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The arrival of Afro-descendant migrants, mainly from Haiti and the Dominican Republic, has led to the emergence of new discourses on migration, multiculturalism, and mental health in health services in Chile since 2010. In this article, I explore how mental health institutions, experts, and practitioners have taken a cultural turn in working with migrant communities in this new multicultural scenario. Based on a multisited ethnography conducted over 14 months in a neighbourhood of northern Santiago, I focus on the Migrant Program-a primary health care initiative implemented since 2013. I argue that health practitioners have tended to redefine cultural approaches in structural terms focusing mainly on class aspects such poverty, social stratification, and socioeconomic inequalities. I affirm that this structural-based approach finds its historical roots in a political and ideological context that provided the conditions for the development of community psychiatry experiences during the 1960s and 1970s, as well as in multicultural and gender policies promoted by the state since the 1990s. This case reveals how health institutions and practitioners have recently engaged in debates on migration and intersectionality from a structural approach in Chile.

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Based on a multi-sited ethnography conducted over 14 months in northern Santiago, I examine how the introduction of a series of health policies and the global mental health agenda has interacted with and impacted Haitian migrants in the context of a postdictatorship neoliberal Chile (1990-2019). Specifically, I explore the interactions between health and social institutions, mental health practitioners, psy technologies, and Haitian migrants, highlighting migrants' subjectivation processes and everyday life. I argue that Haitian migrants engage with heterogeneous subjectivation processes in their interactions with health and social institutions, challenging normative values of integration into Chilean society. These processes are marked not only by the presence of, or exposure to, psy interventions and mental health discourses but also by the degree of compatibility between a psychiatric and neurological language and Haitians' ideals and moral frameworks.

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OBJETIVO: El presente artículo busca conocer cómo los profesionales conciben la sexualidad de mujeres en etapa de climaterio, enfatizando aspectos relativos a la salud sexual, al deseo sexual y a los problemas de la sexualidad. MÉTODOS: Enfoque cualitativo basado en la Teoría Fundamentada (Grounded Theory). Se realizaron diez entrevistas en profundidad a profesionales de dos Centros de Salud Familiar (CESFAM) del sector sur de Santiago. RESULTADOS: Los resultados muestran que, si bien existe cierta tendencia a concebir el climaterio desde un punto de vista biologicista centrada principalmente en la "falla hormonal", los/as profesionales muestran diversos grados de reflexividad respecto a cómo aspectos socioculturales, económicos y de género moldean la sexualidad de mujeres en la etapa de climaterio. CONCLUSIONES: Los/as profesionales asumen posturas críticas respecto al rol de las instituciones y programas en salud, a las limitaciones laborales en los centros de salud (por ej. materiales, tiempo, etc.) y a la formación profesional. Este artículo promueve la formulación de políticas de salud en la materia, así como la revisión de los planes de estudio de las carreras de la salud.

OBJECTIVE: This article aims to examine how professional practitioners view womens sexuality in the climacteric stage, emphasizing aspects related to sexual health, sexual desire, and sexual disorders. METHODS: Qualitative approach based on the Grounded Theory. Ten in-depth interviews were conducted with professionals from two Family Health Centers (CESFAM) in southern Santiago. RESULTS: The results show that, although there is a certain tendency to approach the climacteric from a biological viewpoint focused mainly on the “ovarian failure”, practitioners show different degrees of reflexivity regarding how sociocultural, economic and gender aspects shape womens sexuality in the climacteric stage. CONCLUSIONS: Practitioners adopt critical positions regarding the role of health institutions and programs, work limitations in health centers, and the practitioners training. This article promotes the development of health policies in the matter, as well as the revision of study plans of health careers.

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We analyze how the interactions between the trans population and the Chilean healthcare system shape specific processes of malaise associated with gender transition ("tránsito de género"). Adopting psychoanalytic and transfeminist conceptual approaches, as well as a biographical methodology, we examine autobiographical narratives of three trans subjects. We discuss three topics: childhood as a critical period for gender transition and malaise; the role of institutions; and the ways through which subjects manage malaise. We argue that trans subjects face specific sociocultural conditions that lead to unique processes of malaise associated with gender transition. We show how politicization and the construction of an institutional framework, bodily aesthetical modifications, and the self-administration of medical knowledge emerge as some of the paths to navigate the gender transition process. Besides, we foreground the notion of "transitioning" ("transicionar") by considering the criticism voiced by the participants. By using this notion, they interrogate the rigidity and psychopathologization of identity that is implicitly present in the notion of gender transition, as well as they enrich the transfeminist discourse in favor of their agency/autonomy.

