to determine the peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), resistance index (RI = [PSV - EDV]/PSV) and pulsatility index (PI = [PSV - EDV]/mean velocity) of the abdominal aorta and renalarteries. The animals were healthy based on physical examination, hemogram and biochemical profile. Furthermore, wedetermined that the ultrasound technique for abdominal evaluation of these animals was feasible. Major abdominal organswere accessed using conventional ultrasonography biometric values and sonographic characteristics. Doppler examinationwas used to determine mean vascular indices of the abdominal aorta and the left and right renal arteries...(AU)

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Tumores da genitália de machos só não são mais incidentes que ostumores cutâneos. Os tumores testiculares são raros na maioria das espéciesdomésticas, ocorrendo com maior frequência nos cães. O Sertolioma está entre astrês mais frequentes neoplasias testiculares de cães, ao lado de tumores dascélulas de Leydig e seminomas. Vários fatores podem influenciar odesenvolvimento de tumores testiculares no cão, incluindo criptorquidismo, idade,raça e exposição a fatores cancerígenos. Há uma associação significativa entrecriptorquidismo e o desenvolvimento de tumores de células de Sertoli eseminomas. A maioria dos cães com tumores testiculares são assintomáticos, e aneoplasia testicular é geralmente um achado acidental. Os tumores das células deSertoli são comumente localmente invasivos e raramente metastáticos, mas sabeseque os tumores intra-abdominais possuem maior índice metastático. Estetrabalho visa relatar um caso de tumor das células de Sertoli com metástase emrim esquerdo em um cão SRD de 7 anos, criptorquida bilateral, submetido aorquiectomia e nefrectomia esquerda, e posterior tratamento quimioterápico comdoses alternadas de carboplatina e doxorrubicina , e até o presente momento seapresentando em completa remissão.

Tumors of male genitalia are not only more incidents than skin tumors.Testicular tumors are rare in most domestic species, occurring more frequently indogs. The Sertolioma is among the three most frequent testicular neoplasms indogs, besides Leydig cell tumors and seminomas. Several factors may influencethe development of testicular tumors in dogs, including cryptorchidism, age, raceand exposure to carcinogenic factors. There is a significant association betweencryptorchidism and tumor development of Sertoli cells and seminomas. Most dogswith testicular tumors are asymptomatic, and testicular cancer is usually anincidental finding. The Sertoli cell tumors are usually locally invasive and rarelymetastatic, but it is known that the intra-abdominal tumors have a higher metastaticrate. This paper describes a case of Sertoli cell tumor with metastasis in the leftkidney in a seven years old, male, mongrel dog, bilateral cryptorchid , submitted toorchiectomy and left nephrectomy and subsequent chemotherapy with alternatingdoses of doxorubicin and carboplatin every 21 days, and until now performing incomplete remission.

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O prepúcio pode ser acometido por neoplasias que comumente afetam a pele, como mastocitomas e carcinomas. O tratamento é cirúrgico e em alguns casos o pênis deve ser removido parcial ou totalmente, devido à dificuldade de obter margens de segurança. Objetiva-se relatar quatro casos de neoplasias que acometeram o prepúcio de cães – um mastocitoma e três casos de carcinomas de células escamosas. Os animais foram submetidos a penectomia e urestrotomia escrotal, seguidas de quimioterapia, no intuito de evitar possíveis recidivas. As principais complicações dos procedimentos cirúrgicos consistiram em estenoses uretrais e deiscência de sutura. A exérese cirúrgica associada à quimioterapia antineoplásica é uma boa alternativa de tratamento para as neoplasias prepuciais, contribuindo para a diminuição de recidivas locais e de metástases, além de melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes.

The foreskin can be affected by neoplasms that commonly affect the skin, such as mast cell tumors and carcinomas. The treatment is surgical, and in some cases the penis must be removed partially or totally, due to the difficulty in obtaining safety margins. The objective of this article is to report four cases of foreskin neoplasms in dogs: a mastocytoma and three cases of squamous cell carcinomas. All animals underwent penectomy and scrotal urethrostomy followed by chemotherapy in order to prevent possible relapses. The main complications of the surgical procedures were urethral stricture and wound dehiscence. Surgical excision associated with cancer chemotherapy is a good alternative treatment for preputial neoplasms, contributing to decrease the frequency of local recurrences and metastases, and improving the quality of life of patients.

El prepucio puede ser afectado por neoplasias frecuentes de la piel como mastocitomas y carcinomas. El tratamiento es quirúrgico y en algunos casos el pene debe ser extirpado parcial o totalmente debido a la dificultad para obtener márgenes de seguridad. El objetivo del presente trabajo es relatar cuatro casos de neoplasias localizadas en el prepucio de perros – un mastocitoma y tres casos de carcinomas de células escamosas. A fin de evitar posibles recidivas, se realizó la penectomía y la uretrostomía escrotal, seguidas de quimioterapia. Las principales complicaciones de las cirugías fueron la estenosis uretral y la dehiscencia de puntos. La extirpación quirúrgica asociada a la quimioterapia antineoplásica fue una buena alternativa terapéutica en las neoplasias prepuciales, disminuyendo la recidiva local y metástasis, además de mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O prepúcio pode ser acometido por neoplasias que comumente afetam a pele, como mastocitomas e carcinomas. O tratamento é cirúrgico e em alguns casos o pênis deve ser removido parcial ou totalmente, devido à dificuldade de obter margens de segurança. Objetiva-se relatar quatro casos de neoplasias que acometeram o prepúcio de cães um mastocitoma e três casos de carcinomas de células escamosas. Os animais foram submetidos a penectomia e urestrotomia escrotal, seguidas de quimioterapia, no intuito de evitar possíveis recidivas. As principais complicações dos procedimentos cirúrgicos consistiram em estenoses uretrais e deiscência de sutura. A exérese cirúrgica associada à quimioterapia antineoplásica é uma boa alternativa de tratamento para as neoplasias prepuciais, contribuindo para a diminuição de recidivas locais e de metástases, além de melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes.(AU)

The foreskin can be affected by neoplasms that commonly affect the skin, such as mast cell tumors and carcinomas. The treatment is surgical, and in some cases the penis must be removed partially or totally, due to the difficulty in obtaining safety margins. The objective of this article is to report four cases of foreskin neoplasms in dogs: a mastocytoma and three cases of squamous cell carcinomas. All animals underwent penectomy and scrotal urethrostomy followed by chemotherapy in order to prevent possible relapses. The main complications of the surgical procedures were urethral stricture and wound dehiscence. Surgical excision associated with cancer chemotherapy is a good alternative treatment for preputial neoplasms, contributing to decrease the frequency of local recurrences and metastases, and improving the quality of life of patients.(AU)

El prepucio puede ser afectado por neoplasias frecuentes de la piel como mastocitomas y carcinomas. El tratamiento es quirúrgico y en algunos casos el pene debe ser extirpado parcial o totalmente debido a la dificultad para obtener márgenes de seguridad. El objetivo del presente trabajo es relatar cuatro casos de neoplasias localizadas en el prepucio de perros un mastocitoma y tres casos de carcinomas de células escamosas. A fin de evitar posibles recidivas, se realizó la penectomía y la uretrostomía escrotal, seguidas de quimioterapia. Las principales complicaciones de las cirugías fueron la estenosis uretral y la dehiscencia de puntos. La extirpación quirúrgica asociada a la quimioterapia antineoplásica fue una buena alternativa terapéutica en las neoplasias prepuciales, disminuyendo la recidiva local y metástasis, además de mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes.(AU)

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