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Abstract We analyze how the interactions between the trans population and the Chilean healthcare system shape specific processes of malaise associated with gender transition ("tránsito de género"). Adopting psychoanalytic and transfeminist conceptual approaches, as well as a biographical methodology, we examine autobiographical narratives of three trans subjects. We discuss three topics: childhood as a critical period for gender transition and malaise; the role of institutions; and the ways through which subjects manage malaise. We argue that trans subjects face specific sociocultural conditions that lead to unique processes of malaise associated with gender transition. We show how politicization and the construction of an institutional framework, bodily aesthetical modifications, and the self-administration of medical knowledge emerge as some of the paths to navigate the gender transition process. Besides, we foreground the notion of "transitioning" ("transicionar") by considering the criticism voiced by the participants. By using this notion, they interrogate the rigidity and psychopathologization of identity that is implicitly present in the notion of gender transition, as well as they enrich the transfeminist discourse in favor of their agency/autonomy.

Resumo Analisamos como as interações entre a população trans e o sistema de saúde chileno conformam processos específicos de mal-estar associados à transição de gênero ("tránsito de género"). Adotando abordagens conceituais psicanalíticas e transfeministas, bem como uma metodologia biográfica, examinamos narrativas autobiográficas de três sujeitos trans. Discutimos três tópicos: a infância como um período crítico para a transição e mal-estar de gênero; o papel das instituições; e as maneiras pelas quais os sujeitos lidam com o mal-estar. Argumentamos que sujeitos trans enfrentam condições socioculturais específicas que levam a processos únicos de mal-estar associados à transição de gênero. Mostramos como a politização e a construção de um arcabouço institucional, as modificações estéticas corporais e a autogestão do saber médico surgem como alguns dos caminhos para navegar o processo de transição de gênero. Além disso, colocamos em primeiro plano a noção de "transição" ("transicionar") considerando as críticas expressas pelos participantes. Ao utilizar essa noção, interrogam a rigidez e a psicopatologização da identidade que está implicitamente presente na noção de transição de gênero, bem como enriquecem o discurso transfeminista em favor de sua agência/autonomia.

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Avian coronaviruses, including infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and turkey coronavirus (TCoV), are economically important viruses affecting poultry worldwide. IBV is responsible for causing severe losses to the commercial poultry sector globally. The objectives of this study were to identify the viruses that were causing outbreaks of severe respiratory disease in chickens in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T) and to characterize the strains. Swab samples were collected from birds showing severe respiratory signs in five farms on the island of Trinidad. Samples were tested for the presence of IBV, as well as avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). All samples from the five farms tested negative for AIV, NDV and aMPV; however, samples from clinically affected birds in all five of the farms tested positive for IBV. Genetic data revealed the presence of TCoV in chickens on two of the farms. Interestingly, these two farms had never reared turkeys. Phylogenetic analysis showed that IBV S1 sequences formed two distinct clusters. Two sequences grouped with vaccine strains within the GI-1 lineage, whereas three sequences grouped together, but separately from other defined lineages, forming a likely new lineage of IBV. Pairwise comparison revealed that the three unique variant strains within the distinct lineage of IBV were significantly different in their S1 nucleotide coding regions from viruses in the closest lineage (16% difference) and locally used vaccine strains (>20% difference). Results also suggested that one of the samples was a recombinant virus, generated from a recombination event between a Trinidad virus of the GI-1 lineage and a Trinidad virus of the newly defined lineage. Many amino acid differences were also observed between the S1 coding regions of the circulating field and vaccine strains, indicating that the IBV vaccines may not be protective. Vaccine-challenge studies are however needed to prove this.

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Abstract Although research on ADHD has tended to ignore gender differentials, recent contributions produced mainly from epidemiology have revealed that this diagnostic category seems to be strongly related to gender. However, these contributions seem to limit their scope to the study of the symptoms as well as cognitive, affective and social functioning of children, leaving aside subjective aspects associated with the ADHD practices of diagnosis and treatment. Thus, this article aims to explore how the gender dimension crosses the subjective experience of children diagnosed with ADHD. Based on open interviews conducted with children between the ages of 7 and 13, we show general trends that articulate gender and characteristics associated with the ADHD diagnosis, while at the same time, with children's experiences that dislocate such trends. The findings were grouped according to four emerging axes: (1) locations, (2) abilities, (3) approches, (4) interactions. Thus, we will show how the experience of boys and girls is multiple in relation to the diagnosis and it is not possible to be reduced to a gender binary perspective.

Resumen Si bien las investigaciones sobre TDA-H han tendido a dejar los aspectos diferenciales de género en un lugar secundario, recientes contribuciones emanadas principalmente desde la epidemiología han revelado que esta categoría diagnóstica parece estar fuertemente relacionada con el reparto de los géneros. Sin embargo, dichas contribuciones parecen limitar sus alcances al estudio de la sintomatología y funcionamiento cognitivo, afectivo y social de los(as) niños(as), dejando de lado aspectos subjetivos asociados a las prácticas de diagnóstico y tratamiento de TDA-H. De este modo, el objetivo de este artículo es explorar cómo la dimensión de género configura la experiencia subjetiva de niños(as) diagnosticados(as) con TDA-H. A partir de la realización de entrevistas abiertas realizadas a niños entre 7 y 13 años, damos cuenta de tendencias generales que articulan género y características asociadas al diagnóstico de TDA-H, a la vez que, con experiencias infantiles que dislocan tales tendencias. Los resultados se agruparon en función de cuatro dimensiones emergentes del material producido en las entrevistas: (1) localizaciones; (2) habilidades; (3) abordajes; (4) interacciones. Así, mostraremos cómo la experiencia de niños y niñas es múltiple en relación al diagnóstico y no es posible reducirla a una perspectiva binaria en torno al género.

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Las desigualdades en las condiciones de vida impactan negativamente sobre la salud mental de las personas y comunidades. Este artículo tiene por objetivo describir algunas de las principales líneas de investigación y reflexión en torno a la relación entre desigualdad y salud mental. Más que una revisión sistemática, se trata de una discusión orientada a contribuir al debate público en torno a las dimensiones materiales, simbólicas y subjetivas de la desigualdad, mencionando algunos mecanismos que permiten comprender su relación con la salud mental. Entre estas dimensiones abordamos las desigualdades de ingreso y de género, además de otras que han recibido menor atención en los estudios nacionales e internacionales: las desigualdades en la participación, en la interacción cotidiana, y las desigualdades socio-territoriales y en el uso del tiempo. Finalmente, mencionamos algunas limitaciones teóricas de la investigación tradicional sobre desigualdad en salud y sugerimos potenciales líneas de investigación que pueden orientar los estudios en torno a desigualdades y salud mental

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Coccidiosis is an intestinal disease of chickens of major economic importance to broiler industries worldwide. Species of coccidia found in chickens include Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria brunetti, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria mitis, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria praecox, and Eimeria tenella. In recent years, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been developed to provide accurate and rapid identification of the seven known Eimeria species of chickens. The aim of this study was to use species-specific real-time PCR (qPCR) to identify which of the seven Eimeria species are present in Trinidad poultry. Seventeen pooled fecal samples were collected from 6 broiler farms (2-5 pens per farm) across Trinidad. Feces were also collected from birds showing clinical signs of coccidiosis in two live bird markets (pluck shops). qPCR revealed the presence of five species of Eimeria (E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. mitis, E. necatrix, and E. tenella), but not E. brunetti or E. praecox. Mixed infections were detected on all broiler farms, and DNA of two highly pathogenic Eimeria species (E. tenella and E.necatrix) was detected in feces taken from clinically sick birds sampled from the two pluck shops.

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El presente artículo tiene por objetivo describir el estado actual de las publicaciones en revistas de Psicología a nivel nacional respecto del tema migratorio, particularmente de la salud mental en población infanto-juvenil inmigrante. Para ello se revisaron 1.094 artículos publicados en seis revistas de Psicología en Chile durante el periodo 2003-2013. Se encontraron 26 artículos referidos a temas migratorios, los que posteriormente fueron clasificados según: tipo de investigación, proyecto asociado, apoyo institucional, nivel de análisis, población objetivo, y contexto del estudio. Los resultados indican una baja tasa de publicación en temas migratorios, y la inexistencia de artículos sobre inmigración y salud mental infanto-juvenil. Finalmente, se enfatiza en la necesidad de publicaciones en Psicología que aborden la temática, contemplando dimensiones socioculturales en sus análisis...

This paper aims to describe the current state of the national publications in journals of Psychology respect to the subject of immigration, particularly mental health in infant-juvenile immigrant population. In order to do so, 1.094 articles published in six journals of Psychology in Chile during the period 2003-2013 were reviewed. Twenty-six articles on immigration were found, which were subsequently classified by: type of research, associated project, institutional support, level of analysis, targeted population, and context of study. The results indicate a low rate of publication on the subject of immigration issues, and the lack of articles on immigration and infant-juvenile mental health. Finally, it is emphasized the need for publications in Psychology to address immigration, considering socio-cultural dimensions in their analysis...

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